EP0134467B1 - Zielbohrstange für drehendes Bohrgestänge mit Spülkanal für den Untertagebetrieb - Google Patents

Zielbohrstange für drehendes Bohrgestänge mit Spülkanal für den Untertagebetrieb Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0134467B1
EP0134467B1 EP84107700A EP84107700A EP0134467B1 EP 0134467 B1 EP0134467 B1 EP 0134467B1 EP 84107700 A EP84107700 A EP 84107700A EP 84107700 A EP84107700 A EP 84107700A EP 0134467 B1 EP0134467 B1 EP 0134467B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piston
drill rod
spindle
outer tube
flushing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP84107700A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0134467A3 (en
EP0134467A2 (de
Inventor
Heinz Dipl.-Ing. Wallussek
Martin Dipl.-Ing. Wiebe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bergwerksverband GmbH
Schwing Hydraulik Elektronik GmbH and Co
Original Assignee
Bergwerksverband GmbH
Schwing Hydraulik Elektronik GmbH and Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bergwerksverband GmbH, Schwing Hydraulik Elektronik GmbH and Co filed Critical Bergwerksverband GmbH
Priority to AT84107700T priority Critical patent/ATE31778T1/de
Publication of EP0134467A2 publication Critical patent/EP0134467A2/de
Publication of EP0134467A3 publication Critical patent/EP0134467A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0134467B1 publication Critical patent/EP0134467B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/04Directional drilling
    • E21B7/06Deflecting the direction of boreholes
    • E21B7/062Deflecting the direction of boreholes the tool shaft rotating inside a non-rotating guide travelling with the shaft
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • E21B44/005Below-ground automatic control systems
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • E21B47/20Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry by modulation of mud waves, e.g. by continuous modulation
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • E21B47/24Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry by positive mud pulses using a flow restricting valve within the drill pipe

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a target boring bar for rotating drill rods with a flushing channel, preferably for underground operation, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a target boring bar is a drill pipe built into the drill string train, which receives and transmits measured values that come from measuring devices and monitors in the target boring bar.
  • the measured values indicate the course of the bore, i.e. Information about any deviations from a given direction of the borehole, while the guards provide measured values that enable the function monitoring of the various devices of such a target boring bar.
  • the invention relates to target boring bars which are provided with a device for correcting the bore.
  • a device usually consists of a plurality of control strips pivotally mounted on the outer tube, which are supported on the joints of the borehole and can be individually adjusted via hydraulically actuatable cylinders in order to correct the direction of the drill pipe.
  • the invention is based on a known target boring bar of the latter type (DE-A-3 000 239).
  • a known target boring bar of the latter type DE-A-3 000 239
  • several, preferably two inclinometers are provided in perpendicular measuring planes oriented at right angles to one another to control the hydraulically actuated adjusting cylinders of the control strips.
  • Their measured values not only provide the input variables for the built-in automatic control bar adjustment, but are also transmitted to a control station located at the mouth of the borehole with the telemetric device.
  • This telemetric device works with electrical signals which are transmitted via conductors housed either in a trailing cable or in the drill pipes themselves.
  • the signals transmitted in this way are sufficiently accurate because a current source which is independent of the flushing current and which supplies the signal energy and can drive the pressure generator is used for their generation and transmission, provided that the pressure generator does not receive its kinetic energy directly from the rotating inner tube.
  • a battery can also be used as the current source, it is preferably a generator whose rotor is driven by the rotating inner tube.
  • the conductor connection required for the transmission of the signals has a disadvantageous effect.
  • the connection is electrically perfect, but is subject to all mechanical and other stresses caused by the rotating drill pipe, the borehole joints and the borehole irrigation.
  • a target drill rod designed as a drill collar is known (DE-A-2941 102), which is designed as a rotating drill pipe.
  • the flushing flow pressure-modulated in this way can be measured at the borehole exit, as a result of which the pressure pulses can be received by a receiver and converted into electrical quantities for transmission.
  • a tube valve in the drill collar serves as a converter for the pressure modulation of the flushing flow, which throttles the flushing flow and is actuated with the help of a built-in, self-contained hydraulic circuit.
  • the hydraulic working medium is controlled by means of a solenoid valve which is charged with the electrical inclination data.
  • Such a telemetric device requires an axial arrangement of the pipe valve, i.e. ahead of the valve body concentrically in a flushing channel, which bypasses the flushing behind the throttle point on the tubular valve body.
  • this results in a spatial problem, namely when the drill pipe having the irrigation channel is relatively thin-walled.
  • the inner tube of a target boring bar of the type initially known as having an upright outer tube is relatively thin-walled.
  • a standing outer tube cannot be realized with correspondingly thick-walled drilling tubes. This requires the generator to be accommodated in the rotating drill pipe and then requires a turbine driven by the flushing to drive the generator.
  • this turbine causes errors in the formation of the electrical signals that are to be transmitted.
  • the pressure signals are characterized by an uneven, but at least flat, pressure increase and decrease when they are generated and transmitted using the known device. This is disadvantageous because it not only makes it difficult to recognize the pressure signals, but also the signal frequency remains low and the accuracy of the data to be transmitted in this way remains limited.
  • the object of the invention is to generate and transmit signals with the required accuracy in a target boring bar with a telemetric device for transmitting the drilling data via the rinsing stream running in the rinsing channel with the aid of a hydraulic converter.
  • the invention therefore has the particular advantage that, in addition to the signals supplied by the inclinometers, a large number of further data of the target boring bar can also be transmitted to the outside.
  • the measuring devices and monitors required for this can be accommodated in the stationary outer tube, which is therefore relatively less mechanically loaded, and only the signals supplied by them can be transmitted to the flushing stream after conversion into hydraulic pulses for the spindle piston. You can use it not only to monitor the correct control of the target boring bar according to the predefined borehole course, but also to ensure the proper functioning of the hydraulic and electrical equipment required for this purpose with suitable devices and monitors.
  • the spindle piston is supported on one or both sides and the hydraulic working medium is applied to it according to electrical signals in accordance with the feature of claim 2.
  • the spindle piston With small borehole diameters with a correspondingly weak inner tube of the target boring bar with a sufficiently dimensioned flushing channel, preference is given to the double-sided one Bearing of the spindle piston, which is then supported in its recess on both sides of the flushing channel.
  • the pulse piston is mounted twice in the rotating inner tube and is arranged transversely to the drilling direction. It is supplied by the hydraulic pump, which is arranged in the non-rotating outer tube, between two shaft seals and thus moves the flushing channel back and forth more or less constrictively in the rotating inner tube.
  • a flawless and secure supply of the pulse piston is achieved since, according to the invention, a rotary leadthrough is provided in the area of the pulse piston between the rotating inner tube and the non-rotating outer tube.
  • the energy supply which is independent of the flushing current, can be achieved in particular by associating the non-rotating outer tube with a boring bar generator which is designed as a slow rotor and can be driven by the inner tube.
  • a pressure limiting valve is assigned to it according to a further embodiment of the invention. Excess pressure medium is discharged into the hydraulic tank via the pressure relief valve.
  • a control of the pulse piston that corresponds exactly to the determined measured values is achieved by controlling a solenoid valve that can be switched via the electronic control in the hydraulic line between the hydraulic pump and the pulse piston.
  • the respective pulse can be designed exactly according to the determined measured value via this solenoid valve.
  • the inclinometer as well as the direction transmitter, temperature, pressure and voltage rectifier, which are arranged in groups or individually at different locations on the outer and / or inner tube, as the measuring sensor.
  • the measuring sensor With such sensors, all the important data that is of interest for assessing the condition of the target boring bar and the drill bit can be determined and forwarded to the drilling rig.
  • the evaluation unit arranged at the drilling rig is a differential pressure sensor, which is coupled to a display device.
  • the pressure impulses can thus immediately read from the display device and, if necessary, saved and evaluated.
  • the boring bar generator is equipped with a rectifier and voltage regulator and voltage converter and the electronic control is supplied with energy by means of an associated transmitter.
  • the receiver of the differential pressure sensor and the transmitter of the electronic control are synchronized and switched in such a way that the synchronization is checked before each series of measurements he follows.
  • Each pulse sequence is therefore preceded by one or two synchronizing pulses, which only allow recording if the synchronization is flawless.
  • gamma-ray sensors In the case of seam-guided target bores, it is expedient to assign one or more gamma-ray sensors to the outer tube, which can be used to perfectly scan the hanging and lying areas.
  • the technical progress of the present invention is essential because both a significantly more precise transmission of measured values to the drill rig is possible and, at the same time, precise monitoring of the drill pipe or target drill rod and the drill bit located far down the hole is achieved. Due to the precise continuous monitoring, additional and subsequent control measurements are unnecessary, which leads to a significant simplification of the entire drilling process. Due to the precise, continuous transmission and recording of measured values, the course of the borehole can be continuously checked and regulated, which leads to considerable advantages in terms of drilling technology.
  • the target boring bar transmits the rotary movement to the drilling tool 1 via its inner tube 4.
  • the inner tube 4 encloses a rinsing channel 3, which forwards the current of the drilling sludge.
  • the inner tube is arranged concentrically in an outer tube 5 and is rotatably supported in the latter at 9.
  • the outer tube has control bars 7 which are pivotally mounted on the outside and which are supported on the borehole joints, so that the outer tube is held in place when the drill pipe rotates. This results in a relative rotation of the inner tube 4 in the outer tube 5.
  • the outer tube serves to accommodate the working cylinders (not shown in detail) for the control strips 7, the hydraulic device used for their actuation and a large number of measuring devices and monitors, which are shown at 17 and 18 in the figures.
  • the measuring devices include Inclinometers, which monitor the direction of the borehole, generally designated 27, and deliver the control variables of an electrical control device which automatically adjusts the control strips and thereby ensures compliance with the planned drilling direction.
  • a pump 10 installed in the outer tube generates the hydraulic operating pressure. It can be driven either directly by the rotating inner tube 4 or electrically by a generator 8.
  • the rotor of the generator 8 has a pinion 15 which meshes with a toothing of the inner tube 4, so that the generator is in turn driven by the inner tube 4. In this way, the operation of the hydraulic device and the energy for the measured values and their transmission to the hydraulic device are independent of the living energy of the flushing stream.
  • the generator 8 is therefore also used to supply the energy for the signals from the measuring devices and monitors as well as for controlling a 3/2-way solenoid valve 11 which controls the hydraulic working medium of a spindle piston, generally designated 24.
  • the pump 10 is secured via a pressure relief valve 12 in the ring line 13 to the tank 14, from which it is supplied with pressure medium.
  • the solenoid valve receives its control currents from an electronic control 16. This receives the signals from the measuring devices or monitors 17, 18.
  • these are signals with which the state of selected devices of the outer tube is monitored. In this way, information can be obtained not only about the direction of the bore, but also about the technical condition of the target boring bar 2. Specifically, it can be measurement data that reports wear and tear, impending failure of the hydraulic system or the electrical or electronic control elements in good time.
  • the corresponding adjustment of the solenoid valve 11 ensures a selected pressurization of the spindle piston.
  • this spindle piston is a double piston, the details of which are explained in more detail with reference to the illustration in FIGS. 2 and 3. Accordingly, the spindle piston sits in a recess 44 which has the same diameter over the greater part of its length and passes through the inner tube 4 and the flushing channel 3 (FIG. 2). While the end piston 45, which is sealed with an O-ring 46 in one half 47 of the spindle piston recess 44, is acted upon directly from a line 21 b, the short piston 49, which is offset by the shaft 48, is supported in one half 50 of the spindle piston recess 44 and sealed with an O-ring 51 in this.
  • the recess extends up to an annular seat 52 for a helical spring 26.
  • An axial transverse bore 53 forms a hydraulic connection to the outside.
  • the helical spring 26 is supported under the shirt 54 of the short piston 49 and on a pin 55 extending from the bottom of the short piston 49 and protruding from the piston skirt 54.
  • the spindle shaft 48 constantly traverses the flushing channel 3, which due to the low, i.e. the stem diameter is significantly less than the piston diameter.
  • the embodiment of the spindle piston 24 'according to FIG. 8 differs from this.
  • the recess 44 is provided with a section for the end piston 45, the full diameter ends before the flushing channel 3 on the annular shoulder 52, which forms the seat of the helical spring 26 and continues with a small diameter in the half 50, which is, however, greatly shortened to accommodate the free end 56 of the spindle shaft 48, which does not cross the flushing channel continuously, but only when the piston end face 57 is pressurized, when the force of the coil spring 26 is overcome becomes.
  • the two ring grooves 62, 63 are hydraulically sealed on the outside by ring seals 64, 65, 66 and on the inside by ring seals 67, 68, 69 and on the outside. With the help of radial bores 70 and 71, they are connected to the channels in the outer tube, which form the forward and return lines 13, 19 and 20 for the hydraulic working medium.
  • the solenoid valve 11 is actuated and the corresponding channel 21 a or 21 b is acted upon or relieved, the pressure medium is either guided in front of the end face 22 of the spindle piston and displaced from the space behind the end face 23 of the short piston 49, so that the spindle piston immediately is deflected or reversed, whereby the spindle piston is immediately returned to its starting position.
  • the converter designed as a differential pressure sensor 29 can therefore convert these pressure signals into electrical signals that can be identified.
  • control station 28 is provided with the converter designed as a differential pressure sensor 29, which actuates a display device 30 and, if appropriate, also a writing device 31.
  • the transducer 29 is in the drilling fluid feed 33 to the irrigation channel brought.
  • the display device can also be arranged remotely from the control station 28, if necessary also above ground, since the converter 29 supplies current pulses on the output side.
  • the generator 8 is a slow-running machine of 60 rpm and, despite the low number of revolutions, delivers an alternating voltage of 3 - 24 volts with a required power of around 40 W.
  • an alternating current generator 8 two direct current motors can also be used.
  • the electronics has a power section, which includes a rectifier, which converts the three-phase current into direct current and also has a voltage regulator for maintaining the 24 volt voltage.
  • control electronics It consists of a frequency generator for supplying the direction sensors, a rectifier that directs the direction signals, a setpoint / actual value comparator (window) for the control described at the beginning and a control of the solenoid valves that release the oil flow to the control piston of the control bar actuation.
  • transmitter electronics are provided for recording and forwarding measured values or signals which come from guards. Specifically, it is a matter of passing on the signals from the two inclinometers for e.g. vertical holes, which are transmitted via a control voltage of ⁇ 5V.
  • the temperature can e.g. of the hydraulic medium are monitored at two points, which is done by a voltage signal of 0 to 5 V.
  • the hydraulic tank pressure from 0 to 5 bar can also be reproduced with a voltage signal from 0 to 5 V.
  • the transmitter electronics 16 which includes the actual transmitter, The eight measured values must therefore be recorded as voltage values ⁇ 5 V or 0 to 5 V and the voltage-time conversion of the measured values must be carried out.
  • the transmitter electronics must form pulses from this, the pulse duration, i.e. the time interval between two successive pulses corresponds to the voltage value of a measured value channel (8 channels -9 pulses).
  • the measured values at the input are queried cyclically and, for the 8 channels -t9 pulses, are output serially to an output transistor which actuates the solenoid valve 11 for the spindle piston in a corresponding time cycle (9 pulses).
  • This actuation of the pulse piston modulates the flushing sludge column in the drill pipe with the pressure pulses which are received by the differential pressure sensor 29 at the drill stand outside the borehole.
  • current pulses of 0 to 20 mA can be obtained on the output side.
  • Eight channels with a voltage supply of 24 V can be provided on the receiver side.
  • the remotely transmitted current pulses are converted into voltage pulses in the receiver and recorded serially.
  • the receiver evaluates the time intervals between the pulses and converts them into voltage values.
  • the voltage values correspond to the measured values recorded by the transmitter.
  • the output is made in parallel on eight digital displays.
  • two synchronized pulses are also generated before each series of measurements (nine pulses).
  • the time interval between these synchronizing pulses is always the same. This means that the transmitter and receiver are synchronized.
  • the measurement pulses are only recorded after the receiver has correctly received these synchronization pulses. This enables transmission errors to be eliminated.
  • the transmission accuracy is approx. 1.5% at ⁇ 5 V ⁇ 156 mV.
  • the diameter of the recess 44 for the spindle piston is larger than the diameter of the flushing channel 3, which is arranged in the projection of the recess.
  • the spindle piston has a recess 72 which has the same outline and cross section as the flushing channel.
  • a groove 73 in the wall of the recess 44 interacts with a cam 74 on the piston 24, so that the piston is fixed over its entire distance about its longitudinal axis and the neutral position of the piston is flush with the flushing channel.
  • the spindle shaft 48 is limited to the remaining cross section of the spindle piston in the region of its recess 72 and is therefore outside the flushing channel cross section. In this way, the sink remains Unrestricted cross-section in the neutral position of the piston.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
EP84107700A 1983-07-19 1984-07-03 Zielbohrstange für drehendes Bohrgestänge mit Spülkanal für den Untertagebetrieb Expired EP0134467B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT84107700T ATE31778T1 (de) 1983-07-19 1984-07-03 Zielbohrstange fuer drehendes bohrgestaenge mit spuelkanal fuer den untertagebetrieb.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3325962 1983-07-19
DE19833325962 DE3325962A1 (de) 1983-07-19 1983-07-19 Zielbohrstange fuer drehendes bohrgestaenge mit spuelkanal fuer den untertagebetrieb

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0134467A2 EP0134467A2 (de) 1985-03-20
EP0134467A3 EP0134467A3 (en) 1985-07-03
EP0134467B1 true EP0134467B1 (de) 1988-01-07

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ID=6204331

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84107700A Expired EP0134467B1 (de) 1983-07-19 1984-07-03 Zielbohrstange für drehendes Bohrgestänge mit Spülkanal für den Untertagebetrieb

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US4596293A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0134467B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS6037394A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) ATE31778T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU567355B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR8403588A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1222505A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE3325962A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SU (1) SU1356969A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA845530B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4037262A1 (de) * 1990-11-23 1992-05-27 Schwing Hydraulik Elektronik Zielbohrstange
DE4037259A1 (de) * 1990-11-23 1992-05-27 Schwing Hydraulik Elektronik Zielbohrstange mit eigener elektrischer energieversorgung durch einen eingebauten generator

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Also Published As

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AU567355B2 (en) 1987-11-19
DE3468478D1 (en) 1988-02-11
EP0134467A3 (en) 1985-07-03
US4596293A (en) 1986-06-24
EP0134467A2 (de) 1985-03-20
ZA845530B (en) 1985-03-27
ATE31778T1 (de) 1988-01-15
JPH0314993B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1991-02-28
BR8403588A (pt) 1985-06-25
AU3085584A (en) 1985-01-24
DE3325962A1 (de) 1985-01-31
SU1356969A3 (ru) 1987-11-30
DE3325962C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1987-06-11
CA1222505A (en) 1987-06-02
JPS6037394A (ja) 1985-02-26

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