EP0217126B1 - Couche galvanique de chrome dur - Google Patents
Couche galvanique de chrome dur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0217126B1 EP0217126B1 EP86111775A EP86111775A EP0217126B1 EP 0217126 B1 EP0217126 B1 EP 0217126B1 EP 86111775 A EP86111775 A EP 86111775A EP 86111775 A EP86111775 A EP 86111775A EP 0217126 B1 EP0217126 B1 EP 0217126B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cracks
- chromium layer
- layer according
- hard chromium
- solid particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
- C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
Definitions
- the invention relates to a galvanic hard chrome layer with a crack network extending through the entire layer thickness and its production method.
- Electroplated hard chrome layers have above all a high hardness and associated high wear resistance, a strong surface smoothness and associated low coefficient of friction and low adhesive power as well as a good resistance to aggressive chemical, corrosive, erosive and oxidative stress at possibly higher temperatures.
- the treads of machine parts such as the treads of piston rings or cylinders in internal combustion engines, are coated with hard chrome layers in order to achieve special wear resistance.
- Pressing tools and molds for the production of plastic molded articles are provided with chrome layers or are used to achieve special smoothness and wear resistance
- valve parts are especially protected by chrome layers in chemical plants.
- Hard chrome layers are also not very elastic and brittle. Especially in the case of shock loads and strong vibrations, breaks can occur in the layers, which then lead to the layers flaking off.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a hard chrome layer with improved physical and technological properties in which, above all, the disadvantages indicated are eliminated.
- the aim is to find a galvanic process which can be used as universally as possible and with which layers of this type can be produced simply and cost-effectively.
- this object is achieved by a hard chrome layer.
- solid particles are embedded in the cracks.
- the gap width of the cracks should preferably be over 0.5 ⁇ m, but in particular over 11 ⁇ m, so that solid particles can be deposited at all, and the preferred thickness of the hard chrome layer is between 10 ⁇ m and 1,000 ⁇ m.
- the invention thus creates a hard chrome layer, in the crack network of which solid particles are embedded, which improve the properties of the hard chrome layer in the desired manner, particularly in the case of a high crack density, in accordance with their properties, such as in the case of a galvanic dispersion layer.
- the substances used in the production of galvanic dispersion layers are suitable as solid particles, individually or in combination, but they must not dissolve in the microcracking chromic acid baths, their grain size must be below the gap width of the chromium cracks, i.e. preferably between about 0.5 and 15 ⁇ m and the thickness of the chrome layer should be several times larger than the grain size of the particles.
- Solid particles made primarily of aluminum oxide, boron carbide, boron nitride, chromium carbide, silicon dioxide, titanium carbide, diamond and / or tungsten carbide are suitable as solid particles for improving wear resistance. Such chromium layers containing solids are then particularly suitable for coating the tread of piston rings or cylinder liners in internal combustion engines.
- the solid lubricant particles used consist of hexagonal boron nitride, graphite and / or polymer particles, especially of polyvinyl chloride and / or polytetrafluoroethylene, and for improvement ductility or reduction in brittleness, ductile metals or metal alloys made of tin, titanium or bronze can be embedded in the cracks. The tendency of chrome to adhesive wear can also be reduced by embedded molybdenum particles.
- the color of the chrome layers according to the invention can be influenced by organic dyes or colored metal salts embedded in the cracks. It was also found that filling the cracks with solid particles increased the corrosion resistance of the layers.
- the cracks were preferably filled with polyvinyl chloride particles, and the polyvinyl chloride was then melted into the cracks, so that the cracks were sealed and protected against corrosive attacks.
- solid particles of one or more types of substance can be used in combination to fill the cracks, so that several physical properties are improved at the same time.
- the cracks need not be completely filled with the solid particles.
- cracks in the chrome layer zones directly on the substrate can be filled with a corrosion-preventing substance, while the cracks in the outer chrome layer zones are filled with wear particles or sliding substances or are even particle-free, so that corrosion-protected layers with good wear and sliding properties are created.
- the outermost zones can additionally be filled with a substance that promotes enema, such as elemental tin or iron oxide.
- chromium-cracking chromium plating baths such as preferably acidic chromic acid baths, with solid particles dispersed therein are used.
- the workpiece to be chrome plated is first switched cathodically, so that a micro-cracked chrome layer forms, then the workpiece is switched anodically, so that the micro-cracks widen to the desired gap width and the cracks fill with the solid particles and then again occurs a cathodic circuit so that the solid particles are encapsulated and sealed by closing the cracks.
- This periodic current reversal can, if necessary, be repeated several times, the person skilled in the art being able to vary the chromium plating parameters in accordance with the application in such a way that the desired crack width, crack density and crack filling are produced with, if necessary, different solid particle fillings.
- Hard chrome layers are thus created by the invention, the physical and technological properties of which are significantly improved by solid particles embedded in the cracks.
- the chrome layers can above all, as shown, have improved wear behavior, better sliding properties, better running-in behavior, better fire trace safety, better protection against fractures and flaking and better corrosion behavior individually or in combination.
- all known chromic acid-insoluble solid particles can be used to fill the cracks.
- the process according to the invention for producing the chromium layers is relatively simple to carry out and allows the person skilled in the art to produce the desired properties universally by varying the chromium plating parameters and adapted to the application.
- the invention is illustrated by the exemplary embodiments and the micrographs.
- the chrome plating takes place for a total of about 5 hours at 55 ° C. with the formation of a chrome layer with a total thickness of 0.2 mm.
- a test rod (diameter 12 mm) 5 cm long and 5 cm wide is first cathodically chromium-plated at 65 A / dM2 for 30 minutes and then the layer is anodically etched by anodically switching the test rod for 30 sec with a current density of 150 A. / dm 2 .
- This periodic chrome plating takes place in a total of 10 stages, the chrome plating and etching taking place under the same process parameters.
- the cracks extending through the chrome layer in the manner of a cobweb can be seen in FIG.
- the silicon carbide particles embedded in the cracks can be recognized as bright particles.
- FIG. 2 shows the cross sections of the cracks, which extend approximately at right angles to the surface.
- the cracks are closed by the periodic reversal of the current during chrome plating by means of chromium layers formed over them, so that the embedded bright silicon dioxide particles are encapsulated in the cracks.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Claims (17)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19853531410 DE3531410A1 (de) | 1985-09-03 | 1985-09-03 | Galvanische hartchromschicht |
DE3531410 | 1985-09-03 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0217126A1 EP0217126A1 (fr) | 1987-04-08 |
EP0217126B1 true EP0217126B1 (fr) | 1990-07-04 |
Family
ID=6280017
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86111775A Expired - Lifetime EP0217126B1 (fr) | 1985-09-03 | 1986-08-26 | Couche galvanique de chrome dur |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4846940A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0217126B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2602499B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR8604205A (fr) |
DE (2) | DE3531410A1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2001645A6 (fr) |
HK (1) | HK115395A (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19752720A1 (de) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ölabstreifkolbenrings |
DE10121593A1 (de) * | 2001-05-03 | 2002-11-07 | Duralloy Ag Haerkingen | Verfahren zur Beschichtung von Werkstücken mit einem Lagermetall |
DE102007038188A1 (de) | 2007-08-13 | 2009-02-19 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verschleißfest beschichtetes Maschinenelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
EP2660362B1 (fr) | 2010-12-27 | 2019-06-26 | Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd. | Film composite de placage au chrome et élément de glissement muni du film |
Families Citing this family (41)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS63168074U (fr) * | 1987-04-20 | 1988-11-01 | ||
US5770323A (en) * | 1991-02-20 | 1998-06-23 | T & N Technology Limited | Bearings |
GB9103481D0 (en) * | 1991-02-20 | 1991-04-10 | T & N Technology Ltd | Bearings |
US5820721A (en) * | 1991-07-17 | 1998-10-13 | Beane; Alan F. | Manufacturing particles and articles having engineered properties |
US5453293A (en) * | 1991-07-17 | 1995-09-26 | Beane; Alan F. | Methods of manufacturing coated particles having desired values of intrinsic properties and methods of applying the coated particles to objects |
IT1267394B1 (it) * | 1994-02-18 | 1997-02-05 | Ind S R L | Procedimento per la realizzazione di riporti galvanici compositi in cromo duro con una fase dispersa e riporto anti-usura realizzato con |
US5490445A (en) * | 1994-03-14 | 1996-02-13 | Ford Motor Company | Ultra low device volume piston system |
FR2726289B1 (fr) * | 1994-10-28 | 1997-03-28 | Floquet Monopole | Procede d'electrodeposition d'un revetement de chrome comportant des inclusions solides et bain mis en oeuvre dans ce procede |
DE19529843A1 (de) * | 1995-08-12 | 1997-02-13 | Marco Santini | Verfahren zur galvanischen Verchromung |
US6013380A (en) * | 1996-11-11 | 2000-01-11 | Teiko Piston Ring Co., Ltd. | Composite chromium plating film and sliding member covered thereof |
EP0841414B2 (fr) * | 1996-11-11 | 2005-03-02 | Teikoku Piston Ring Co., LTd. | Revêtement galvanique composite à base de chrome et élément de glissement revêtu avec celui-ci |
DE19745811C2 (de) * | 1997-10-16 | 2002-06-13 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Galvanische Hartchromschicht, Verwendung und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
US6039860A (en) * | 1998-11-09 | 2000-03-21 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Method for chromium plating titanium alloy |
EP1006218B1 (fr) * | 1998-12-03 | 2006-03-08 | Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha | Disque de frein plaqué et sa méthode de fabrication |
SE514700C2 (sv) | 1999-03-19 | 2001-04-02 | Daros Holding Ab | Elektrolytisk beläggning av ett substrat med ett keramkromskikt, keramkromskikt samt kolvring |
DE19931829A1 (de) | 1999-07-08 | 2001-01-18 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Galvanische Hartchromschicht |
KR100444566B1 (ko) * | 1999-12-27 | 2004-08-16 | 닛폰 피스톤 린구 가부시키가이샤 | 미끄럼 부재 |
AT408351B (de) * | 2000-05-17 | 2001-11-26 | Miba Gleitlager Ag | Verfahren zum galvanischen abscheiden einer dispersionsschicht auf einer oberfläche eines werkstückes |
JP4059621B2 (ja) * | 2000-09-29 | 2008-03-12 | 日本ピストンリング株式会社 | クロムめっき摺動部材及びその製造方法 |
JP4068879B2 (ja) * | 2001-08-21 | 2008-03-26 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 抗菌性および/または防藻性に優れた金属部材 |
DE10255853A1 (de) | 2002-11-29 | 2004-06-17 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Herstellung strukturierter Hartchromschichten |
KR100662722B1 (ko) | 2004-01-30 | 2006-12-28 | 가부시끼가이샤 리켄 | 복합 크롬 도금 피막, 그 피막을 가진 슬라이딩 부재 및 그제조 방법 |
DE102004019370B3 (de) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-09-01 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Herstellung einer strukturierten Hartchromschicht und Herstellung einer Beschichtung |
CN100359048C (zh) * | 2004-12-27 | 2008-01-02 | 西安建筑科技大学 | 一种导电辊修复方法 |
DE102005023627B4 (de) * | 2005-05-21 | 2010-05-06 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Stahlkolbering |
US7383807B2 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2008-06-10 | Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Coated power cylinder components for diesel engines |
JP4757778B2 (ja) * | 2006-11-10 | 2011-08-24 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | 窒化珪素粉末、その製造方法及び用途 |
DE102007037778A1 (de) * | 2007-08-10 | 2009-02-12 | Mahle International Gmbh | Hartchromschicht, beschichtetes Substrat und tribologisches System |
DE102008017270B3 (de) * | 2008-04-04 | 2009-06-04 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Strukturierte Chrom-Feststoffpartikel-Schicht und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie beschichtetes Maschinenelement |
DE102008036996B4 (de) * | 2008-08-07 | 2010-09-02 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleit- und/oder Gegenring einer Laufwerkdichtung |
DE102011084051B4 (de) | 2011-10-05 | 2020-03-12 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Beschichteter Kolbenring mit radial zunehmender Schichtdicke und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102011084052B4 (de) | 2011-10-05 | 2024-05-29 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Beschichteter Kolbenring mit scharfer Ölabstreifkante |
DE102012204156A1 (de) | 2012-03-16 | 2013-09-19 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring mit Chrom-Feststoffpartikel-Verschleißschutzschicht und korrosionsbeständiger Flankenfläche |
CH708659A2 (de) * | 2013-10-03 | 2015-04-15 | Bräcker Ag | Spinn- oder Zwirnring. |
JP6569178B2 (ja) * | 2015-10-08 | 2019-09-04 | 地方独立行政法人大阪産業技術研究所 | 複合硬質被膜を有する物品及びその製造方法 |
US9945481B2 (en) | 2016-07-07 | 2018-04-17 | Federal-Mogul Llc | Polymer coating in cracked piston ring coating |
DE102017221606A1 (de) * | 2017-11-30 | 2019-06-06 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring |
US10864567B2 (en) | 2018-04-17 | 2020-12-15 | Government Of The United States As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Systems and methods for electroprocessing a gun barrel using a moving electrode |
US11230777B2 (en) * | 2019-06-20 | 2022-01-25 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Wear-resistant coating |
DE102020105003A1 (de) | 2020-02-26 | 2021-08-26 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring mit Hartchromschicht und verbessertem Einlaufverhalten |
DE102021125366A1 (de) | 2021-09-30 | 2023-03-30 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verschleißschutzschicht für Kolbenringe |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE652909A (fr) * | 1963-12-18 | 1964-12-31 | ||
US3356467A (en) * | 1964-12-28 | 1967-12-05 | Udylite Corp | Article coated with a coelectrodeposit of nickel and plastic particles, an overlayerthereon, and method of making said article |
GB1070343A (en) * | 1965-01-27 | 1967-06-01 | British Iron Steel Research | Improvements in or relating to the formation of metal coatings by electro-deposition |
GB1220331A (en) * | 1967-04-27 | 1971-01-27 | Bristol Aerojet Ltd | Improvements in and relating to the electro-deposition of composite coatings |
JPS5021151B1 (fr) * | 1970-09-21 | 1975-07-21 | ||
US3762882A (en) * | 1971-06-23 | 1973-10-02 | Di Coat Corp | Wear resistant diamond coating and method of application |
JPS5315011B2 (fr) * | 1972-06-03 | 1978-05-22 | ||
DE2236443C3 (de) * | 1972-07-25 | 1978-05-24 | Elektroschmelzwerk Kempten Gmbh, 8000 Muenchen | Wäßriges Bad zur Herstellung von metallischen Überzügen, die nichtmetallische, feinverteilte Feststoffe eingelagert enthalten |
JPS533446B2 (fr) * | 1973-11-01 | 1978-02-07 |
-
1985
- 1985-09-03 DE DE19853531410 patent/DE3531410A1/de active Granted
-
1986
- 1986-08-26 EP EP86111775A patent/EP0217126B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-08-26 DE DE8686111775T patent/DE3672431D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-09-02 JP JP61205255A patent/JP2602499B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-09-02 BR BR8604205A patent/BR8604205A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-09-03 ES ES8601589A patent/ES2001645A6/es not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-01-22 US US07/148,174 patent/US4846940A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-07-13 HK HK115395A patent/HK115395A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19752720A1 (de) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ölabstreifkolbenrings |
DE19752720C2 (de) * | 1997-11-28 | 2000-07-06 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ölabstreifkolbenrings |
DE10121593A1 (de) * | 2001-05-03 | 2002-11-07 | Duralloy Ag Haerkingen | Verfahren zur Beschichtung von Werkstücken mit einem Lagermetall |
US6875330B2 (en) | 2001-05-03 | 2005-04-05 | Duralloy Ag | Process for coating workpieces with bearing metal |
DE102007038188A1 (de) | 2007-08-13 | 2009-02-19 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verschleißfest beschichtetes Maschinenelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
EP2660362B1 (fr) | 2010-12-27 | 2019-06-26 | Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd. | Film composite de placage au chrome et élément de glissement muni du film |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS6256600A (ja) | 1987-03-12 |
US4846940A (en) | 1989-07-11 |
DE3531410C2 (fr) | 1989-03-23 |
JP2602499B2 (ja) | 1997-04-23 |
BR8604205A (pt) | 1987-04-28 |
HK115395A (en) | 1995-07-21 |
ES2001645A6 (es) | 1988-06-01 |
DE3672431D1 (de) | 1990-08-09 |
DE3531410A1 (de) | 1987-03-05 |
EP0217126A1 (fr) | 1987-04-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP0217126B1 (fr) | Couche galvanique de chrome dur | |
EP1114209B1 (fr) | Couche de chrome dure galvanique | |
DE69908837T2 (de) | Hubkolbenmaschine mit Aluminium-Block und Aluminium-Kolben | |
EP1133588A2 (fr) | Materiau composite stratifie pour elements de glissement et son procede de production | |
CH624860A5 (fr) | ||
DE3038289A1 (de) | Verfahren zum abscheiden von metallschichten auf den waenden von kokillen | |
DE102004020385B4 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gleitlagerbuchsen | |
DE3220723C2 (fr) | ||
EP1451392B1 (fr) | Processus de traitement de surface pour l'enduction de materiaux en aluminium | |
EP2180088B1 (fr) | Procédé de dépôt galvanique de couches en chrome dur | |
DE102014003114B3 (de) | Verfahren zum Beschichten eines Substrats, bei dem ein drahtförmiger Spritzwerkstoff in einem Lichtbogen aufgeschmolzen und als Schicht auf dem Substrat abgeschieden wird sowie lichtbogendrahtgespritzte Schicht | |
EP2215334B1 (fr) | Soupape d'admission ou d'echappement pour moteur a combustion interne et son procede de realisation | |
EP0909839B1 (fr) | Couche de chrome dur galvanique | |
EP1507612A1 (fr) | Procede d'enduction galvanique d'une coquille pour la coulee continue | |
EP0984082A1 (fr) | Procédé de revêtement des pièces | |
EP1997939B1 (fr) | Cylindre hydraulique et son procédé de fabrication | |
DE10212299B4 (de) | Verfahren zur Aufbringung thermischer Spritzschichten auf galvanisch beschichtete Kolbenringe sowie ein nach dem Verfahren hergestellter Kolbenring | |
DE102007028211A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit Silber strukturiert beschichteten Gleitelements und danach erhältliches Gleitelement | |
DE19508419C1 (de) | Kolbenring für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen mit einer verschleißfesten Beschichtung | |
Bapui | Electrodeposition and characterization of nickel-molybdenum disulfide composites | |
DE3327346A1 (de) | Galvanisch abgeschiedene dispersionsschicht | |
DE102005022692A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung beschichteter Oberflächen und Verwendung derselben | |
DE3536525A1 (de) | Metallische waermeuebertragungsflaeche fuer siedende fluessigkeiten | |
DE3443329A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von korrosionsbestaendigen verschleissschutzschichten mit chrom-endschicht | |
EP4067537A1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication d'un cylindre d'impression en creux ou d'estampage |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): DE FR GB IT |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19870909 |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19881213 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): DE FR GB IT |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed |
Owner name: ING. C. GREGORJ S.P.A. |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 3672431 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19900809 |
|
GBT | Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977) | ||
ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
26N | No opposition filed | ||
ITTA | It: last paid annual fee | ||
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: 732E |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: TP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: CD |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20000720 Year of fee payment: 15 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010826 |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20010826 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20050804 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Payment date: 20050816 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20050831 Year of fee payment: 20 |