EP0092683B1 - Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes für einen Brennkraftmaschinenzylinderkopf und Brennkraftmaschine mit nach diesem Verfahren hergestellten Ventilsitzen - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes für einen Brennkraftmaschinenzylinderkopf und Brennkraftmaschine mit nach diesem Verfahren hergestellten Ventilsitzen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0092683B1
EP0092683B1 EP83103005A EP83103005A EP0092683B1 EP 0092683 B1 EP0092683 B1 EP 0092683B1 EP 83103005 A EP83103005 A EP 83103005A EP 83103005 A EP83103005 A EP 83103005A EP 0092683 B1 EP0092683 B1 EP 0092683B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cylinder head
compartment
added material
laser beam
layer
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83103005A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0092683A1 (de
Inventor
Pier Luigi Tarditi
Cosima Turco
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Fiat Auto SpA
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Fiat Auto SpA
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Publication date
Application filed by Fiat Auto SpA filed Critical Fiat Auto SpA
Publication of EP0092683A1 publication Critical patent/EP0092683A1/de
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Publication of EP0092683B1 publication Critical patent/EP0092683B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/22—Valve-seats not provided for in preceding subgroups of this group; Fixing of valve-seats
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
    • C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method for forming a valve seat on an endothermic engine cylinder head, and to a valve seat formed by this method.
  • the present invention also relates to an endothermic engine comprising valve seats formed by this method.
  • the seats for the engine intake and exhaust valves are formed in inserts constructed of alloys of high resistance to wear and oxidation, and driven into suitable compartments provided in the engine cylinder head.
  • This constructional method is used particularly in engines of light alloy construction, in which said inserts are constructed of cast iron and are cold-driven into the cylinder head (FR-A-2.165.646).
  • the described constructional method is not without drawbacks. Specifically, a notching effect is produced in the cylinder head at the edges of the insert carrying the valve seat. This drawback is serious, in that it produces high localised stresses in the cylinder head. Furthermore, because of the size of the inserts and their housing compartments formed in the cylinder head, the dimensions of the bridge (the cylinder head element lying between two adjacent valve seats) must be small, so weakening the cylinder head and requiring the cylinder head cooling ducts to be withdrawn from that head surface facing the engine cylinders, so increasing the thermal stresses acting on the cylinder head.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for forming valve seats in an endothermic engine cylinder head of light alloy construction, which disposes of the presence of said inserts therein and thus obviates the described drawbacks.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an endothermic engine of light alloy construction provided with valve seats free from the described drawbacks.
  • a method for forming a valve seat on a cylinder head of an endothermic engine of light alloy construction characterised by comprising the following stages:
  • the reference numeral 1 indicates overall an endothermic engine which in the illustrated example is a compression ignition engine, or diesel engine.
  • the engine 1 comprises a cylinder head 2 carrying a plurality of intake and exhaust valves 3 for the engine 1, and a cylinder block 4 comprising a plurality of cylinders 5 defining, together with the respective pistons 6 slidable therein, combustion chambers 7 which are closed towards the valves 3 by a base wall 8 of the cylinder head 2.
  • This latter is provided with housings 9 for the valves 3, and seal seats 10 therefor provided in the wall 8.
  • the housings 9 and the relative seal seats 10 of each pair of valves 3 disposed in any one cylinder 5 are divided by a portion 11 of the cylinder head 2 known technically as the bridge.
  • the portion or bridge 11 is provided with a cooling duct 12 (Ricardo duct) for cooling the seats 10 of the valves 3.
  • the cylinder head 2 is also provided with cooling ducts 13.
  • the ducts 12 and 13 are disposed at predetermined distances from a surface 14 of the wall 8 which faces the chamber 7 and is thus exposed directly to the heat of combustion, and they serve to maintain the temperature of the cylinder head 2 within acceptable limits.
  • the cylinder head 2 and base 4 are constructed of any suitable light alloy, for example an aluminium-based light alloy.
  • the seats 10 must have a hardness and resistance to wear and oxidation which are superior to those of the constituent alloy of the cylinder head 2, because, together with the bridge 11, they represent the most highly stressed regions of the cylinder head 2.
  • each seat 10 comprises a substantially circular compartment or bore 15 which passes through the wall 8 and is bounded by a flared edge 16 and an annular coating 18 of predetermined thickness which coats the edge 16 and is formed as a single piece with the cylinder head 2.
  • the coating 18, which has hardness and strength characteristics superior to those of the base metal material of which the cylinder head 2 is constructed, is formed by alloying with said base material an added material able to form an alloy with the base material in the manner described hereinafter, using a laser beam produced by any power laser apparatus of known type.
  • Said added material can be any metal, ceramic or metallo-ceramic material able to form with the base material an alloy having strength and hardness characteristics superior to those thereof.
  • the base material is constituted substantially by aluminium, and the added material can be any of a whole series of metal or ceramic materials such as nickel powders, nickel-chrome powders, Eatonite powders (the commercial name of an alloy containing carbon, silicon, iron, chromium and mainly nickel), steel powders (of the molybdenum or maraging type), or nickel or chromium powders mixed with oxides.
  • the powders can be deposited on the edge 16 in the form of paste, or by any other method. Alternatively, they can be applied in the form of sintered or prefused foils.
  • valve seats 10 A method is described hereinafter by way of example for forming the aforesaid valve seats 10 in the particular case in which the cylinder head 2 is of light alloy construction, the base material being aluminium and the added material being in the form of iron-based alloys (maraging steels) and/or nickel.
  • composition of these added alloys is substantially as follows. Iron-based alloys: chromium content 5-20%; molybdenum content 3-18%; carbon content 0.2-3% remainder iron and minimum percentages of other elements. Nickel- based alloys: chromium content 5-20%; iron content 1-5%; carbon content 0.2-1 %; remainder nickel and minimum percentages of other elements.
  • FIG. 3 shows a micrograph of a portion of the cylinder head 3 surrounding the bore or compartment 15, in order to form a seat 10 such as that described on the cylinder head 2, an annular layer 19 of predetermined thickness of an added material 20, which in this case mainly contains iron, is firstly applied over the entire edge 16 of each compartment 15.
  • the thickness of the layer 19 is substantially uniform and lies between 0.1 and 1 millimetre, and is preferably about 0.5 millimetres.
  • the layer 19 can be applied to the edge 16 in various ways according to the composition and consistency of the material 20.
  • the layer 19 is solid and compact, in that the material 20 has been deposited by a plasma spray depositing method. This method is well known and consists of atomising the added material 20, constituted by a powder or solid wire, into a jet of gas heated to high temperature, and projecting the plasma spray obtained in this manner onto the surface of the edge 16 via a suitable tube so as to deposit the material 20 in the fluid state onto the relatively cold edge 16, and consequently cause it to rapidly solidify to obtain the layer 19.
  • the layer 19 can be deposited by extrusion, using a suitable device, or manually by means of a spatula.
  • the added material 20 is in the form of a metal powder which is mixed with a solvent in order to obtain a paste, or a fluid substance of high viscosity having gel consistency. This paste is then deposited on the edge 16 to form the layer 1.9.
  • the layer 19 is in the form of a metal foil of maraging steel, possibly obtained by sintering, and simply deposited in contact with the surface of the edge 16.
  • the preferred is the first, i.e. plasma spray depositing, both because this method creates adhesion between the added material 20 and the base material of the cylinder head 2, and because it destroys the thin oxide layer (AI 2 0 3 ) present on the edge 16 of the aluminium cylinder head 2, and which is detrimental to the alloying.
  • the cylinder head 2 After forming the layer 19, the cylinder head 2 is disposed in a working station, not shown, of a power laser apparatus, not shown.
  • a laser beam of predetermined power preferably between 6 and 12 kilowatts, is focused onto the edge 16 of the compartment 15 in a position corresponding with the layer 19.
  • the laser beam is projected onto the cylinder head 2 by a known scanning device, not shown, which moves at predeterminable speed so as to move said laser beam along the edge 16 of the compartment or bore 15 in an annular trajectory at a speed of between 10 and 50 cm/ minute.
  • the laser beam power is also adjusted in accordance with the irradiated area so as to obtain on the cylinder head 2 a specific laser beam power of between 180 and 300 joules/mm 2 , i.e. the cylinder head 2 is irradiated in such a manner as to transmit to it a thermal energy of between 180 and 300 joules for each mm 2 of surface irradiated by the laser beam.
  • the high-melting layer 19 (melting point between 1000 and 1400°C) can be melted together with part of the underlying base material, which is not directly irradiated but is low-melting (660°C).
  • the laser beam on striking the layer 19, the laser beam rapidly heats the material 20 by radiation, and the heat is transmitted by conduction to the cylinder head 2, thus also heating a layer of determined thickness of the base material which immediately surrounds the compartment or bore 15.
  • the laser heating is protracted for a time sufficient for melting all the material 20 of the layer 19 together with the said underlying layer of base material, and to allow diffusion of the former into the latter and vice-versa, so as to form a metal alloy in the substantially liquid state in the compartment or bore 15.
  • the laser beam is suppressed, and the cylinder head 2 is allowed to cool in free air.
  • the high thermal capacity of the cylinder head 2 produces rapid cooling of the metal alloy which has just been formed, so as to cause it to rapidly solidify within the compartment 15, to form the coating 18.
  • Figure 4 which illustrates a micrograph of a portion of a valve seat 10 formed by the described method
  • the metallo-graphic aspect of the darker coating 18 can be clearly seen, its composition corresponding approximately to that of the compound FeA1 3 (35-40% of iron in aluminium).
  • a layer 21 of remelted base material (aluminium) is present immediately below the coating 18, and finally the base material of the cylinder head 2 which has not been altered by the surface thermal treatment undergone by the cylinder head 2 can be seen on the bottom right.
  • the obtained Vickers hardness values are shown to the side of the micrograph.
  • Figure 5 shows by way of example a diagram of the laser parameters, in which the shaded portion illustrates the optimum working region within which the point of intersection of the abscissa representing the laser beam scanning velocity and the ordinate representing the laser beam power must fall in order to obtain best results.
  • valve seats By means of a simple and rapid surface alloying operation, it enables valve seats to be formed which are in one piece with the engine cylinder head but have superior mechanical characteristics (in the illustrated example, the hardness of the cylinder head base material was only 77 Vickers). This means that hard material inserts do not need to be mounted in the cylinder head, thus obviating the weakening of the cylinder head caused by the need to provide the insert seats therein, and by the notching effect produced by these on the cylinder head itself.
  • valve seats formed by the method of the invention are of small overall size, and thus enable the bridge between one valve and the next to be of greater dimensions, and consequently stronger, so enabling the cooling ducts to be brought closer to the explosion chamber and reduce the thermal stresses on the valve seats and on the cylinder head.

Claims (12)

1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes (10) für einen Zylinderkopf (2) einer Brennkraftmaschine (1) aus Leichtmetall-Legierung, gekennzeichnet durch die folgenden Schritte:
-Ablagern eines Zusatzmaterials (20) in einem Raum (15), der im Zylinderkopf (2) in der Position vorgesehen ist, die der Ventilsitz (10) einnehmen soll, wobei der Zylinderkopf (2) aus einem Basismetall hergestellt ist, das vom Zusatzmaterial (20) verschieden ist und in der Lage ist, mit diesem Legierungen zu bilden, die fähig sind, dem Basismetall überlegene Festigkeits- und Härte-Eigenschaften anzunehmen;
- Erhitzen des Zusatzmaterials (20) durch einen auf den Raum (15) fokussierten Laserstrahl mit vorbestimmter Leistung, bis das Zusatzmaterial (20) in dem Raum (15) und eine das letztere unmittelbar umgebende Schicht des Basismaterials von vorbestimmter Dicke schmilzt;
-Aufrechterhalten des flüssigen Zustands des Zusatzmaterials (20) und der Schicht des Basismaterials durch den Laserstrahl während einer Zeit, die ausreicht, eine flüssige Legierung in dem Raum (15) durch Diffusion des Zusatzmaterials (20) in das Basismaterial und umgekehrt zu bilden, wobei der Laserstrahl längs des Raums mit einer Geschwindigkeit zwischen 10 und 50 cm/min bewegt wird, und
-Abkühlen der in dem Raum (15) enthaltenen flüssigen Legierung, um darin ihr rasches Erstarren zu bewirken.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Laserstrahl eine Leistung zwischen 6 und 12 kW hat.
3. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Raum durch eine in einer Wand (8) des Zylinderkopfes (2) vorgesehene, durch einen sich erweiternden Rand (16) begrenzte Bohrung (15) gebildet wird, wobei das Zusatzmaterial (20) entlang des Randes (16) derart abgelagert wird, daß es eine ringförmige Schicht (19) von vorbestimmter Dicke bildet.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dicke der ringförmigen Schicht (19) des Zusatzmaterials (20) zwischen 0,1 und 1 mm liegt und vorzugsweise 0,5 mm beträgt.
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Zusatzmaterial (20) durch ein zur Bildung eines Paste mit Lösungsmittel vermischtes Pulver gebildet wird.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Zusatzmaterial (20) in dem Raum (15) durch ein Plasmasprühverfahren abgelagert wird, derart, daß der Raum (15) mit einer festen kompakten Schicht (19) bedeckt wird.
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zylinderkopf (2) aus Leichtmetall-Legierung besteht, wobei das Basismaterial im wesentlichen Aluminium ist.
8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Zusatzmaterial (20) hauptsächlich Eisen enthält.
9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Zusatzmaterial (20) hauptsächlich Nickel enthält.
10. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das rasche Erstarren der Legierung durch Unterdrücken des Laserstrahls und durch Abkühlenlassen an freier Luft bewirkt wird.
11. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die durch den Laserstrahl auf den Zylinderkopf (2) entladene Energiedichte zwischen 180 und 300 J/ mm2 liegt.
12. Brennkraftmaschine (1) mit einem Zylinderkopf (2) aus Leichtmetall-Legierung, mit einer Mehrzahl von nach dem Verfahren von Anspruch 1 gebildeten Ventilsitzen (10) für den Einlaß und den Auslaß der Maschine (1), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeder Ventilsitz (10) eine im wesentlichen runde, durch einen sich erweiternden Rand (16) begrenzte Bohrung (15) und eine den Rand (16) bedeckende ringförmige Beschichtung (18) von vorbestimmter Dicke aufweist, wobei die Beschichtung (18) aus einer Metall-Legierung zwischen dem Basismaterial, aus dem der Zylinderkopf (2) hergestellt ist, und einem Zusatzmaterial (20) hergestellt ist, das mit dem Basismaterial durch mittels eines Laserstrahls in der Weise bewirktes lokales Erhitzen legiert worden ist, daß die Beschichtung (18), die Härte- und FestigkeitsEigenschaften hat, die jenen den Basismetalls überlegen sind, mit dem Zylinderkopf (2) ein einziges Stück bildet.
EP83103005A 1982-04-22 1983-03-25 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes für einen Brennkraftmaschinenzylinderkopf und Brennkraftmaschine mit nach diesem Verfahren hergestellten Ventilsitzen Expired EP0092683B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT67531/82A IT1155320B (it) 1982-04-22 1982-04-22 Metodo per l'ottenimento di una sede valvola su una testata di un motore endotermico e motore con sedi valvola ottenute con tale metodo
IT6753182 1982-04-22

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0092683A1 EP0092683A1 (de) 1983-11-02
EP0092683B1 true EP0092683B1 (de) 1987-02-25

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EP (1) EP0092683B1 (de)
DE (1) DE3369868D1 (de)
IT (1) IT1155320B (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10156196C1 (de) * 2001-11-15 2003-01-02 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes
DE10353474B4 (de) * 2003-11-15 2007-02-22 Daimlerchrysler Ag Bauteil einer Brennkraftmaschine und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3435460A1 (de) * 1984-09-27 1986-04-10 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8000 München Verfahren zur herstellung von werkstuecken aus leichtmetall
GB2169318A (en) * 1985-01-04 1986-07-09 Rolls Royce Metal surface hardening by carbide formation
JPS62150014A (ja) * 1985-12-25 1987-07-04 Toyota Motor Corp アルミニウム合金製バルブシ−トレスシリンダヘツド
US5742020A (en) * 1995-01-23 1998-04-21 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Valve seat-bonded cylinder head and method for producing same
JP3373317B2 (ja) * 1995-02-16 2003-02-04 ヤマハ発動機株式会社 シリンダヘッドのバルブシート部構造
EP0819836B1 (de) * 1995-02-28 2000-05-17 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Zylinderkopf und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes
JP3380081B2 (ja) * 1995-03-13 2003-02-24 ヤマハ発動機株式会社 バルブシート
JPH08270500A (ja) * 1995-03-31 1996-10-15 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 内燃エンジン
JPH08312800A (ja) * 1995-05-15 1996-11-26 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 接合型バルブシート
JP3394363B2 (ja) * 1995-06-28 2003-04-07 ヤマハ発動機株式会社 エンジン用シリンダヘッド
JPH0979014A (ja) * 1995-09-14 1997-03-25 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd エンジン用シリンダヘッドの製造方法
US5778531A (en) * 1995-09-14 1998-07-14 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Method of manufacturing cylinder head for engine
US5705786A (en) * 1995-12-29 1998-01-06 General Electric Company Underwater welding
US5745993A (en) * 1996-02-27 1998-05-05 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Valve seat
FR2765915B1 (fr) * 1997-07-10 1999-08-27 Renault Procede de fabrication d'une culasse a sieges de soupape integres et culasse a sieges de soupape integres
DE19912889A1 (de) 1999-03-23 2000-09-28 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes
FR2848245B1 (fr) 2002-12-10 2007-03-09 Renault Sa Siege de soupape pour culasse de moteur a combustion interne
DE10353473B4 (de) * 2003-11-15 2007-02-22 Daimlerchrysler Ag Bauteil einer Brennkraftmaschine und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB475585A (en) * 1935-06-03 1937-11-23 Wilcox Rich Corp Improvements in or relating to valve parts and method of constructing the same
FR1129024A (fr) * 1955-05-20 1957-01-15 Automobiles Ind Latil Procédé pour améliorer les surfaces de contact des soupapes et de leurs sièges
US3505489A (en) * 1965-12-10 1970-04-07 Hitachi Metals Ltd Method of depositing corrosion-resisting and wear-resisting alloy on contact parts between valve members and valve seats
DE2164357B2 (de) * 1971-12-23 1980-08-28 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Ventilsitzring mit einem Gewinde zum Einschrauben in einen Zylinderkopf einer Brennkraftmaschine
IT1172891B (it) * 1978-07-04 1987-06-18 Fiat Spa Procedimento per rivestire con materiale antiusura una superficie metallica
GB2052566B (en) * 1979-03-30 1982-12-15 Rolls Royce Laser aplication of hard surface alloy

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10156196C1 (de) * 2001-11-15 2003-01-02 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ventilsitzes
US7013858B2 (en) 2001-11-15 2006-03-21 Daimlerchrysler Ag Method for the production of a valve seat
DE10353474B4 (de) * 2003-11-15 2007-02-22 Daimlerchrysler Ag Bauteil einer Brennkraftmaschine und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3369868D1 (en) 1987-04-02
EP0092683A1 (de) 1983-11-02
IT8267531A0 (it) 1982-04-22
IT1155320B (it) 1987-01-28

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