EP0250709B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Zusammenheften der Lagen von Formularsätzen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Zusammenheften der Lagen von Formularsätzen Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0250709B1
EP0250709B1 EP87102499A EP87102499A EP0250709B1 EP 0250709 B1 EP0250709 B1 EP 0250709B1 EP 87102499 A EP87102499 A EP 87102499A EP 87102499 A EP87102499 A EP 87102499A EP 0250709 B1 EP0250709 B1 EP 0250709B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
forms
adhesive strips
adhesive
pressure
adhesive tape
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87102499A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0250709A3 (en
EP0250709A2 (de
Inventor
Bodo Brehme
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT87102499T priority Critical patent/ATE83197T1/de
Publication of EP0250709A2 publication Critical patent/EP0250709A2/de
Publication of EP0250709A3 publication Critical patent/EP0250709A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0250709B1 publication Critical patent/EP0250709B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H37/00—Article or web delivery apparatus incorporating devices for performing specified auxiliary operations
    • B65H37/04—Article or web delivery apparatus incorporating devices for performing specified auxiliary operations for securing together articles or webs, e.g. by adhesive, stitching or stapling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42C—BOOKBINDING
    • B42C3/00—Making booklets, pads, or form sets from multiple webs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/12—Surface bonding means and/or assembly means with cutting, punching, piercing, severing or tearing
    • Y10T156/1317—Means feeding plural workpieces to be joined
    • Y10T156/1322—Severing before bonding or assembling of parts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/12—Surface bonding means and/or assembly means with cutting, punching, piercing, severing or tearing
    • Y10T156/1317—Means feeding plural workpieces to be joined
    • Y10T156/1322—Severing before bonding or assembling of parts
    • Y10T156/1326—Severing means or member secured thereto also bonds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/12—Surface bonding means and/or assembly means with cutting, punching, piercing, severing or tearing
    • Y10T156/1317—Means feeding plural workpieces to be joined
    • Y10T156/1322—Severing before bonding or assembling of parts
    • Y10T156/133—Delivering cut part to indefinite or running length web
    • Y10T156/1335—Cutter also delivers cut piece
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/12—Surface bonding means and/or assembly means with cutting, punching, piercing, severing or tearing
    • Y10T156/1317—Means feeding plural workpieces to be joined
    • Y10T156/1322—Severing before bonding or assembling of parts
    • Y10T156/1339—Delivering cut part in sequence to serially conveyed articles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/12—Surface bonding means and/or assembly means with cutting, punching, piercing, severing or tearing
    • Y10T156/1378—Cutter actuated by or secured to bonding element

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for stitching the layers of form sets together according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Form sets generally consist of several layers of leporello-like folded form webs, the form webs either being designed as copying paper or carbon paper sheets arranged between them.
  • a transport perforation is usually provided on both edges, in the holes of which the tractor of a printer can mount.
  • the transport perforations are usually connected to the form webs via perforations and can therefore be removed after printing.
  • the individual layers of a set of forms must be held together and fixed against each other so that it is ensured that the layers lying on top of one another cannot shift relative to one another when printing or writing, that is to say they retain their intended, congruent position.
  • small adhesive strips are used which reach through individual holes in the transport perforation and thereby enclose the sheets of a set in a bow shape.
  • the adhesive strips in the form described above are attached using special devices.
  • a device is described in DE-A-1 436 814. It has a transport device for the set of forms and a feed device for feeding an adhesive tape.
  • the line is described as transverse to the running direction of the transport device. Rather casually, a supply of the adhesive tape is also explained in the running direction of the transport device in the figures (2) and (2a) and in the description on page 8 second section. It is not explained in detail how the separating and pressing devices are designed and work in this device.
  • the separating device consists of a vertical, reciprocating knife with a counter knife arranged above the transport path and the pressing device is designed as a pressing die movable with the knife.
  • This configuration presupposes that the adhesive tape is fed intermittently, i. H. that it is stopped for the cutting and the subsequent pressing of the adhesive strip.
  • Such an intermittent feed of the adhesive tape results in a relatively complicated device with a number of wear parts.
  • the speed of this device is limited, i.e. it can only be operated at a relatively low speed of the transport device for the form set. In spite of its high costs, the device therefore does not work very efficiently.
  • the adhesive strip has zero speed after cutting and suddenly has to be accelerated to its speed when it is placed on the form set. This results in inaccuracies in the location of the application, ie it is not ensured that the adhesive strip is pressed on at the intended location.
  • the pressure stamp also has zero speed, so that when the pressure is pressed the form set is rubbed past the pressure stamp. The pressing must not be too high force occur, which increases the tendency to inaccuracy when applying the adhesive strip.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a device which is distinguished by a simple structure and with which high processing speeds can be achieved.
  • the knife or the knives is or are arranged on the circumference of a rotating roller with an axis of rotation extending transversely to the transport direction.
  • the roller is part of the pressing device and has at least one pressing cam in the direction of rotation in front of the knife (s).
  • the invention is illustrated in more detail with the aid of a schematically illustrated exemplary embodiment. It shows a side view of the first part of a device for stitching the layers of form sets together.
  • the device has a housing section (1) to which horizontal support surfaces (2, 3) are attached. These support surfaces (2, 3) form the track for a set of forms (4), which is represented here by a dash-dotted line.
  • the drive for the movement of the form set (4) is conventional and is therefore omitted here.
  • the form set (4) moves in the direction of arrow A.
  • An adhesive tape (5) - likewise represented by a dash-dotted line - is fed in from above. It passes through a guide eye (6) which is attached to a swivel lever (7).
  • the adhesive tape (5) then passes through a feed device (8) which consists of a drive roller (9) which is driven by a motor and a pressure roller (10).
  • the pressure roller (10) bears against the drive roller (9) under prestress and is mounted on a swivel lever (11).
  • the adhesive tape (5) then reaches - at an angle Form set (4) tapering - in the area of a cutting device (12).
  • This cutting device (12) consists, on the one hand, of two knives (14, 15) arranged on a roller (13) and, on the other hand, of a counter knife (16) arranged in a fixed position directly above the track of the form set (4).
  • the roller (13) is driven by a motor.
  • the adhesive tape (5) passed between the two is cut.
  • the speed of the feed device (8) and the cutting device (12) are matched to one another in such a way that the desired length of adhesive tape (5) is cut off in each case.
  • the synchronization is such that in each case an adhesive strip (17) cut off from the adhesive tape (5) reaches the form set (4) at regular intervals.
  • the roller (13) has a pressure cam (18, 19) in front of the knives (14, 15), which protrudes somewhat and is rigidly framed.
  • These pressure cams (18, 19) correspond to spring-loaded pressure cams (20, 21) on a second roller (22) arranged exactly below the roller (13).
  • the pressure cams (20, 21) are coupled to spring bands (23, 24) running in the circumferential direction.
  • Both rollers (13, 22) are synchronized with each other in such a way that their pressure cams (18, 19) or (20, 21) clamp the form set (4) with the adhesive strip (17) attached to them in pairs and thus the adhesive strip (17 ) on the form set (4) after the adhesive strip (17) has been attached has been cut off.
  • the form set (4) then continues, parts of the adhesive strip (17) being pushed through the perforation of the form set (4) in subsequent stations (not shown here) and then folded over on the back. This is done in a conventional, previously known manner.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Folding Of Thin Sheet-Like Materials, Special Discharging Devices, And Others (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Replacement Of Web Rolls (AREA)
EP87102499A 1986-06-24 1987-02-21 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Zusammenheften der Lagen von Formularsätzen Expired - Lifetime EP0250709B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87102499T ATE83197T1 (de) 1986-06-24 1987-02-21 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum zusammenheften der lagen von formularsaetzen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3621061 1986-06-24
DE19863621061 DE3621061A1 (de) 1986-06-24 1986-06-24 Formularsatz sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zum zusammenheften der lagen von formularsaetzen

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0250709A2 EP0250709A2 (de) 1988-01-07
EP0250709A3 EP0250709A3 (en) 1989-11-15
EP0250709B1 true EP0250709B1 (de) 1992-12-09

Family

ID=6303548

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87102499A Expired - Lifetime EP0250709B1 (de) 1986-06-24 1987-02-21 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Zusammenheften der Lagen von Formularsätzen

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4894109A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0250709B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) ATE83197T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE3621061A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES2036534T3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US731702A (en) * 1902-08-08 1903-06-23 August Monforts Machine for measuring and marking fabrics or the like.
FR814150A (fr) * 1936-11-28 1937-06-17 Machine à confectionner les feuilles d'échantillons de tissus
US2507683A (en) * 1947-03-31 1950-05-16 Battle Creek Bread Wrapping Machine Co Label attaching mechanism for wrapping machines
US3192807A (en) * 1963-01-21 1965-07-06 Cons Papers Inc Sheet control system for paper cutters
DE1436814A1 (de) * 1964-12-02 1969-01-02 Imprimex Maschb Ag Einrichtung zum selbsttaetigen Verbinden der einzelnen Bahnen eines Formularsatzes od.dgl. mittels angeklebter kleiner buegelartiger Laschen
DE2205714C2 (de) * 1972-02-08 1974-01-03 Imprimex Maschinenbau Ag, Zug (Schweiz) Vorrichtung zum Abschneiden einzelner, jeweils einer Lasche entsprechender Abschnitte von einem in Gestalt eines fortlaufenden Bandes zugeführten Laschenmaterial für die Endlos-Formularsatzherstellung
DE2261729C3 (de) * 1972-12-16 1975-10-02 Fa. E.C.H. Will, 2000 Hamburg Vorrichtung an einem rotierenden Querschneider
IT1154909B (it) * 1980-12-10 1987-01-21 Conti P Legatrice rotante a punti di nastro collato per moduli continui di tabulatrici
DE3122627C1 (de) * 1981-06-06 1986-06-19 Hans-Helmut 6100 Darmstadt Jakob Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Verbindungsstellen fuer uebereinanderliegende,stetig transportierte Bahnen
IT8221308U1 (it) * 1982-03-24 1983-09-24 Bama Spa Dispositivo applicatore di nastrini di bloccaggio per materiale in fogli multipli.
DE3417748C2 (de) * 1983-09-06 1986-09-18 Graphotechnik Jung KG, 7512 Rheinstetten Vorrichtung zum Anbringen U-förmiger Laschen in einer Transportlochung eines mehrlagigen Endlosformulars

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0250709A3 (en) 1989-11-15
DE3782976D1 (de) 1993-01-21
DE3621061C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1988-04-14
US4894109A (en) 1990-01-16
ATE83197T1 (de) 1992-12-15
EP0250709A2 (de) 1988-01-07
ES2036534T3 (es) 1993-06-01
DE3621061A1 (de) 1988-01-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE3784412T2 (de) Blisterverpackungsapparat.
DE3685910T2 (de) Rotierende schneidvorrichtung fuer papier.
DE3430739C2 (de) Verfahren zum Schneiden und Ausstanzen sowie Zuführen von Aufklebern verschiedener Formen
DE3324366C2 (de) Vorrichtung zum Abtrennen von Umhüllungstreifen von einem Band für die Verbindung von Filter und Zigarette
EP0046261A1 (de) Falzapparat
DE3109529A1 (de) Vorrichtung zum verbinden des hinteren endes einer von einer auslaufenden rolle abgezogenen bahn mit dem vorderen ende einer von einer ersatzrolle abgezogenen bahn
DE2732352A1 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von farbmusterkarten
DE2834696C2 (de) Vorrichtung zum Zerschneiden einer endlosen bedruckten Papierbahn in Einzelbogen
DE2756884A1 (de) Vorrichtung zum herstellen mehrseitiger hefte aus einer endlosen bedruckten papierbahn
DE2301586A1 (de) Anordnung zur herstellung mehrschichtiger abreissbloecke
DE19519584A1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von vorgeschnittenen, noch weiter bearbeitbaren Einzelabschnitten sowie Bögen mit vorgeschnittenen Einzelabschnitten
DE2927575C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE2614651C3 (de) Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Mehr-Komponenten-Filterstäben der tabakverarbeitenden Industrie
CH689449A5 (de) Verfahren zum Beschneiden von flachen Druckprodukten laengs einer vorgegebenen Schnittlinie.
EP0673729B1 (de) Einrichtung zum Beschneiden von Druckprodukten
EP0931748A1 (de) Punkturloser Falzapparat für Rotationsdruckmaschinen
DE3782891T2 (de) Verbesserungen fuer querschlitzvorrichtungen.
EP0450338B1 (de) Verfahren zum seitlichen Beschneiden von aus Papierbogen bestehenden Druckprodukten
DE19927920A1 (de) Schneideinrichtung im Falzapparat einer Rotationsdruckmaschine und Falzapparat mit einer solchen Schneideinrichtung
DE3119109C2 (de) Vorrichtung zum Wechseln von Vorratsrollen in einer Etikettiermaschine
EP0250709B1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Zusammenheften der Lagen von Formularsätzen
DE3022772A1 (de) Vorrichtung zum schneiden von prospekten, bedruckten blaettern o.dgl. gegenstaenden
DE4227930A1 (de) Vorrichtung zum Schneiden und Heften von mehrlagigen Druckprodukten in Falzapparaten
DE10351877B4 (de) Schneidvorrichtung zum Abtrennen von Etiketten, Verfahren zum Abtrennen von Etiketten und Druckvorrichtung
DE69517601T2 (de) Querschneider für bahnen von papierbogen

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19891227

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19910507

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 83197

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19921215

Kind code of ref document: T

ET Fr: translation filed
GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 19921207

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 3782976

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19930121

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 19930128

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 19930219

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 19930223

Year of fee payment: 7

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 19930228

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 19930303

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 19930317

Year of fee payment: 7

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2036534

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Effective date: 19940221

Ref country code: AT

Effective date: 19940221

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Effective date: 19940222

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Effective date: 19940228

Ref country code: CH

Effective date: 19940228

Ref country code: BE

Effective date: 19940228

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: BREHME BODO

Effective date: 19940228

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Effective date: 19940901

NLV4 Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee
GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19940221

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19941215

Year of fee payment: 9

EUG Se: european patent has lapsed

Ref document number: 87102499.8

Effective date: 19940910

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 19960227

Year of fee payment: 10

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Effective date: 19961031

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19970222

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 19990201

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 19991117

Year of fee payment: 14

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20020101

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED.

Effective date: 20050221