EP0152145A1 - Panel for the modular construction of a building - Google Patents

Panel for the modular construction of a building Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0152145A1
EP0152145A1 EP85200146A EP85200146A EP0152145A1 EP 0152145 A1 EP0152145 A1 EP 0152145A1 EP 85200146 A EP85200146 A EP 85200146A EP 85200146 A EP85200146 A EP 85200146A EP 0152145 A1 EP0152145 A1 EP 0152145A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frame
spacers
network
panel according
braces
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Granted
Application number
EP85200146A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0152145B1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Pistre
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Sa Pistre & Fils SA
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Sa Pistre & Fils SA
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Priority to AT85200146T priority Critical patent/ATE31956T1/en
Publication of EP0152145A1 publication Critical patent/EP0152145A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0152145B1 publication Critical patent/EP0152145B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/38—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels
    • E04C2/386—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels with a frame of unreconstituted or laminated wood

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a panel for the modular construction of a building; it particularly relates to a panel made from wooden elements but can extend where appropriate to other materials.
  • such a panel has a remarkable resistance in all directions, originating from the conformation of its framework, crossed in several directions and stiffened by the multiple fastenings of the elements on each other (spacers of the first network fixed on the frame and on the bracing, spacers of the second network crossed with respect to the first and fixed on the frame and on the bracing).
  • the realization of this structure can be done from wooden elements of rectangular section, without any slotting work (with the exception of peripheral interlocking structures of the frame, known in themselves), which leads to a panel capable of being manufactured at a reduced price by a small workforce.
  • bracing has another function, which consists in preserving at their level an air space, at the very heart of the panel, between the two layers of insulation. Very good thermal and acoustic insulation is thus obtained. It should be noted that the insulating strips of the two plies are supported on both sides against the bracing and are thus perfectly positioned by these elements and by the spacers between which they are inserted. The blades of the two layers being crossed, the thermal bridges are extremely reduced.
  • the panels according to the invention advantageously have a height equal to a building floor height (of the order of 2,400 to 2,500 mm).
  • panels are provided in a wide module (width greater than 1000 mm) and are then provided with two braces arranged at an angle in the frame and crossed symmetrically with respect to each other, however, panels forming narrower modules (width less than 1000mm) are provided with a single bracing placed obliquely in the frame.
  • the bracing (s) can extend along one or more diagonals of the frame or, for certain modules, may extend between an angle of the frame and an angle formed by a cross member and the end of a spacer ending therein.
  • the prefabricated panel shown by way of example in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 is intended to form, by assembly with other panels, a wooden frame of a building, incorporating thermal and sound insulation.
  • This panel has a general rectangular parallelepiped shape, with a height of 2,440 mm, a modular width of 1,200 mm and a thickness of about 16.5 cm.
  • the two crosspieces 1 and 2 and the upright 3 are provided, in the median plane M, with interlocking grooves la, 2a and 3a opening towards the outside, however, still in this median plane, the upright 4 is provided, on its external face, with an interlocking tongue 4a of a shape adapted to cooperate with the aforementioned grooves and be able to fit into them.
  • crossbeams 1 and 2 of the frame have ventilation slots such as 5 opening onto one face of the panel (called to be oriented towards the outside of the building).
  • the frame In the vicinity of the median plane M, the frame is internally provided with two braces 6 and 7 which extend along its two diagonals. At each of their ends (at the corners of the frame), these braces are studded on the uprights and crosspieces.
  • the bracing 6 is in one piece and the bracing 7 of two studded pieces on the bracing 6 at the crossing zone.
  • braces consist of wooden elements of rectangular section, having a thickness of about 3.5 cm. They define at the heart of the panel an air gap of the same thickness.
  • the crosspieces 1, 2 and uprights 3, 4 are provided with stops such as 8 and 9 fixed on their interior faces; these stops constituted by wooden shims of the same thickness as the braces are arranged so that their front faces are located in the same planes as those of the braces 6 and 7.
  • a first network of spacers such as 10 joining the uprights 3 and 4 of the frame and parallel to the crosspieces 1 and 2.
  • These spacers which are called to have horizontal directions once the panel in place, are formed by pieces of wood of rectangular section and thickness equal to the distance separating the front face of the braces and the front face of the panel.
  • spacers are arranged in abutment against the braces, so that their front face is flush with the corresponding face of the panel (plane coinciding with that of the front faces of the uprights and crosspieces of the frame).
  • three spacers 10 are distributed over the height of the panel. They are fixed by studding, on the one hand, by their ends, to the uprights 3 and 4, on the other hand, in the crossing zones, on the braces 6 and 7.
  • a second network of wooden spacers such as 11 perpendicular to the spacers 10 of the first network.
  • These spacers parallel to the uprights 3 and 4 are two in the example and bring together the cross members 1 and 2 of the frame; they are called upon to present vertical directions once the panel is in place.
  • braces 6, 7 They are arranged similarly to the first against the braces 6, 7 with their front face flush with the corresponding face of the panel and their opposite face studded on the braces at the crossing zones.
  • insulating strips such as 12 are inserted between the spacers 10, so as to come to bear, at the rear, on the braces 6 and 7 and on their periphery, against the spacers and the frame.
  • the blades 12 of this first ply have a suitable thickness, so that their front face is set back relative to the corresponding face of the frame; a space is thus preserved for the passage of easements (electrical wiring %) on the inside of the panel.
  • insulating strips 13 of a second ply are inserted between the spacers 11, these strips extending in a direction perpendicular to the first.
  • the blades of the first layer and the second layer can be made of polystyrene foam.
  • the wooden parts constituting the panel according to the invention are devoid of any worked structure (with the exception of the conventional interlocking grooves of the frame), the mounting of the panel being carried out very quickly by simple nailing. . A panel of very low cost is thus obtained.
  • thermal and acoustic insulation qualities are comparable to those of the most efficient known panels. They are due to the combination of the two insulation layers, the central air space and the two external and internal air spaces (one ventilated, the other used for the passage of wiring).
  • Figure 5 shows the low and high fixing of a panel which can be performed on the sole by lag bolts 14 (or by bolting on slab) and, in the upper part, by bolts 15 fixed on chaining.
  • lag bolts 14 or by bolting on slab
  • bolts 15 fixed on chaining.
  • any other method of attachment can be provided, the attachment members being staggered along the cross members 1 and 2 of the frame.
  • the panels are assembled together by bolting as shown in Figure 6: several bolts such as 16 (for example four on each side) are staggered over the height of the uprights of the panel.
  • the external and internal coatings of the panels are produced in a manner known per se by means of facing plates, concrete coating on mesh, wooden cladding, facing briquettes, etc.
  • Figures 7, 8 and 9 illustrate other panel modules according to the invention.
  • FIG. 7 shows a wide module, of width equal to 1365 mm; it is constituted in a similar manner to the previous one with the exception of the two braces which end, on the one hand, in a corner of the frame, on the other hand, at the ends of a spacer 17 parallel to the uprights. (This spacer is placed 1200 mm from one upright and 165 mm from the other).
  • Figure 8 shows a narrow module, width equal to 600 mm. This is provided with a single brace extending along one of its diagonals. (The two uprights of the frame in this case play the role of the second network of spacers).
  • FIG. 9 shows another narrow module, of width equal to 765 mm. This is provided with a single brace ending, on the one hand, in a corner of the frame, on the other hand, at one end of a spacer 18 parallel to the uprights (spacer of the second network, unique in this example) .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)

Abstract

1. A panel for the modular construction of a building, comprising a peripheral frame (1, 2, 3, 4) endowed externally with a jointing structure on its circumference (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a), a first network of struts (10) extending within the frame next one of the faces of the latter, a second network of struts (11) extending within the frame next its other face and exhibiting directions crossed with respect to the first network, a first insulating sheet (12) consisting of strips of rigid or semirigid insulation inserted in the frame between the struts (10) of the first network and a second insulating sheet (13) consisting of strips of rigid or semirigid insulation inserted in the frame between the struts (11) of the second network, the said panel being characterized in that : - the two networks of struts (10, 11) are disjointed and separated by an empty space of substantially constant thickness extending in the vicinity of the central plane (M) of the frame ; - at least one wind-brace (6, 7) is arranged in the said empty space and fastened to the inside of the frame with a direction crossed with respect to the two networks of struts (10, 11) ; - the struts (10, 11) of the two networks are arranged so as to rest on opposite sides of the said wind-braces (6, 7) and are fastened onto the latter at the level of the zones of intersection ; - the two insulating sheets (12, 13) rest against the said wind-braces (6, 7) respectively on opposite sides of the latter.

Description

L'invention concerne un panneau pour la construction modulaire d'un bâtiment ; elle vise tout particulièrement un panneau réalisé à partir d'éléments en bois mais peut s'étendre le cas échéant à d'autres matériaux.The invention relates to a panel for the modular construction of a building; it particularly relates to a panel made from wooden elements but can extend where appropriate to other materials.

Pour réduire la main d'oeuvre nécessaire sur chantier, les fabricants ont conçu de nombreux types de panneaux préfabriqués appelés à être assemblés pour former l'ossature des bâtiments. Par exemple, on peut citer les brevets FR n° 2 524 044, n° 2 519 050, n° 2 523 183, n° 2 363 677 qui décrivent divers systèmes de panneaux d'ossature en bois comprenant des nappes d'isolation ; les faces de ces panneaux sont revêtues,après assemblage,de plaques de parement internes ou externes.To reduce the labor required on site, manufacturers have designed many types of prefabricated panels that are to be assembled to form the framework of buildings. For example, mention may be made of the FR patents No. 2,524,044, No. 2,519,050, No. 2,523,183, No. 2,363,677 which describe various systems of wooden frame panels comprising insulation sheets; the faces of these panels are coated, after assembly, with internal or external facing plates.

Ces panneaux connus présentent des défauts. En premier lieu, leur résistance mécanique n'est pas identique dans toutes les directions et ces panneaux possèdent des directions de moindre résistance qui conduisent à des risques de déformations notables en cas d'efforts s'appliquant selon ces directions. En outre, certains de ces panneaux ont des structures complexes qui en conditionnent un coût de fabrication relativement élevé. Ainsi, par exemple, le panneau décrit dans le brevet n° 2 524 044 possède un treillis d'éléments emboîtés les uns dans les autres,qui nécessite un travail important et précis de mortaisage obérant le coût du panneau.These known panels have defects. Firstly, their mechanical resistance is not identical in all directions and these panels have directions of least resistance which lead to risks of notable deformations in the event of forces applying in these directions. In addition, some of these panels have complex structures which condition their relatively high manufacturing cost. Thus, for example, the panel described in patent No. 2,524,044 has a lattice of elements nested one inside the other, which requires significant and precise mortising work, thereby reducing the cost of the panel.

La présente invention se propose de pallier les défauts des panneaux préfabriqués d'ossature connus et de fournir un nouveau panneau dont les éléments porteurs peuvent en particulier être réalisés en bois et qui associent les avantages suivants :

  • . isolation thermique et acoustique de très bonne qualité,
  • . excellente résistance mécanique omnidirectionnelle et caractère parfaitement indéformable du panneau,
  • . simplicité structurelle et faible coût de fabrication.
The present invention proposes to overcome the defects of the prefabricated panels of known framework and to provide a new panel whose load-bearing elements can in particular be made of wood and which combine the following advantages:
  • . very good thermal and acoustic insulation,
  • . excellent omnidirectional mechanical strength and perfectly non-deformable nature of the panel,
  • . structural simplicity and low manufacturing cost.

A cet effet, le panneau visé par l'invention comprend un cadre périphérique doté extérieurement de structure d'emboîtement sur son pourtour, un premier réseau d'entretoises s'étendant dans le cadre du côté d'une des faces de celui-ci, un second réseau d'entretoises s'étendant dans le cadre du côté de son autre face et présentant des directions croisées par rapport au premier réseau, une première nappe d'isolation constituée par des lames d'isolant rigide ou semi-rigide insérées dans le cadre entre les entretoises du premier réseau et une seconde nappe d'isolation constituée par des lames d'isolant rigide ou semi-rigide insérées dans le cadre entre les entretoises dudit second réseau ; selon la présente invention, ledit panneau combine les caractéristiques suivantes :

  • . les deux réseaux d'entretoises sont disjoints et séparés par un espace vide d'épaisseur sensiblement constante, s'étendant au voisinage du plan médian du cadre,
  • . au moins un contreventement est disposé dans ledit espace vide et fixé à l'intérieur du cadre avec une direction croisée par rapport aux deux réseaux d'entretoises,
  • . les entretoises des deux réseaux sont agencées de façon à s'appuyer de part et d'autre sur lesdits contreventements et sont fixées sur ceux-ci au niveau des zones de croisement,
  • . les deux nappes d'isolation s'appuient sur lesdits contreventements respectivement de part et d'autre de ceux-ci.
To this end, the panel targeted by the invention tion comprises a peripheral frame externally provided with nesting structure on its periphery, a first network of spacers extending in the frame on the side of one of the faces thereof, a second network of spacers extending in the frame on the side of its other face and having directions crossed with respect to the first network, a first insulation ply constituted by strips of rigid or semi-rigid insulation inserted in the frame between the spacers of the first network and a second insulation sheet formed by rigid or semi-rigid insulation strips inserted in the frame between the spacers of said second network; according to the present invention, said panel combines the following characteristics:
  • . the two networks of spacers are separated and separated by an empty space of substantially constant thickness, extending in the vicinity of the median plane of the frame,
  • . at least one bracing is placed in said empty space and fixed inside the frame with a direction crossed with respect to the two networks of spacers,
  • . the spacers of the two networks are arranged so as to bear on both sides on said braces and are fixed thereon at the crossing zones,
  • . the two insulating plies are based on said braces respectively on either side thereof.

Comme on le comprendra mieux plus loin, un tel panneau possède une résistance remarquable selon toutes les directions, provenant de la conformation de son ossature, croisée selon plusieurs directions et raidie par les fixations multiples des éléments les uns sur les autres (entretoises du premier réseau fixées sur le cadre et sur les contreventements, entretoises du second réseau croisées par rapport aux premières et fixées sur le cadre et sur les contreventements). La réalisation de cette structure peut se faire à partir d'éléments en bois de section rectangulaire, sans aucun travail de mortaisage (à l'exception des structures d'emboîtement périphériques du cadre, connues en elles-mêmes), ce qui conduit à un panneau susceptible d'être fabriqué à prix réduit par une main d'oeuvre peu importante.As will be understood better below, such a panel has a remarkable resistance in all directions, originating from the conformation of its framework, crossed in several directions and stiffened by the multiple fastenings of the elements on each other (spacers of the first network fixed on the frame and on the bracing, spacers of the second network crossed with respect to the first and fixed on the frame and on the bracing). The realization of this structure can be done from wooden elements of rectangular section, without any slotting work (with the exception of peripheral interlocking structures of the frame, known in themselves), which leads to a panel capable of being manufactured at a reduced price by a small workforce.

En outre, les contreventements possèdent une autre fonction, qui consiste à préserver à leur niveau une lame d'air, au coeur même du panneau, entre les deux nappes d'isolation. On obtient ainsi une isolation thermique et acoustique de très bonne qualité. Il est à noter que les lames d'isolant des deux nappes s'appuient de part et d'autre contre les contreventements et sont ainsi parfaitement positionnées par ces éléments et par les entretoises entre lesquelles elles s'insèrent. Les lames des deux nappes étant croisées, les ponts thermiques sont extrêmement réduits.In addition, bracing has another function, which consists in preserving at their level an air space, at the very heart of the panel, between the two layers of insulation. Very good thermal and acoustic insulation is thus obtained. It should be noted that the insulating strips of the two plies are supported on both sides against the bracing and are thus perfectly positioned by these elements and by the spacers between which they are inserted. The blades of the two layers being crossed, the thermal bridges are extremely reduced.

Les panneaux conformes à l'invention présentent avantageusement une hauteur égale à une hauteur d'étage de bâtiment (de l'ordre de 2 400 à 2 500 mm).The panels according to the invention advantageously have a height equal to a building floor height (of the order of 2,400 to 2,500 mm).

Plusieurs largeurs modulaires peuvent être prévues pour permettre de répondre avec souplesse à toutes les applications pratiques.Several modular widths can be provided to allow flexible response to all practical applications.

Conformément à une caractéristique de l'invention, des panneaux sont prévus en module large (largeur supérieure à 1 000 mm) et sont alors munis de deux contreventements disposés en biais dans le cadre et croisés symétriquement l'un par rapport à l'autre, cependant que des panneaux formant des modules plus étroits (largeur inférieure à 1 000mm) sont munis d'un contreventement unique disposé en biais dans le cadre.In accordance with a characteristic of the invention, panels are provided in a wide module (width greater than 1000 mm) and are then provided with two braces arranged at an angle in the frame and crossed symmetrically with respect to each other, however, panels forming narrower modules (width less than 1000mm) are provided with a single bracing placed obliquely in the frame.

Par ailleurs, selon un mode de réalisation préféré, le panneau conforme à l'invention présente l'agencement suivant :

  • . le cadre est rectangulaire et formé de deux traverses assemblées sur deux montants,
  • . le premier réseau d'entretoises est parallèle aux traverses,
  • . le second réseau d'entretoises est parallèle aux montants,
  • . le ou les contreventements ont au moins une extrémité aboutissant dans un angle du cadre, fixée à ce niveau sur la traverse et le montant correspondants.
Furthermore, according to a preferred embodiment, the panel according to the invention has the following arrangement:
  • . the frame is rectangular and formed of two crosspieces assembled on two uprights,
  • . the first network of spacers is parallel to the sleepers,
  • . the second network of spacers is parallel to the uprights,
  • . or the braces have at least one end terminating in a corner of the frame, fixed at this level on the cross member and the corresponding upright.

Le ou les contreventements peuvent s'étendre selon l'une ou les diagonales du cadre ou, pour certains modules, peuvent s'étendre entre un angle du cadre et un angle formé par une traverse et l'extrémité d'une entretoise aboutissant à celle-ci.The bracing (s) can extend along one or more diagonals of the frame or, for certain modules, may extend between an angle of the frame and an angle formed by a cross member and the end of a spacer ending therein.

L'invention ayant été exposée dans sa forme générale, d'autres caractéristiques, buts et avantages de celle-ci ressortiront de la description qui suit en référence aux dessins annexés, lesquels présentent à titre d'exemples non limitatifs plusieurs modules de panneaux conformes à l'invention ; sur ces dessins qui font partie intégrante de la présente description :

  • - la figure 1 est une vue en perspective schématique avec arraché partiel d'un module de panneau,
  • - la figure 2 en est une coupe par un plan vertical A,
  • - la figure 3 en est une coupe transversale par un plan B,
  • - la figure 4 en est une coupe transversale par un plan C,
  • - les figures 5 et 6 sont des vues schématiques partielles illustrant le montage des panneaux, respectivement en coupe verticale, en partie haute et basse,et en coupe horizontale à la jonction de deux panneaux,
  • - les figures 7, 8 et 9 sont des vues frontales, schématisant trois autres modules.
The invention having been explained in its general form, other characteristics, objects and advantages thereof will emerge from the description which follows with reference to the appended drawings, which present by way of nonlimiting examples several modules of panels conforming to the invention; on these drawings which form an integral part of this description:
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view with partial cutaway of a panel module,
  • FIG. 2 is a section through a vertical plane A thereof,
  • FIG. 3 is a cross section thereof through a plane B,
  • FIG. 4 is a cross section thereof through a plane C,
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 are partial schematic views illustrating the mounting of the panels, respectively in vertical section, at the top and bottom, and in horizontal section at the junction of two panels,
  • - Figures 7, 8 and 9 are front views, schematically showing three other modules.

Le panneau préfabriqué représenté à titre d'exemple aux figures 1, 2, 3 et 4 est destiné à former, par assemblage avec d'autres panneaux, une ossature en bois d'un bâtiment, intégrant une isolation thermique et phonique.The prefabricated panel shown by way of example in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 is intended to form, by assembly with other panels, a wooden frame of a building, incorporating thermal and sound insulation.

Ce panneau présente une forme générale parallélépipédique rectangle, de hauteur de 2 440 mm, de largeur modulaire de 1 200 mm et d'épaisseur de l'ordre de 16,5 cm.This panel has a general rectangular parallelepiped shape, with a height of 2,440 mm, a modular width of 1,200 mm and a thickness of about 16.5 cm.

Il est formé par un cadre périphérique rectangulaire, d'épaisseur égale à celle du panneau et composé de deux traverses 1 et 2 qui sont assemblées de façon classique, notamment par cloutage, sur deux montants 3 et 4. Ces éléments sont réalisés en bois (notamment épicéa ou douglas) et présentent une section transversale rectangulaire.It is formed by a rectangular peripheral frame, of thickness equal to that of the panel and composed of two crosspieces 1 and 2 which are assembled in a conventional manner, in particular by studding, on two uprights 3 and 4. These elements are made of wood ( including spruce or Douglas fir) and have a rectangular cross section.

Les deux traverses 1 et 2 et le montant 3 sont dotés, dans le plan médian M, de rainures d'emboîtement la, 2a et 3a s'ouvrant vers l'extérieur, cependant que, toujours dans ce plan médian, le montant 4 est doté, sur sa face externe, d'une languette d'emboîtement 4a de forme adaptée pour coopérer avec les rainures précitées et pouvoir s'emboîter dans celles-ci.The two crosspieces 1 and 2 and the upright 3 are provided, in the median plane M, with interlocking grooves la, 2a and 3a opening towards the outside, however, still in this median plane, the upright 4 is provided, on its external face, with an interlocking tongue 4a of a shape adapted to cooperate with the aforementioned grooves and be able to fit into them.

De plus, les traverses 1 et 2 du cadre comportent des encoches de ventilation telles que 5 s'ouvrant sur une face du panneau (appelée à être orientée vers l'extérieur du bâtiment).In addition, the crossbeams 1 and 2 of the frame have ventilation slots such as 5 opening onto one face of the panel (called to be oriented towards the outside of the building).

Au voisinage du plan médian M, le cadre est intérieurement pourvu de deux contreventements 6 et 7 qui s'étendent selon ses deux diagonales. A chacune de leurs extrémités (au niveau des angles du cadre), ces contreventements sont cloutés sur les montants et traverses.In the vicinity of the median plane M, the frame is internally provided with two braces 6 and 7 which extend along its two diagonals. At each of their ends (at the corners of the frame), these braces are studded on the uprights and crosspieces.

En l'exemple représenté, le contreventement 6 est d'une seule pièce et le contreventement 7 de deux pièces cloutées sur le contreventement 6 au niveau de la zone de croisement.In the example shown, the bracing 6 is in one piece and the bracing 7 of two studded pieces on the bracing 6 at the crossing zone.

'-Ces contreventements sont constitués par des éléments en bois de section rectangulaire, ayant une épaisseur de l'ordre de 3,5 cm . Ils définissent au coeur du panneau une lame d'air de même épaisseur. '- These braces consist of wooden elements of rectangular section, having a thickness of about 3.5 cm. They define at the heart of the panel an air gap of the same thickness.

Les traverses 1, 2 et montants 3, 4 sont munis de butées telles que 8 et 9 fixées sur leurs faces intérieures ; ces butées constituées par des cales de bois de même épaisseur que les contreventements sont agencées de sorte que leurs faces frontales soient situées dans les mêmes plans que celles des contreventements 6 et 7.The crosspieces 1, 2 and uprights 3, 4 are provided with stops such as 8 and 9 fixed on their interior faces; these stops constituted by wooden shims of the same thickness as the braces are arranged so that their front faces are located in the same planes as those of the braces 6 and 7.

Par ailleurs, d'un côté des contreventements 6 et 7 est disposé un premier réseau d'entretoises telles que 10 réunissant les-montants 3 et 4 du cadre et parallèles aux traverses 1 et 2. Ces entretoises qui sont appelées à présenter des directions horizontales une fois le panneau en place, sont constituées par des pièces de bois dé section rectangulaire et d'épaisseur égale à la distance séparant la face frontale des contreventements et la face frontale du panneau.Furthermore, on one side of the braces 6 and 7 is disposed a first network of spacers such as 10 joining the uprights 3 and 4 of the frame and parallel to the crosspieces 1 and 2. These spacers which are called to have horizontal directions once the panel in place, are formed by pieces of wood of rectangular section and thickness equal to the distance separating the front face of the braces and the front face of the panel.

Ces entretoises sont disposées en appui contre les contreventements, de sorte que leur face frontale affleure la face correspondante du panneau (plan coïncidant avec celui des faces frontales des montants et traverses du cadre).These spacers are arranged in abutment against the braces, so that their front face is flush with the corresponding face of the panel (plane coinciding with that of the front faces of the uprights and crosspieces of the frame).

En l'exemple, trois entretoises 10 sont réparties sur la hauteur du panneau. Elles sont fixées par cloutage,d'urie part, par leurs extrémités, sur les montants 3 et 4, d'autre part, dans les zones de croisement, sur les contreventements 6 et 7.In the example, three spacers 10 are distributed over the height of the panel. They are fixed by studding, on the one hand, by their ends, to the uprights 3 and 4, on the other hand, in the crossing zones, on the braces 6 and 7.

De l'autre côté des contreventements, est disposé un second réseau d'entretoises en bois telles que 11 perpendiculaires aux entretoises 10 du premier réseau. Ces entretoises parallèles aux montants 3 et 4 sont en l'exemple au nombre de deux et réunissent les traverses 1 et 2 du cadre ; elles sont appelées à présenter des directions verticales une fois le panneau en place.On the other side of the braces, is disposed a second network of wooden spacers such as 11 perpendicular to the spacers 10 of the first network. These spacers parallel to the uprights 3 and 4 are two in the example and bring together the cross members 1 and 2 of the frame; they are called upon to present vertical directions once the panel is in place.

Elles sont agencées de façon similaire aux premières contre les contreventements 6, 7 avec leur face frontale affleurant la face correspondante du panneau et leur face opposée cloutée sur les contreventements au niveau des zones de croisement.They are arranged similarly to the first against the braces 6, 7 with their front face flush with the corresponding face of the panel and their opposite face studded on the braces at the crossing zones.

Par ailleurs, des lames d'isolant telles que 12 sont insérées entre les entretoises 10, de façon à venir s'appuyer, à l'arrière, sur les contreventements 6 et 7 et sur leur pourtour, contre les entretoises et le cadre.Furthermore, insulating strips such as 12 are inserted between the spacers 10, so as to come to bear, at the rear, on the braces 6 and 7 and on their periphery, against the spacers and the frame.

Les lames 12 de cette première nappe ont une épaisseur adaptée, de sorte que leur face frontale soit située en retrait par rapport à la face correspondante du cadre ; un espace est ainsi préservé pour le passage des servitudes (filerie électrique...) du côté intérieur du panneau.The blades 12 of this first ply have a suitable thickness, so that their front face is set back relative to the corresponding face of the frame; a space is thus preserved for the passage of easements (electrical wiring ...) on the inside of the panel.

De façon analogue, des lames d'isolant 13 d'une seconde nappe sont insérées entre les entretoises 11, ces lames s'étendant selon une direction perpendiculaire par rapport aux premières.Similarly, insulating strips 13 of a second ply are inserted between the spacers 11, these strips extending in a direction perpendicular to the first.

Elles ont une épaisseur adaptée de sorte que leur face frontale soit située en retrait par rapport à la face correspondante du cadre ; un espace est ainsi préservé du côté extérieur pour la ventilation du panneau. Les encoches 5 pratiquées sur les traverses du cadre débouchent dans cet espace et assurent cette ventilation.They have a suitable thickness so that their front face is set back relative to the corresponding face of the frame; a space is thus preserved on the outside for ventilation of the panel. The notches 5 made on the cross members of the frame open into this space and provide this ventilation.

Les lames de la première nappe et de la seconde nappe peuvent être en mousse de polystyrène.The blades of the first layer and the second layer can be made of polystyrene foam.

On peut remarquer que les pièces en bois constitutives du panneau conforme à l'invention sont dépourvues de toute structure travaillée (à l'exception des rainures d'emboîtement classiques du cadre), le montage du panneau s'effectuant très rapidement par de simples cloutages. On obtient ainsi un panneau de très faible prix de revient.It can be noted that the wooden parts constituting the panel according to the invention are devoid of any worked structure (with the exception of the conventional interlocking grooves of the frame), the mounting of the panel being carried out very quickly by simple nailing. . A panel of very low cost is thus obtained.

Sa résistance provenant de sa structure particulière est remarquable et omnidirectionnelle, ce qui supprime un des principaux défauts des panneaux actuels.Its resistance from its particular structure is remarkable and omnidirectional, which eliminates one of the main defects of current panels.

Ses qualités d'isolation thermique et acoustique sont comparables à celles des panneaux connus les plus performants. Elles sont dues à la combinaison des deux nappes d'isolation, de la lame d'air centrale et des deux lames d'air externe et interne (l'une ventilée, l'autre servant au passage de la filerie).Its thermal and acoustic insulation qualities are comparable to those of the most efficient known panels. They are due to the combination of the two insulation layers, the central air space and the two external and internal air spaces (one ventilated, the other used for the passage of wiring).

A titre simplement illustratif, sont fournis ci-après les paramètres constructifs essentiels du panneau:

  • - épaisseur du cadre : 16,5 cm,
  • - épaisseur des contreventements et de la lame d'air centrale : 3,5 cm,
  • - épaisseur des entretoises 10 : 6,5 cm,
  • - épaisseur des entretoises 11 : 6,5 cm,
  • - épaisseur des lames d'isolation 12 : 5 cm,
  • - épaisseur des lames d'isolation 13 : 5 cm,
  • - épaisseur de la lame d'air externe : -1,5 cm,
  • - épaisseur de la lame d'air interne 1,5 cm.
By way of illustration only, the essential construction parameters of the panel are provided below:
  • - frame thickness: 16.5 cm,
  • - thickness of the braces and the central air space: 3.5 cm,
  • - thickness of the spacers 10: 6.5 cm,
  • - thickness of spacers 11: 6.5 cm,
  • - thickness of the insulation boards 12: 5 cm,
  • - thickness of the insulation boards 13: 5 cm,
  • - thickness of the external air layer: -1.5 cm,
  • - thickness of the internal air space 1.5 cm.

La figure 5 montre la fixation basse et haute d'un panneau qui peut s'effectuer sur semelle par des tirefonds 14 (ou par boulonnage sur dalle) et, en partie haute, par des boulons 15 fixés sur chaînage. Bien entendu, tout autre mode de fixation peut être prévu, les organes de fixation étant répartis en quinconce le long des traverses 1 et 2 du cadre.Figure 5 shows the low and high fixing of a panel which can be performed on the sole by lag bolts 14 (or by bolting on slab) and, in the upper part, by bolts 15 fixed on chaining. Of course, any other method of attachment can be provided, the attachment members being staggered along the cross members 1 and 2 of the frame.

Les panneaux sont assemblés entre eux par boulonnage comme le montre la figure 6 : plusieurs boulons tels que 16 (par exemple quatre de chaque côté) sont répartis en quinconce sur la hauteur des montants du panneau.The panels are assembled together by bolting as shown in Figure 6: several bolts such as 16 (for example four on each side) are staggered over the height of the uprights of the panel.

Les revêtements externe et interne des panneaux sont réalisés de façon connue en soi au moyen de plaques de parement, enduit béton sur grillage, bardage bois, briquettes de parement, etc...The external and internal coatings of the panels are produced in a manner known per se by means of facing plates, concrete coating on mesh, wooden cladding, facing briquettes, etc.

Par ailleurs, les figures 7, 8 et 9 illustrent d'autres modules de panneaux conformes à l'invention.Furthermore, Figures 7, 8 and 9 illustrate other panel modules according to the invention.

La figure 7 présente un module large, de largeur égale à 1 365 mm ; il est constitué de façon analogue au précédent à l'exception des deux contreventements qui aboutissent, d'une part, dans un angle du cadre, d'autre part, aux extrémités d'une entretoise 17 parallèle aux montants. (Cette entretoise est disposée à 1 200 mm d'un montant et à 165 mm de l'autre).FIG. 7 shows a wide module, of width equal to 1365 mm; it is constituted in a similar manner to the previous one with the exception of the two braces which end, on the one hand, in a corner of the frame, on the other hand, at the ends of a spacer 17 parallel to the uprights. (This spacer is placed 1200 mm from one upright and 165 mm from the other).

La figure 8 présente un module étroit, de largeur égale à 600 mm. Celui-ci est pourvu d'un seul contreventement s'étendant selon une de ses diagonales. (Les deux montants du cadre jouent dans ce cas le rôle du deuxième réseau d'entretoises).Figure 8 shows a narrow module, width equal to 600 mm. This is provided with a single brace extending along one of its diagonals. (The two uprights of the frame in this case play the role of the second network of spacers).

Enfin, la figure 9 présente un autre module étroit, de largeur égale à 765 mm. Celui-ci est pourvu d'un seul contreventement aboutissant, d'une part, dans un angle du cadre, d'autre part, à une extrémité d'une entretoise 18 parallèle aux montants (entretoise du second réseau, unique en cet exemple).Finally, FIG. 9 shows another narrow module, of width equal to 765 mm. This is provided with a single brace ending, on the one hand, in a corner of the frame, on the other hand, at one end of a spacer 18 parallel to the uprights (spacer of the second network, unique in this example) .

Claims (17)

1/ - Panneau pour la construction modulaire d'un bâtiment, comprenant un cadre périphérique (1, 2, 3, 4) doté extérieurement de structure d'emboîtement sur son pourtour (la, 2a, 3a, 4a), un premier réseau d'entretoises (10) s'étendant dans le cadre du côté d'une des faces de celui-ci, un second réseau d'entretoises (11) s'étendant dans le cadre du côté de son autre face et présentant des directions croisées par rapport au premier réseau, une première nappe d'isolation (12) constituée par des lames d'isolant rigide ou semi-rigide insérées dans le cadre entre les entretoises (10) du premier réseau,et une seconde nappe d'isolation (13) constituée par des lames d'isolant rigide ou semi-rigide insérées dans le cadre entre les entretoises (11) du second réseau, ledit panneau étant caractérisé en ce que : . les deux réseaux d'entretoises (10, 11) sont disjoints et séparés par un espace vide d'épaisseur sensiblement constante, s'étendant au voisinage du plan médian (M) du cadre, . au moins un contreventement (6, 7) est disposé dans ledit espace vide et fixé à l'intérieur du cadre avec une direction croisée par rapport aux deux réseaux d'entretoises (10, 11), . les entretoises (10, 11) des deux réseaux sont agencées de façon à s'appuyer de part et d'autre sur lesdits contreventements (6, 7) et sont fixées sur ceux-ci au niveau des zones de croisement, . les deux nappes d'isolation (12, 13) s'appuient sur lesdits contreventements (6, 7) respectivement de part et d'autre de ceux-ci. 1 / - Panel for the modular construction of a building, comprising a peripheral frame (1, 2, 3, 4) externally provided with interlocking structure around its periphery (la, 2a, 3a, 4a), a first network of 'spacers (10) extending in the frame on the side of one of the faces thereof, a second network of spacers (11) extending in the frame on the side of its other face and having directions crossed by compared to the first network, a first insulation layer (12) constituted by rigid or semi-rigid insulation strips inserted in the frame between the spacers (10) of the first network, and a second insulation layer (13) consisting of rigid or semi-rigid insulation strips inserted in the frame between the spacers (11) of the second network, said panel being characterized in that: . the two networks of spacers (10, 11) are separated and separated by an empty space of substantially constant thickness, extending in the vicinity of the median plane (M) of the frame, . at least one bracing (6, 7) is disposed in said empty space and fixed inside the frame with a direction crossed with respect to the two networks of spacers (10, 11), . the spacers (10, 11) of the two networks are arranged so as to bear on both sides on said braces (6, 7) and are fixed thereon at the crossing zones, . the two insulation plies (12, 13) are supported on said braces (6, 7) respectively on either side thereof. 2/ - Panneau selon la revendication l, formant un module large en particulier de largeur supérieure à 1 000 mm, comprenant deux contreventements disposés en biais dans le cadre, symétriquement l'un par rapport à l'autre.2 / - Panel according to claim l, forming a wide module in particular of width greater than 1000 mm, comprising two braces arranged obliquely in the frame, symmetrically with respect to each other. 3/ - Panneau selon la revendication 1, formant un module étroit, en particulier de largeur inférieure à 1 000 mm, comprenant un contreventement unique disposé en biais dans le cadre.3 / - Panel according to claim 1, forming a narrow module, in particular of width less than 1000 mm, comprising a single bracing arranged obliquely in the frame. 4/ - Panneau selon l'une des revendications 1, 2 ou 3, dans lequel : . le cadre est rectangulaire et formé de deux traverses (1, 2) assemblés sur deux montants (3, 4), . le premier réseau d'entretoises (10) est parallèle aux traverses (1, 2), . le second réseau d'entretoises est parallèle aux montants (3, 4), . le ou les contreventements (6, 7) ont au moins une extrémité aboutissant dans un angle du cadre, fixée à ce niveau sur la traverse et le montant correspondants. 4 / - Panel according to one of claims 1, 2 or 3, in which: . the frame is rectangular and formed of two crosspieces (1, 2) assembled on two uprights (3, 4), . the first network of spacers (10) is parallel to the crosspieces (1, 2), . the second network of spacers is parallel to the uprights (3, 4), . or the braces (6, 7) have at least one end terminating in a corner of the frame, fixed at this level on the crosspiece and the corresponding upright. 5/ - Panneau selon les revendications 2 et 4 prises ensemble, dans lequel les deux contreventements (6, 7) s'étendent selon les deux diagonales du cadre.5 / - Panel according to claims 2 and 4 taken together, wherein the two braces (6, 7) extend along the two diagonals of the frame. 6/ - Panneau selon la revendication 5 présentant une largeur modulaire de l'ordre de 1 200 mm.6 / - Panel according to claim 5 having a modular width of about 1,200 mm. 7/ - Panneau selon les revendications 2 et 4 prises ensemble, dans lequel les deux contreventements aboutissent, d'une part, dans un angle du cadre, d'autre part, aux extrémités d'une entretoise (17) parallèle aux montants.7 / - Panel according to claims 2 and 4 taken together, wherein the two braces end, on the one hand, in a corner of the frame, on the other hand, at the ends of a spacer (17) parallel to the uprights. 8/ - Panneau selon la revendication 7, présentant une largeur modulaire de l'ordre de 1 365 mm.8 / - Panel according to claim 7, having a modular width of about 1365 mm. 9/ - Panneau selon les revendications 3 et 4 prises ensemble, dans lequel le contreventement s'étend selon une des diagonales du cadre.9 / - Panel according to claims 3 and 4 taken together, wherein the bracing extends along one of the diagonals of the frame. 10/ - Panneau selon la revendication 9, présentant une largeur modulaire de l'ordre de 600 mm.10 / - Panel according to claim 9, having a modular width of about 600 mm. 11/ - Panneau selon les revendications 3 et 4 prises ensemble, dans lequel le contreventement aboutit, d'une part, dans un angle du cadre, d'autre part, à une extrémité d'une entretoise (18) parallèle aux montants.11 / - Panel according to claims 3 and 4 taken together, wherein the bracing ends, on the one hand, in a corner of the frame, on the other hand, at one end of a spacer (18) parallel to the uprights. 12/ - Panneau selon la revendication 11, présentant une largeur modulaire de l'ordre de 765 mm.12 / - Panel according to claim 11, having a modular width of the order of 765 mm. 13/ - Panneau selon l'une des revendications 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ou 12, présentant une hauteur égale à une hauteur d'étage.13 / - Panel according to one of claims 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, having a height equal to a floor height. 14/ - Panneau selon l'une des revendications 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ou 13, caractérisé en ce que des butées (8, 9) pour les lames d'isolant sont fixées et des deux montants sur les faces intérieures des deux traverses/du cadre.14 / - Panel according to one of claims 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13, characterized in that stops (8, 9) for the insulating strips are fixed and of the two uprights on the inner faces of the two crosspieces / of the frame. 15/ - Panneau selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les entretoises (10, 11) et les contreventements (6, 7) sont constitués par des éléments de section transversale rectangulaire, caractérisé en ce que les entretoises (10) du premier réseau et entretoises (11) du second réseau s'appuient et sont fixées, par une de leur face, respectivement sur une face des contreventements (6, 7) et sur la face opposée de ceux-ci.15 / - Panel according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the spacers (10, 11) and the braces (6, 7) are constituted by elements of rectangular cross section, characterized in that the spacers (10) of the first network and spacers (11) of the second network are supported and are fixed, by one of their face, respectively on one face of the braces (6, 7) and on the opposite face of these. 16/ - Panneau selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel : . les entretoises (10) du premier réseau affleurent par leur face frontale l'une des faces du cadre, . les entretoises (11) du second réseau affleurent par leur face frontale l'autre face du cadre, . les lames d'isolant (12) de la première nappe sont adaptées, de sorte que leur face frontale soit située en retrait par rapport à la face correspondante du cadre, en vue du passage des servitudes telles que filerie, ... . les lames d'isolant (13) de la seconde nappe sont adaptées de sorte que leur face externe soit située en retrait par rapport à la face correspondante du cadre, des encoches (5) étant pratiquées sur ladite face du cadre, en vue d'autoriser une ventilation du panneau du côté de ladite face. 16 / - Panel according to one of the preceding claims, in which: . the spacers (10) of the first network are flush with their front face one of the faces of the frame, . the spacers (11) of the second network are flush with their front face the other face of the frame, . the insulating strips (12) of the first ply are adapted, so that their front face is set back relative to the corresponding face of the frame, for the passage of easements such as wiring, ... . the insulating strips (13) of the second ply are adapted so that their outer face is set back relative to the corresponding face of the frame, notches (5) being formed on said face of the frame, in order to allow ventilation of the panel on the side of said face. 17/ - Panneau selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le cadre (l, 2, 3, 4), les entretoises (10, 11) et les contreventements (6, 7) sont en bois.17 / - Panel according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the frame (l, 2, 3, 4), the spacers (10, 11) and the braces (6, 7) are made of wood.
EP85200146A 1984-02-13 1985-02-08 Panel for the modular construction of a building Expired EP0152145B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85200146T ATE31956T1 (en) 1984-02-13 1985-02-08 PLATE FOR BUILDING A HOUSE IN A MODULAR SYSTEM.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8402545 1984-02-13
FR8402545A FR2559524B1 (en) 1984-02-13 1984-02-13 PANEL FOR MODULAR CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING

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EP0152145A1 true EP0152145A1 (en) 1985-08-21
EP0152145B1 EP0152145B1 (en) 1988-01-13

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EP (1) EP0152145B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE31956T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3561409D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2559524B1 (en)
OA (1) OA07953A (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2611780A1 (en) * 1987-02-27 1988-09-09 Chiquet Atelier Prefabricated half-timbering panels and method for their use
GB2202248A (en) * 1987-02-06 1988-09-21 John Joseph Nash Insulating board with raised rib on one face at the periphery
FR2644817A1 (en) * 1989-01-10 1990-09-28 Lefaucheux Jean Paul Module for construction of a wall with a wooden frame, and method of joining these modules
AU641243B2 (en) * 1991-04-29 1993-09-16 Domenico Lopes Prefabricated panel assembly for construction of a building structure
WO2005007990A1 (en) * 2003-07-16 2005-01-27 Alexander Maculan Prefabricated wall
EP1978169A1 (en) 2007-04-06 2008-10-08 Jean-Michel Carlier Dwelling such as a house, in particular with a wooden frame or similar
BE1023472B1 (en) * 2013-10-21 2017-03-30 Unilin Bvba Set of construction elements
EP4343071A1 (en) * 2022-09-22 2024-03-27 Leko Labs S.A. Load-bearing panel with intersecting substantially vertical, substantially horizontal, and oblique wood-based strips for use in a construction system

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1290982A (en) * 1961-03-06 1962-04-20 Prefabricated bearing facade panel with wooden frame
FR1314995A (en) * 1962-02-16 1963-01-11 Mondial Pratic Soc New process for building prefabricated houses
FR2363677A1 (en) * 1976-08-31 1978-03-31 Anstett Gilbert Panel for construction of building - consists of exterior and interior frameworks separated by insulation with rough cast mortar on outer face
FR2519050A1 (en) * 1981-12-24 1983-07-01 Dietrich & Cie De PANEL FOR THE MODULAR CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING, PARTICULARLY A DETACHED HOUSE
FR2524044A1 (en) * 1982-03-25 1983-09-30 Puech Michel Prefabricated wood structural element - has board grid network

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1290982A (en) * 1961-03-06 1962-04-20 Prefabricated bearing facade panel with wooden frame
FR1314995A (en) * 1962-02-16 1963-01-11 Mondial Pratic Soc New process for building prefabricated houses
FR2363677A1 (en) * 1976-08-31 1978-03-31 Anstett Gilbert Panel for construction of building - consists of exterior and interior frameworks separated by insulation with rough cast mortar on outer face
FR2519050A1 (en) * 1981-12-24 1983-07-01 Dietrich & Cie De PANEL FOR THE MODULAR CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING, PARTICULARLY A DETACHED HOUSE
FR2524044A1 (en) * 1982-03-25 1983-09-30 Puech Michel Prefabricated wood structural element - has board grid network

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2202248A (en) * 1987-02-06 1988-09-21 John Joseph Nash Insulating board with raised rib on one face at the periphery
GB2202248B (en) * 1987-02-06 1991-04-17 John Joseph Nash Insulation board
FR2611780A1 (en) * 1987-02-27 1988-09-09 Chiquet Atelier Prefabricated half-timbering panels and method for their use
FR2644817A1 (en) * 1989-01-10 1990-09-28 Lefaucheux Jean Paul Module for construction of a wall with a wooden frame, and method of joining these modules
AU641243B2 (en) * 1991-04-29 1993-09-16 Domenico Lopes Prefabricated panel assembly for construction of a building structure
WO2005007990A1 (en) * 2003-07-16 2005-01-27 Alexander Maculan Prefabricated wall
EP1978169A1 (en) 2007-04-06 2008-10-08 Jean-Michel Carlier Dwelling such as a house, in particular with a wooden frame or similar
BE1023472B1 (en) * 2013-10-21 2017-03-30 Unilin Bvba Set of construction elements
EP4343071A1 (en) * 2022-09-22 2024-03-27 Leko Labs S.A. Load-bearing panel with intersecting substantially vertical, substantially horizontal, and oblique wood-based strips for use in a construction system
WO2024062075A1 (en) * 2022-09-22 2024-03-28 Leko Labs Sa Load-bearing panel with intersecting substantially vertical, substantially horizontal, and oblique wood-based strips for use in a construction system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE31956T1 (en) 1988-01-15
FR2559524B1 (en) 1986-06-13
FR2559524A1 (en) 1985-08-16
EP0152145B1 (en) 1988-01-13
DE3561409D1 (en) 1988-02-18
OA07953A (en) 1987-01-31

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