EP0118788A2 - Procédé et dispositif pour l'utilisation de l'énergie géothermique - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour l'utilisation de l'énergie géothermique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0118788A2
EP0118788A2 EP84101502A EP84101502A EP0118788A2 EP 0118788 A2 EP0118788 A2 EP 0118788A2 EP 84101502 A EP84101502 A EP 84101502A EP 84101502 A EP84101502 A EP 84101502A EP 0118788 A2 EP0118788 A2 EP 0118788A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
delivery pipe
steam delivery
steam
liquid
heat
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP84101502A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0118788A3 (en
EP0118788B1 (fr
Inventor
Lajos Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Szekely
István Dipl.-Ing. Csorba
Sándor Dipl.-Ing. Bódás
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Melyepitesi Tervezoe Vallalat
Original Assignee
Melyepitesi Tervezoe Vallalat
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Melyepitesi Tervezoe Vallalat filed Critical Melyepitesi Tervezoe Vallalat
Publication of EP0118788A2 publication Critical patent/EP0118788A2/fr
Publication of EP0118788A3 publication Critical patent/EP0118788A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0118788B1 publication Critical patent/EP0118788B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
    • F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
    • F24T10/20—Geothermal collectors using underground water as working fluid; using working fluid injected directly into the ground, e.g. using injection wells and recovery wells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for utilizing geothermal energy.
  • the "two-well system” can be described as “artificial hot water production", in which water is pressed into the rock through one of the wells and the heated water is led out of the other. Accordingly, a hydraulic connection must be made between the two wells; For example, cavities, gaps, etc. Like. Are trained. Wells drilled at an angle are also made so that the lower end points of the wells are close together.
  • the storage space is a space protected by a casing pipe and separated from the bottom layer by a sealing plug on the support of the borehole, while the riser iso built into the casing lated delivery pipe is.
  • a pump ensures the flow of water from the annular space into the casing.
  • a disadvantage of the solutions of the type described above is the rather high cost.
  • the reason for this is that partly because of the continuous pump operation the energy expenditure is very high and partly effective insulation is required; otherwise, the hot water obtained returns its heat to the pressed-in medium below the earth's surface.
  • the effective insulation takes up a lot of space, which means that the flow cross-sections, which are small anyway, become even smaller, which further increases the energy requirement of the circulatory apparatus. If such a two-well solution is used, in which the water is heated directly by the rock, it is shown as a further disadvantage that the water obtained - similar to the thermal waters - can also contain undesired mineral substances and that calcification is also to be feared.
  • the object of the invention is to design the utilization of the geothermal energy in such a way that it is based on the conversion of the liquid medium into steam, but does not have the disadvantages set out above of the known solutions serving this purpose, i.e. is not affected by the consequences of the excessively high steam speed, the problems caused by the presence of a separating pipe and the harmful effects caused by poor heat transfer between the well structure and the rock.
  • the invention is based in particular on the knowledge that With the setting of a corresponding upper pressure in the well and through an appropriate selection of the heat transfer medium, it can be achieved that the specific heat of vaporization of the saturated steam is sufficiently large to discharge the amount of heat that can be extracted from the rocks at such a low speed that a flow opposing the steam the liquid can still come about, whereby - compared to the set top pressure - there is the possibility of neglecting the loss of flow pressure.
  • the object within the meaning of the invention was achieved by a method in which liquid is introduced into a steam delivery pipe which has sunk into the rock lying below the surface of the earth and evaporated there, and this steam - for example by generating electrical energy - is made usable.
  • a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure (upper pressure) is set in the steam delivery pipe and in the steam delivery pipe such a liquid - heat transfer medium - is trickled down, the saturated steam of which has a specific heat of vaporization of at least 1000 kJ / m 3 at the set upper pressure.
  • the tempe rature of the indented liquid and that of the removed medium are the same, namely the saturation temperature of the medium at a given pressure.
  • the setting of the top pressure is done so that a predetermined amount of heat is withdrawn from the emerging steam; the top pressure depends on the amount of heat extracted.
  • the measure of the amount of the extracted (usable) heat can be determined with a sample taken before setting up a self-regulating operation (see later).
  • such a liquid is trickled down into the steam delivery pipe, the boiling point of which at the given geothermal temperature - generally between 50-150 ° C - includes the greatest possible equilibrium pressure and the heat of vaporization within the pressure holding capacity of the well construction and the Oberridische facilities for the utilization is as high as possible. In this case, high performance can be obtained at a relatively low steam speed.
  • ammonia (NH 3 ) and / or various freons, for example F12, F22 and / or hydrocarbons, for example C 3H63 C 3 H 8 are used as the heat-carrying medium up to well temperatures of approximately 100-200 ° C . However, if the temperature exceeds 120 ° C, it is advisable to use water as the heat-carrying medium.
  • Well temperature is to be understood as the internal temperature of the well, which is practically constant along the entire well - in other words, along the steam delivery pipe. The temperature of the well depends partly on the depth of the well and partly on the pressure set in the well.
  • the con densat is returned to the steam delivery pipe in a closed system and in this way the operation of the device is made self-regulating.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is characterized in that - if the steam delivery pipe is arranged at a distance within a casing pipe (casing pipe) and the casing pipe passes through a layer containing thermal water - the casing pipe is opened in the region of the layer containing the thermal water and the thermal water in the annular Space between the steam delivery pipe and the casing, and then from here to the surface of the earth.
  • the steam delivery pipe at least the upper part of the pipe, is insulated and the thermal water that is led out is used, if necessary.
  • gaps e.g. Excavations, pores, gaps, etc. of the rock, at least in the area of the steam-generating zone of the steam delivery pipe, are filled with a subsequently solidifying material with good thermal conductivity.
  • a subsequently solidifying material with good thermal conductivity can be produced as a mixture of hydraulic binders (e.g. cement dust) and aggregates with good thermal conductivity (e.g. graphite dust), furthermore water and - if necessary - from other additives (e.g. concrete plasticizers, setting retarders, etc.) will.
  • the area of the rock to be filled with good heat-conducting material is fissured by blasting and / or hydraulically and / or in some other way, and if the subsequently solidifying material with good thermal conductivity is injected into the gaps.
  • the device according to the invention has a steam delivery pipe embedded in the rock located beneath the surface of the earth, a device for the supply of liquid connected to the upper end of the steam delivery pipe, a steam outlet pipe and a device for converting the energy of the discharged steam.
  • the essence of this device is that the device for the supply of liquid is provided with a distribution vessel in which an annular upper run conducting the liquid in a film-like layer on the inner surface of the steam delivery pipe is arranged, which surrounds the opening of the steam delivery pipe opening into the delivery vessel .
  • FIG. 1 The well shown in FIG. 1 has a tight-walled steam delivery pipe 2 with a closed bottom, the interior of the pipe being tightly closed against the rock 7.
  • a distribution vessel designated as a whole with the reference number 1 is connected at the upper end of the steam delivery pipe 2.
  • the opening 2a of the steam delivery pipe 2 opening into the distributor vessel 1 is surrounded by an annular upper run 1a, which directs the liquid denoted by v onto the inner lateral surface of the steam delivery pipe 2 in such a way that the liquid trickles down like a film on the lateral surface.
  • the liquid can be introduced through the pipe socket 1b, preferably tangentially, into the cylindrical distributor vessel 1 close to the bottom thereof.
  • a vapor space is formed above the liquid in the distributor vessel 1, which is closed to the environment.
  • the pipe socket 1c connected to the ceiling of the distributor vessel 1 is provided for steam discharge.
  • Fig. 1 three further levels are designated by the reference numerals t 2 , t 3 and t 4 below the terrain surface t 1 .
  • Section I of the well is between levels t 1 and t 2
  • section II is between levels t 2 and t 3
  • section III is between levels t 3 and t 4 .
  • Sections II and III are separated from each other only due to the generally used piping technology.
  • the total depth of the well - the total length of sections I to III - is generally between 800 and 4000 m. Depending on the geological conditions, the depth of 800 m includes a temperature between 50-80 ° C, and 4000 m 180-200 ° C and between the lower and upper limit values, the temperature change is almost linear, or it depends on the geological conditions.
  • the steam delivery pipe 2 is surrounded in sections I and II at a distance from a casing 4.
  • the space between the steam delivery pipe 2 and the casing 4 is filled with a heat-conducting material 4a (in particular in section II), which can have the consistency of the solid state, but also of the liquid state (e.g. as hot water).
  • the casing 4 must also be tight and the space between the casing 4 and the steam delivery pipe 2 must be closed in order to be able to hold the water.
  • the casing 4 is surrounded from the outside by a further insulation 5, because here the temperature of the system or the ground is so low that the effectiveness of the well operation is greatly reduced.
  • Sections II and III together form the steam generation zone of the well, along which the subsequent gaps, gaps and pores of the rock 7 are filled with a solidifying material 3 with good thermal conductivity in the sense of the invention.
  • a flowable - injectable or pumpable - mixture prepared from hydraulic binders (e.g. cement dust), water and aggregates with good thermal conductivity (e.g. graphite dust) and from other additives (e.g. concrete softeners, setting retarders, etc.) can be used as such material. It is preferred to choose the grain size of the hydraulic binder and the additives with good thermal conductivity and their density to be of a similar size so that the mixture can be easily pumped before it solidifies.
  • the aggregate with good thermal conductivity e.g.
  • graphite dust should be dosed in the greatest possible proportion to the mixture - up to the limit that does not impair the corresponding hydraulic properties - so that as many grains of the heat-conducting material come into contact with one another as possible. It is preferred to have 60-65% of the solids content of the mixture consist of the material with good thermal conductivity. When a good thermal conductivity is also ensured by the natural conditions (for example by a wide-reaching layer containing thermal water), the injection of the mixture can be dispensed with. Characterized in that according to the measure mentioned above, the outer shell of the well structure is surrounded with materials of high thermal conductivity and adequate strength, the heat transfer area increases and the latent heat of a larger rock volume can be harnessed. According to the geological characteristics, the surrounding area of the well must be blown up, if necessary, before injecting the material 3 that solidifies afterwards. This operation can be carried out, for example, hydraulically, using explosives or possibly using another method.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 can be recommended in such frequently occurring cases, for example if a 3000 m deep unproductive oil well is tapped at a relatively shallow depth (800-1500 m) due to the water exploitation conditions, for example 50-80 ° C. to be able to win warm thermal water.
  • the lower - most valuable section of the well - from the point of view of heat exploitation - remains unused.
  • the casing pipe 4 (eg d 9.5 / 8 "thick) is opened along perforations 8 to the water-dispensing layer 7a along a section with the height T and a casing hermetically sealed against it (eg ⁇ 7 "strong) steam delivery pipe 2, and if this is connected to the distribution vessel 1 shown in Fig. 1 above, on the one hand the insulation of the steam delivery pipe 2 - by the thermal water itself - is ensured and on the other hand the utilization of the geothermal energy in the upper section of the well construction solved.
  • the direction of penetration of the thermal water 10 into the pipe 2 through the perforations 8 is indicated by the arrows a.
  • the rock areas 7, on the other hand, are dry, and along these the previously detailed, thermally conductive filler mixture is brought into the zone extending along the casing shell.
  • the tapped thermal water 10 can also be used separately on the surface of the earth, either for energy or for other purposes (for example, as bathing water).
  • the device according to the invention (Fig. 1) works so that the liquid, energy-carrying medium is passed tangentially through the pipe socket 1b into the distribution vessel 1 (arrow K), and then reaches the inner surface of the steam delivery pipe 2 via the annular overflow 1a, where it trickles down in a film-like layer.
  • an excess pressure is set in the steam delivery pipe 2, at which the liquid evaporates at the temperature prevailing in the steam-generating sections II, III, rises in the direction of arrow G and is discharged through the pipe socket 1c.
  • the energy of the steam is used in a manner known per se, e.g. harnessed for the generation of electrical energy.
  • the heat-carrying medium which condenses to liquid during the utilization is continuously returned through the pipe socket 1b into the distribution vessel 1, as a result of which the steam generation can also be carried out continuously. If the condensate obtained when the generated steam is used is passed in a closed system onto the pipe wall of the steam delivery pipe 2, the amount of the returned condensate is used to remove the heat, and the wetted (i.e. suitable for steam generation) length of the pipe wall is related to the amount of Condensate proportional, then the device works with self-regulation. Since the internal volume is not burdened by the liquid column, steam generation can occur anywhere below a certain temperature level.
  • the depth of an unproductive Ulbrunnen is 3000 m.
  • the steam delivery pipe has an inner diameter of 160 mm, the geothermal gradient is 17.5 m / ° C.
  • the inside temperature of the well is 90 ° C. It can be calculated that a heat flow with an output of approximately 1.0 MW arises from the lower lying rock areas.
  • An overpressure of 28.11 bar is set in the steam delivery pipe and a heat-carrying medium with appropriate heat of vaporization, namely Freon F12, is used.
  • the thermodynamic properties of this medium at the given temperature as well as the flow characteristics are given below.
  • the difference between the bottom temperature and the outlet steam temperature (well temperature) can also be neglected, which is the basic explanation for the good efficiency.
  • the generated energy can e.g. can be used for heating purposes.
  • Example 1 Similar conclusions can be drawn from the above information as in Example 1; here, however, the efficiency can practically be assumed to be 100%, because only a temperature difference of 0.5 ° C is shown.
  • the A direction can also be used here for heating or hot water generation.
  • a larger, approximately 5000 m deep well is to be used for generating steam at a higher temperature and for generating electrical energy using the method according to the invention.
  • the inside diameter of the steam delivery pipe in the well is 160 mm, the geothermal gradient is 18.0 m / ° C and the bottom temperature is 288 ° C.
  • the advantage of the invention is that it harnesses geothermal energy and a ratio nell engagement of previously unused or insufficiently used energy sources with optimal effectiveness without energy expenditure for pump operation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
EP84101502A 1983-02-14 1984-02-14 Procédé et dispositif pour l'utilisation de l'énergie géothermique Expired EP0118788B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HU48483 1983-02-14
HU83484A HU193647B (en) 1983-02-14 1983-02-14 Method and apparatus for utilizing geothermic energy

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0118788A2 true EP0118788A2 (fr) 1984-09-19
EP0118788A3 EP0118788A3 (en) 1985-05-15
EP0118788B1 EP0118788B1 (fr) 1988-11-17

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ID=10949787

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84101502A Expired EP0118788B1 (fr) 1983-02-14 1984-02-14 Procédé et dispositif pour l'utilisation de l'énergie géothermique

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4642987A (fr)
EP (1) EP0118788B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS59206593A (fr)
DE (1) DE3475213D1 (fr)
HU (1) HU193647B (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH677698A5 (fr) * 1987-07-22 1991-06-14 Hans Ferdinand Buechi
US5203173A (en) * 1990-05-18 1993-04-20 Diego Horton Device for utilization of geothermal energy

Families Citing this family (27)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0733819B2 (ja) * 1987-07-22 1995-04-12 エフ ビューチ ハンス 地熱エネルギを抽出して利用する方法
US4776169A (en) * 1988-02-03 1988-10-11 Coles Jr Otis C Geothermal energy recovery apparatus
DE4131990A1 (de) * 1991-09-26 1993-04-01 Heinrich Dr Lesker Anlage zur gewinnung von elektrischer energie aus erdwaerme
US5311741A (en) * 1992-10-09 1994-05-17 Blaize Louis J Hybrid electric power generation
US5697218A (en) * 1995-06-07 1997-12-16 Shnell; James H. System for geothermal production of electricity
DE102006019339B3 (de) * 2006-04-24 2008-01-31 Henze, Michael, Dipl.-Ing. Künstlicher Wasser-Wärmespeicher unter der Erde
EP2198208A1 (fr) * 2007-09-28 2010-06-23 Geo-en Energy Technologies Gmbh Puits de nappe phréatique
WO2009039839A1 (fr) * 2007-09-28 2009-04-02 Geo-En Energy Technologies Gmbh Installation de transport et de décontamination d'eau souterraine
US8616000B2 (en) 2008-06-13 2013-12-31 Michael J. Parrella System and method of capturing geothermal heat from within a drilled well to generate electricity
US9423158B2 (en) * 2008-08-05 2016-08-23 Michael J. Parrella System and method of maximizing heat transfer at the bottom of a well using heat conductive components and a predictive model
US20100270001A1 (en) * 2008-08-05 2010-10-28 Parrella Michael J System and method of maximizing grout heat conductibility and increasing caustic resistance
SE535370C2 (sv) 2009-08-03 2012-07-10 Skanska Sverige Ab Anordning och metod för lagring av termisk energi
NZ612201A (en) 2010-12-10 2014-10-31 Global Carbon Solutions Inc Passive heat extraction and power generation
US9222342B2 (en) * 2012-08-13 2015-12-29 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Initiating production of clathrates by use of thermosyphons
SE536723C2 (sv) 2012-11-01 2014-06-24 Skanska Sverige Ab Termiskt energilager innefattande ett expansionsutrymme
SE536722C2 (sv) 2012-11-01 2014-06-17 Skanska Sverige Ab Energilager
SE537267C2 (sv) 2012-11-01 2015-03-17 Skanska Sverige Ab Förfarande för drift av en anordning för lagring av termiskenergi
US9091460B2 (en) * 2013-03-21 2015-07-28 Gtherm, Inc. System and a method of operating a plurality of geothermal heat extraction borehole wells
LV14875B (lv) * 2014-04-14 2014-10-20 Ojārs Ozols Urbuma izveidošanas un aizpildīšanas metode ģeotermālās enerģijas iegūšanai
US10203162B2 (en) * 2014-09-02 2019-02-12 Japan New Energy Co., Ltd. Geothermal heat exchanger, liquid transport pipe, liquid raising pipe, geothermal power generation facility, and geothermal power generation method
RU2623318C2 (ru) * 2014-10-20 2017-06-23 Александр Викторович Шарохин Способ получения электроэнергии при эксплуатации нагнетательных и добывающих скважин
CN109654758B (zh) * 2018-12-24 2020-09-25 湖南达道新能源开发有限公司 一种干热岩地热提取设备及提取方法
US11841172B2 (en) * 2022-02-28 2023-12-12 EnhancedGEO Holdings, LLC Geothermal power from superhot geothermal fluid and magma reservoirs
US11905797B2 (en) 2022-05-01 2024-02-20 EnhancedGEO Holdings, LLC Wellbore for extracting heat from magma bodies
US11918967B1 (en) 2022-09-09 2024-03-05 EnhancedGEO Holdings, LLC System and method for magma-driven thermochemical processes
US11913679B1 (en) 2023-03-02 2024-02-27 EnhancedGEO Holdings, LLC Geothermal systems and methods with an underground magma chamber
US11905814B1 (en) 2023-09-27 2024-02-20 EnhancedGEO Holdings, LLC Detecting entry into and drilling through a magma/rock transition zone

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CH82594A (de) * 1919-01-15 1920-03-01 Escher Wyss Maschf Ag Kessel zum Eindampfen verdünnter Lösung
US3470943A (en) * 1967-04-21 1969-10-07 Allen T Van Huisen Geothermal exchange system
GB1293624A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-10-18 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Liquid film evaporators
DE2405595A1 (de) * 1974-02-06 1975-08-07 Rudolf Dr Ing Rost Dampf aus der erde
US3957108A (en) * 1973-07-02 1976-05-18 Huisen Allen T Van Multiple-completion geothermal energy production systems
FR2297334A1 (fr) * 1975-01-07 1976-08-06 Goyat Eugene Centrale vapeur-eau auto-generatrice
DE2746643A1 (de) * 1977-10-17 1979-04-19 Wenzel Geb Dolmanns Yvonne Verfahren und vorrichtung zur energiegewinnung
NL7905625A (nl) * 1979-07-19 1981-01-21 Gils Adrianus Van Werkwijze voor het aan de aarde onttrekken van warmte.
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NL174184C (nl) * 1980-08-07 1984-05-01 Wavin Bv Inrichting voor het onttrekken van warmte aan de bodem.

Patent Citations (10)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH82594A (de) * 1919-01-15 1920-03-01 Escher Wyss Maschf Ag Kessel zum Eindampfen verdünnter Lösung
US3470943A (en) * 1967-04-21 1969-10-07 Allen T Van Huisen Geothermal exchange system
GB1293624A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-10-18 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Liquid film evaporators
US3957108A (en) * 1973-07-02 1976-05-18 Huisen Allen T Van Multiple-completion geothermal energy production systems
DE2405595A1 (de) * 1974-02-06 1975-08-07 Rudolf Dr Ing Rost Dampf aus der erde
FR2297334A1 (fr) * 1975-01-07 1976-08-06 Goyat Eugene Centrale vapeur-eau auto-generatrice
DE2746643A1 (de) * 1977-10-17 1979-04-19 Wenzel Geb Dolmanns Yvonne Verfahren und vorrichtung zur energiegewinnung
NL7905625A (nl) * 1979-07-19 1981-01-21 Gils Adrianus Van Werkwijze voor het aan de aarde onttrekken van warmte.
US4297847A (en) * 1979-08-30 1981-11-03 Ppg Industries, Inc. Conversion of geothermal energy from subterranean cavities
US4290266A (en) * 1979-09-04 1981-09-22 Twite Terrance M Electrical power generating system

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH677698A5 (fr) * 1987-07-22 1991-06-14 Hans Ferdinand Buechi
US5203173A (en) * 1990-05-18 1993-04-20 Diego Horton Device for utilization of geothermal energy

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH041837B2 (fr) 1992-01-14
EP0118788A3 (en) 1985-05-15
US4642987A (en) 1987-02-17
DE3475213D1 (en) 1988-12-22
HU193647B (en) 1987-11-30
JPS59206593A (ja) 1984-11-22
EP0118788B1 (fr) 1988-11-17
HUT36911A (en) 1985-10-28

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