EP0195897B1 - Lance refroidie par de l'eau pour souffler de l'oxygène sur un bain métallique - Google Patents

Lance refroidie par de l'eau pour souffler de l'oxygène sur un bain métallique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0195897B1
EP0195897B1 EP86101134A EP86101134A EP0195897B1 EP 0195897 B1 EP0195897 B1 EP 0195897B1 EP 86101134 A EP86101134 A EP 86101134A EP 86101134 A EP86101134 A EP 86101134A EP 0195897 B1 EP0195897 B1 EP 0195897B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lance
oxygen
melt
outlet openings
blowing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP86101134A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0195897A3 (en
EP0195897A2 (fr
Inventor
Ernst Dipl.-Ing. Fritz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kloeckner CRA Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
Kloeckner CRA Technologie GmbH
Kloeckner CRA Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kloeckner CRA Technologie GmbH, Kloeckner CRA Patent GmbH filed Critical Kloeckner CRA Technologie GmbH
Priority to AT86101134T priority Critical patent/ATE46923T1/de
Publication of EP0195897A2 publication Critical patent/EP0195897A2/fr
Publication of EP0195897A3 publication Critical patent/EP0195897A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0195897B1 publication Critical patent/EP0195897B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/16—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
    • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
    • C21C5/4606—Lances or injectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
    • C22B9/05—Refining by treating with gases, e.g. gas flushing also refining by means of a material generating gas in situ
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/30—Regulating or controlling the blowing
    • C21C5/305—Afterburning

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a water-cooled blowing lance for blowing oxygen or oxygen-containing gases onto a molten metal, in particular a molten iron, for afterburning the reaction gases from the melt and for transferring the heat of combustion to the bath with a plurality of outlet openings lying at least on two concentric circles, the axes of which are opposite Lance longitudinal axis are inclined.
  • the melt preferably consists of a carbon-containing iron bath, as is the case, for example, when raw iron is refreshed in oxygen blowing converters for the production of steel.
  • Oxygen blowing converters are increasingly operated according to the combined blowing method, as is the case among others. in Gmelin-Durer "Metallurgy of Iron", Volume 7, Springer Verlag 1984, is shown.
  • An improvement in the heat balance to increase the use of coolants, such as scrap, solid pig iron, directly reduced material, iron, manganese and chrome ore, is important for the economy of these processes.
  • a method for increasing the scrap rate in steel production is known from DE-Auslegeschrift 2,755,165 and describes the simultaneous supply of oxygen below and above the bath surface and is characterized in that between 20 and 80% of the total amount of oxygen from above by or several gas jets directed onto the bath surface are supplied.
  • the gas jets act as free jets blowing in a gas space over a substantial part of the fresh process and suck in considerable amounts of the converter exhaust gases.
  • the oxygen is preferably blown onto the bath surface through side wall nozzles, which are installed stationary in the refractory lining of the converter and are protected against premature burning back by a hydrocarbon coating of the oxygen.
  • the lance head has at least one, preferably four, main nozzles that supply oxygen for decarburization and an equal number of secondary nozzles that supply oxygen for afterburning.
  • the main nozzles run at an angle of inclination of 14 ° to 17 ° to the lance axis and the secondary nozzles at an angle of inclination of 30 ° to 50 ° to the neighboring main nozzle axis.
  • This lance construction requires blowing with a relatively small distance between the lance head and the melt, since otherwise the oxygen jets from the secondary nozzles hit the lining of the converter directly and prematurely Wear of the feed.
  • a small lance spacing With a small lance spacing, however, the degree of afterburning of the reaction gases emerging from the bath is inevitably influenced by the behavior of the melt and in particular also by a more or less strong foam slag formation.
  • foam slag is formed, the cross-flow that is decisive for sucking the reaction gases into the oxygen jet cannot form. The heat input from the post-combustion is therefore difficult to balance and thus leads to disadvantages in the process control.
  • small lance distances result in an increased formation of lugs on the lance and thus a reduced durability of the lance head.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a lance for blowing oxygen or oxygen-containing gases, which avoids the disadvantages of the known lances with a relatively simple construction, causes an increase and optimization of the combustion of the reaction gases from the metal strip and an effective transfer of the resulting Combustion heat to the melt allows to increase the usable heat input when freshening and to be able to melt higher coolant additives without endangering the refractory delivery, the lance itself and the flue gas chimney due to excessively high flue gas temperatures.
  • blowing lance with the characterizing features of claim 1, advantageous embodiments of the blowing lance are specified in the subclaims 2 to 6.
  • An essential advantage of the invention is to blow the oxidizing gas onto the melt as separate individual jets with a large number of nozzle openings on a lance head in such a way that they blow as much as possible, i.e. several times the amount of gas injected, suck in flammable reaction gases from their surroundings.
  • the essential dimensions of a conventional oxygen blowing lance should be largely preserved.
  • a lance head according to the invention which can be arranged on a conventional water-cooled single-circuit blowing lance, fulfills this condition.
  • the nozzle openings are connected in groups of two to five, preferably three, to the oxygen supply via a common nozzle piece.
  • the lance head enables a large number of nozzle openings and sufficient cooling through the circulating water to ensure a long service life.
  • the invention allows existing lances of oxygen inflation converters to be converted in a simple manner with the lance head according to the invention. By maintaining the usual lance diameter, the heat losses due to lance cooling remain in the usual range.
  • the outlet openings for the oxidizing gas are arranged in groups on two or more concentric circles on the lance head. On these circles, the distance between the nozzle groups is approximately the same.
  • the number of openings on a circle usually increases from the center, outwards, i.e. with increasing circle diameter, too.
  • the lance according to the invention When the lance according to the invention is used, an optimal afterburning of the reaction gases from the melt is obtained under the aforementioned condition, combined with an effective transfer of the heat of combustion generated to the bath.
  • the lance distance to the bath surface was varied from 2 m to 5 m for a 270 t converter.
  • the blowing lance according to the invention had eighteen nozzle openings, twelve being arranged on an outer circle with a diameter of approximately 26 cm and six on an inner circle with a diameter of approximately 19 cm. It was blown with an inflation rate of 2.6 Nm 3 per minute and ton of liquid steel with a simultaneous bottom blowing rate of approx. 1 Nm 3 oxygen per minute and ton of liquid steel with occasional lime dust loading. With this mode of operation, afterburning degrees of approx. 40% could be achieved with a heat transfer of approx. 80%.
  • the efficiency of heat transfer is defined by the heat input into the melt, compared to the theoretical heat of combustion from CO and H 2 to C0 2 and H 2 0 minus the inevitable heat losses in the converter exhaust gas, which result from the increase in specific heat .
  • the oxygen or the oxygen-containing gas for example air
  • the outlet openings or nozzles on the lance head at the speed of sound.
  • all nozzles or every second nozzle to be designed as Laval nozzles in order to let the oxidizing gas emerge from the lance head at up to twice the speed of sound.
  • the diameter of the nozzle openings on the lance head is related to the distance L h between the lance head and the bath surface. It has proven to be advantageous if the ratio of the opening diameter to the lance distance L h is 0.003 to 0.01.
  • the gas jets can also touch or intersect in order to cause additional swirling with the exhaust gas in the reaction space and thereby stimulate and increase the afterburning. This additional mixing of oxidizing gas and exhaust gas from the melt has proven to be very effective at high exit velocities of the gas jets from the nozzle head.
  • Moving the lance according to the invention has proven to be advantageous for optimizing the afterburning. Even a relatively simple oscillating movement by raising and lowering the lance by, for example, ⁇ 0.15 m to ⁇ 1.5 m had a favorable influence on the degree of post-combustion and the retransfer of the heat of combustion to the melt. Even rotating the lance at a relatively high distance from the bath surface can be even more effective than lifting and lowering. A combination of both movements is also an advantage.
  • a prerequisite for the lance rotation movement is a multiple swivel joint at the lance inlet for the media supply. A moderate lance rotation itself can be achieved by friction rollers arranged above the chimney inlet. This lance movement makes it possible to increase the average post-combustion by 5 to 10 percentage points per batch.
  • nozzle openings for the inflation of solids such as lime, ore and, in particular, carbon-containing fuels, which are supplied by a separate feed line and possibly intermediate pieces, in the central region of the lance head.
  • solids such as lime, ore and, in particular, carbon-containing fuels
  • nozzles are preferably ground fuels, for. B. coal and coke, blown onto the bath to further increase the heat input into the melt. Since the lance according to the invention improves the post-combustion of the resulting reaction gases, the thermal efficiency of the supplied fuels also increases. This increase can be supported if ground coolants such as ore, lime and limestone are added to the fuel, which are thus already heated in the gas space above the melt.
  • the lance according to the invention consists of three concentric tubes 1, 2, 3 with a welded-on lance head 4, for example made of high-purity, drop-forged copper. Oxygen flows through the inner tube 1 with a clear diameter of 250 mm to the lance head 4.
  • the outer tube 3 has an outer diameter of 410 mm and the intermediate tube 2 of 340 mm. Cooling water is fed to the lance head in the annular space between tubes 1 and 2, and returned in the annular space between tubes 2 and 3.
  • the lance head 4 has six tubular nozzle pieces 5 with three channel-shaped outlet openings 6 extending from the tubular jacket surface.
  • the oxygen consequently flows from the oxygen tube 1 via the nozzle pieces 5 to the outlet openings 6 and emerges from the nozzle head 4 in the form of several individual jets.
  • the nozzle pieces 5 are arranged inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis 7 of the lance.
  • the angle of inclination 8 depends on the converter shape and size and is 10 ° to 25 °, in this case 20 °.
  • angles of inclination 9 and 10 of the axes of the outlet openings 6 of a nozzle piece 5 are different, while the angle of inclination 10 coincides with the angle of inclination 8.
  • the angle of inclination 9 of the outlet openings 6, the gas jets of which hit the bath surface 24 near the inner diameter 22 of the annular surface 21, is normally approximately 100 smaller than the angle of inclination 10 of the outer outlet openings 6 and is approximately 5 ° to 20 °.
  • the nozzle pieces 5 each have three outlet openings 6, one outlet opening in the sectional drawing in FIG. 1 completely, the second partially and the third is not recognizable.
  • the gas jets of the outlet openings with the inclination angle 9 hit the bath surface 24 near the inner diameter 22 in the circular ring surface 21.
  • the six contact surfaces 20 of these gas jets lie approximately at the same distance from one another on a circle with the diameter 25.
  • These twelve contact surfaces 20 of the outer gas jets also lie approximately on a circle, and the distance between the individual contact surfaces 20 is also the same . Accordingly, the two outlet openings 6 of a nozzle piece 5 for the outer gas jets are also inclined in this direction.
  • the angle of inclination of these two outlet openings to one another is between 5 and 20 ° with respect to the lance axis.
  • the lance head 4 has a total of six nozzle pieces 5, each with three outlet openings 6.
  • the gas jets, each blowing separately onto the bath surface 24, lie with their contact surfaces 20 within the circular ring surface 21 at approximately the same distance from one another on two circles with a diameter of 25 or 26
  • the periphery of the approximately circular contact surfaces 20 touches the diameter 22 of the circular ring surface 21 and accordingly the periphery of the contact surfaces 20 touches the outer diameter 23 of the circular ring surface 21.
  • the lance according to the invention has proven itself extremely well in the case of steel freshening in oxygen blowing converters and has given surprisingly good results with regard to the degree of afterburning of the reaction gases from the melt and the transfer of the heat generated during the combustion to the bath.
  • the degree of afterburning could surprisingly be tripled with the lance according to the invention, namely increased from about 13% to over 40%.
  • the transfer of combustion heat with an efficiency of over 80% was also unusually high.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Furnace Charging Or Discharging (AREA)

Claims (6)

1. Lance de soufflage refroidie à l'eau pour le soufflage d'oxygène ou d'un gaz contenant de l'oxygène sur un bain de métal en fusion, notamment un bain de fonte, pour la combustion complémentaire des gazes de réaction provenant du bain et pour la transmission de la chaleur de combustion au bain, comportant plusieurs orifices de sortie qui sont répartis sur au moins deux circonférences concentriques et dont les axes sont inclinés par rapport à l'axe longitudinal de la lance, caractérisée en ce que les tubulures de sortie de plusieurs tuyères (5) reliées à un conduit (1) d'amenée de l'oxygène sont situées, dans un plan transversal par rapport à l'axe longitudinal d'une lance laissant une distance Lh entre la tête de la lance et la surface du bains, dans l'intérieur d'une surface annulaire (21) de diamètre intérieur Di et de diamètre extérieur Da pour lesquels les conditions suivantes sont réalisées:
Figure imgb0005
Figure imgb0006
2. Lance selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le rapport entre le diamètre de chaque orifice de sortie (6) et la distance Lh est compris entre 0,003 et 0,01.
3. Lance selon une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que chaque tuyère (5) comporte trois orifices de sortie (6) et que l'une (20) des tubulures de chaque tuyère a son centre sur une circonférence intérieure tandis que les centres des deux autres tubulures (20) de la tuyère en question sont sur une circonférence concentrique de plus grand diamètre.
4. Lance selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que chaque tuyère (5) comporte de deux à cinq orifices de sortie.
5. Lance selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce qu'un orifice de sortie au moins est relié à un conduit d'amenée d'un solide pulvérulent.
6. Lance selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée par un dispositif de pivotement et/ou de soulèvement.
EP86101134A 1985-03-19 1986-01-29 Lance refroidie par de l'eau pour souffler de l'oxygène sur un bain métallique Expired EP0195897B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86101134T ATE46923T1 (de) 1985-03-19 1986-01-29 Wassergekuehlte blaslanze zum aufblasen von sauerstoff auf eine metallschmelze.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3509795A DE3509795C1 (de) 1985-03-19 1985-03-19 Wassergekuehlte Blaslanze zum Aufblasen von Sauerstoff auf eine Metallschmelze
DE3509795 1985-03-19

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0195897A2 EP0195897A2 (fr) 1986-10-01
EP0195897A3 EP0195897A3 (en) 1987-05-27
EP0195897B1 true EP0195897B1 (fr) 1989-10-04

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EP86101134A Expired EP0195897B1 (fr) 1985-03-19 1986-01-29 Lance refroidie par de l'eau pour souffler de l'oxygène sur un bain métallique

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4702462A (fr)
EP (1) EP0195897B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS61213312A (fr)
AT (1) ATE46923T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU571125B2 (fr)
DE (2) DE3509795C1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU86321A1 (fr) * 1986-02-25 1987-09-10 Arbed Lance de soufflage d'oxygene
JPH0595905U (ja) * 1992-06-03 1993-12-27 富士車輌株式会社 ゴミ投入装置
RU2051974C1 (ru) * 1995-01-25 1996-01-10 Александр Леонидович Кузьмин Наконечник кислородно-конвертерной фурмы
DE19529932C1 (de) * 1995-08-02 1997-01-16 Mannesmann Ag Lanzenkopf einer Blaslanze zur Behandlung von Schmelzen
US6125133A (en) * 1997-03-18 2000-09-26 Praxair, Inc. Lance/burner for molten metal furnace
US6217824B1 (en) 1999-05-20 2001-04-17 Berry Metal Company Combined forged and cast lance tip assembly
GB9922543D0 (en) * 1999-09-24 1999-11-24 Rhs Paneltech Ltd Wire feed unit
BE1013686A3 (fr) * 2000-09-15 2002-06-04 Thomas Jacques Nez de lance de soufflage.
FR2860243B1 (fr) * 2003-09-30 2006-02-03 Air Liquide Buse multi-jets et lance multi-jets la comportant
US7799735B2 (en) * 2005-06-01 2010-09-21 Ronald Segall Chemically modified melamine resin for use in sublimation dye imaging
US20070246869A1 (en) * 2006-04-21 2007-10-25 Berry Metal Company Metal making lance tip assembly
EP1932927B1 (fr) * 2006-12-15 2012-08-01 Technological Resources Pty. Ltd. Appareil d'injection d'un gaz dans une cuve
CN101526309B (zh) * 2008-03-03 2011-04-20 云南云维股份有限公司 一种密闭式电石炉加料嘴及制造工艺
DE102010047969A1 (de) * 2010-03-31 2011-10-06 Sms Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung zur Einblasung von Gas in ein metallurgisches Gefäß
US9016094B2 (en) * 2013-01-16 2015-04-28 Guardian Industries Corp. Water cooled oxygen lance for use in a float glass furnace and/or float glass furnace using the same
JP6292019B2 (ja) * 2014-05-14 2018-03-14 新日鐵住金株式会社 溶融金属精錬用上吹きランス

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SU472980A1 (ru) * 1973-08-03 1975-06-05 Уральский политехнический институт им.С.М.Кирова ГАЗО-КИСЛОРОДНАЯ ФУРМА3 П Т Б^•^-^:": ""^-'Ш'Ш1Изобретение относитс к области металлургии, в частности может быть исиользовано при выплавке стали.Известна газо-кислородна фурма дл продувки расплавов с предварительным смешением газов (топливо и кислород), состо ща из коаксиально расположенных труб и головки с соплами с центральным подводом охлаждающей воды. Однако эта фурма не снабжена устройством, предотвращающим проскок пламени от сопел к смесительному узлу. Горение |смеси газа и кислорода внутри межтрубного подвод щего тракта приводит к резкому уменьшению пропускной способности фурмы по дутью и выходу ее из стро .В предложенной газо-кислородной фурме, с целью предотвращени проскока пламени из продувочных сопел в топливно-кислородный тракт, последний в нижней части разделен кольцевой водоохлаждаемой перегородкой с отверсти ми (кольцевую перегородку изготовл ют металлической, папример из меди), под перегородкой размещен кольцевой газовый коллектор, сообщающийс с продувочными соплами.На фиг. 1 изображена газо-кислородна |)урма в разрезе; на фиг. 2 — то же, разрез по А—А на фиг. 1.Описываема фурма состоит из трех коак- сиальпо расположенных труб, по которым, каки в обычной кислородной фурме, в головку I подаетс , а из нее отводитс вода, а также подаетс в нее продувочный газ. Фурма имеет центрально-осевой подвод воды 2 к головке I 5 на охлаждение, каналы 3 дл отвода воды из цеитральной полости головки в межтрубную полость 4 фурмы. Каналы 3 расиоложены равномерно между соплами 5. В хвостовой части фурмы, как и в известных фурмах, имеютс 10 патрубки б и 7 соответственно дл иодачи в фурму и отвода из нее воды дл охлаждени , а также иатрубки 8 и 9 соответственно дл ввода в фурму кислорода и топлива (газа). Кроме того, в хвостовой части фурмы на15 уровне иатрубка 9 располагаетс смесительное кольцо 10, которое перекрывает межтрубный зазор, образованный центральной (осевой) трубой 11 и разделительной трубой 12. Смесительное кольцо 10 герметично сочлен етс 20 (например, с помощью сварки), привариваетс или с одной из этих труб или с обеими. В первом случае стыковка по окружности с трубой имеет уплотнение 13. Смесительное кольцо 10 содержит в себе р д вертикальных отвер-25 стий — смесительных сопел 14, через которые из верхней части 15 межтрубного зазора, перекрытого кольцом 10, кислород проходит в топливно-кислородный тракт 16. Смесительные сопла 14 в нижней части сочленены с отвер-30 сти ми 17, служащими дл подачи газообраз-
LU78906A1 (fr) * 1978-01-19 1979-09-06 Arbed Procede et dispositif pour l'affinage d'un bain de metal
US4190238A (en) * 1978-05-11 1980-02-26 Stahlwerke Peine-Salzgitter Ag Lance head for a fining lance
SU821842A1 (ru) * 1979-06-27 1981-04-15 Институт Газа Ан Украинской Сср Газокислородна горелка
LU82846A1 (fr) * 1980-10-13 1982-05-10 Arbed Lance de soufflage d'oxygene
FR2496699B1 (fr) * 1980-12-22 1985-06-21 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Lance de soufflage de gaz oxydant, notamment d'oxygene, pour le traitement des metaux en fusion
LU83814A1 (fr) * 1981-12-04 1983-09-01 Arbed Procede et dispositif pour l'affinage d'un bain de metal contenant des matieres refroidissantes solides
FR2521167B1 (fr) * 1982-02-10 1987-04-30 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Lance d'injection de gaz pour convertisseur metallurgique

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU571125B2 (en) 1988-03-31
EP0195897A3 (en) 1987-05-27
DE3509795C1 (de) 1986-06-05
EP0195897A2 (fr) 1986-10-01
US4702462A (en) 1987-10-27
DE3666050D1 (en) 1989-11-09
JPS61213312A (ja) 1986-09-22
AU5385686A (en) 1986-09-25
ATE46923T1 (de) 1989-10-15
JPS6311405B2 (fr) 1988-03-14

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