EP0082445A2 - Installation pour régler et/ou contrôler le fonctionnement de la mise à feu d'un projectile - Google Patents

Installation pour régler et/ou contrôler le fonctionnement de la mise à feu d'un projectile Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0082445A2
EP0082445A2 EP82111483A EP82111483A EP0082445A2 EP 0082445 A2 EP0082445 A2 EP 0082445A2 EP 82111483 A EP82111483 A EP 82111483A EP 82111483 A EP82111483 A EP 82111483A EP 0082445 A2 EP0082445 A2 EP 0082445A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
detonator
igniter
data
signal
antenna
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP82111483A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0082445A3 (fr
Inventor
Hans-Gerhard Ing. grad. Körner
Helmut Ing.-Grad. Lang
Rainer Dipl.-Phys. Berthold
Rainer Strietzel
Friedrich Dipl.-Phys. Melchior
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany
Original Assignee
Brown Boveri und Cie AG Germany
BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Brown Boveri und Cie AG Germany, BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany filed Critical Brown Boveri und Cie AG Germany
Publication of EP0082445A2 publication Critical patent/EP0082445A2/fr
Publication of EP0082445A3 publication Critical patent/EP0082445A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C17/00—Fuze-setting apparatus
    • F42C17/04—Fuze-setting apparatus for electric fuzes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for setting and / or monitoring the operation of an electronic detonator for projectiles by transmitting a microwave data signal and a microwave energy signal from a device outside to a device inside the detonator, the device inside the detonator comprising an energy receiver Rectifier for generating a supply voltage, a data receiver, a data processing unit and a detonator electronics, the device outside the detonator consists of an energy transmitter, an input / output unit and a data transmitter.
  • Such a device is known from US-PS 41 44 815.
  • the setting values for the projectile detonator calculated by a fire control computer are modulated onto a microwave signal and emitted by an antenna which is seated in a bore in the gun barrel.
  • the gun barrel itself serves as a microwave conductor.
  • a receiving antenna on the igniter picks up the radiated microwave signal and passes it via a switch either to a rectifier device, which generates and stores a DC supply voltage from it, or to a filter acting as a demodulator, which filters the data from the incoming signal.
  • an energy signal of high power is first transmitted, so that a sufficiently high DC voltage for supplying the data and detonator electronics is available during the subsequent data transmission and detonator programming.
  • the data is transmitted by means of a low-power, amplitude-modulated microwave signal.
  • a disadvantage of the known solution is the fact that the gun barrel must be drilled in order to be able to use the microwave antenna; pressures of over 3000 bar and temperatures between 2000 and 3000 0 C occur in the gun barrel, the tube temperature itself being between 60 and 600 0 C.
  • Another disadvantage is that the duration of the data transmission is limited by the storage capacity of the rectifier circuit. This storage capacity also limits the time between the data transmission and the launch of the projectile. Otherwise the memory of the igniter electronics would lose the stored data. For this reason, data transmission is only possible immediately before firing and only once.
  • a similar device is also known from DE-A 29 44 115. It is a magnetic induction device with at least two independent magnetic control circuits, one of which is used for the transmission of the energy signal and the other for the transmission of a data signal.
  • This known device allows the detonator to transmit the required energy and the various information signals individually after the projectile has been fired. It is of course absolutely necessary to provide means for adjusting the angle of the transmitting part in relation to the receiving part so that the different transmission windings come to lie in the correct position relative to the assigned reception windings.
  • the known device may enable the information transmitted to the detonator to be read in again for checking and possible change.
  • the data transmitted to the detonator are, for example, the target time to trigger, the time delay between the detection of a specific event and the actual triggering, the distance to the target object to be triggered, the response threshold of sensors, the time and method of the Disassembly of cluster munitions etc.
  • a transport container with a plurality of chambers is known, each of which serves to receive a projectile which has an electrically adjustable detonator.
  • An igniter adjustment cap is provided in each chamber and is attached to the respective igniter. Electrical signals reach the detonator via the detonator adjustment cap in order to set it before it is removed from the chamber.
  • a network connects each adjustment cap to input circuits that receive coded signals from a source, e.g. a fire control computer.
  • the US-PS 36 70 652 shows an electronic detonator, the ignition characteristics of which can be set via radio.
  • the igniter contains its own power source.
  • a microwave transmitter is used for the remote transmission of the data.
  • the antenna on the projectile detonator is a slot antenna. executed.
  • the US-PS 38 44 217 shows an electronic detonator whose time base is set mechanically before starting.
  • the set data can be changed during the flight using a radar transmitter.
  • An inertia generator and / or a battery is used to power the igniter.
  • the latter two US patents also disclose electrical circuit details of the data signal receiver, data processing unit and the actual detonator electronics. In both cases, however, there is no possibility of checking the correct function and the correct transmission of the igniter settings.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of specifying a device of the type mentioned at the outset which makes it possible to establish an information connection with the projectile detonator, which enables secure data transmission and allows the data of the projectile detonator to be checked, with fault diagnosis possibly being carried out, which can be repeated at any time.
  • the device should only need a small volume and weight and work without its own electrical energy supply and be quick and cheap.
  • the device is arranged outside the detonator in such a way that the microwave signals are transmitted before or during loading of the projectile carrying the detonator into the gun, that the energy signal and data signal are transmitted together and simultaneously, that the device inside the detonator additionally contains a response signal transmitter, that the device outside the detonator additionally has a response signal receiver, that information is transmitted and exchanged in both directions by means of data signal and response signal, and that only one antenna is provided to the detonator and one device outside the detonator for receiving or transmitting energy, data and response signals.
  • gun should be understood to mean both barrel weapons and launcher devices.
  • projectile should be understood to mean any type of ammunition which is capable of carrying an electronic data processing device and detonator electronics and an antenna.
  • the invention makes use of the devices described in DE-A 25 08 201 and in particular DE-A 29 19 753. These are systems that consist of a stationary interrogation device and a mobile answering device.
  • the interrogator has an energy transmitter and an opening code transmitter, which in an opening code memory and possibly one Opening code additional memory sends stored opening code, as well as a license plate receiver and a data processing unit.
  • the responder contains an energy receiver which converts the radiated energy into the power supply for the electronics of the responder.
  • the answering device contains an opening code receiver with a downstream opening code comparator, which compares the code stored in an opening code memory and, if applicable, additional opening code memory with the code received via the radio path. The output signal of the opening code comparator controls a license plate transmitter via an opening code processor.
  • the number plate to be sent by the number plate transmitter via a further radio path to the interrogation device is stored in a number plate memory and possibly in one or more additional number plate memories.
  • the license plate part stored in the additional license plate memory can be changed as desired via radio. Since the radiated energy is naturally small, but the number plate transmitter should emit a response signal that is as high in energy as possible in order to achieve a long range, the signal carrier to be emitted by the number plate transmitter can be generated in the stationary interrogation device and with the energy beam and the opening code to the mobile answering device are transmitted where the response signal carrier is only modulated by the license plate transmitter before it is re-emitted.
  • the entire ammunition is equipped with one responder, if appropriate.
  • the answering device essentially consists of a transmitting and receiving antenna, a rectifier circuit, a code memory and comparator circuit, an igniter electronic circuit and a return device exists, which is designed as an integrated semiconductor circuit, and a battery is not required for the power supply, the spatial dimensions of the answering device can be kept very small by a suitable choice of the transmission and reception frequencies.
  • the proper functioning of the igniter electronics can be carried out at any time, i.e. not only when loading the gun, checked and reported back. In this way, faulty detonators can be retired before they are fired.
  • the antenna on the igniter is circularly polarized.
  • the positional dependence of the data transmission that is normally present is reliably prevented as a result of a linear polarization of both antennas.
  • it would be possible to apply several linearly polarized antennas to the detonator this results in the need to go to extremely high frequencies, since the space on the detonator tip or on the outside of the detonator is generally limited.
  • small antenna dimensions can be achieved, but the power flow is limited by the effective antenna area. Small antenna areas result in a small power flow.
  • the antenna is mounted on the flat front end of the igniter. This arrangement facilitates it for the operating personnel to ensure that the antennas are oriented towards one another for the correct transmission of energy and data; the tip of the projectile must be held in a simple manner in the direction of the setting device next to the gun.
  • connection line between the antenna on the detonator tip and the electronic device inside the detonator is at high accelerations, i.e. when firing the projectile, destructible. This prevents the detonator setting data from being changed by electronic countermeasures by the enemy after the projectile has been fired.
  • the device contains an identifier memory within the igniter, which is loaded with an individual identifier when the igniter setting data is transmitted. While it has hitherto been customary to provide electronic response devices such as radar transponders, etc. with an individual license plate address ex works, in order to be able to address them individually at any time later, this is not absolutely provided in the present invention. Rather, all detonators are preferably "nameless" ex works. When programming the detonator, a consecutive number is assigned as an individual address, so that each detonator can then be addressed, programmed, checked and fired individually.
  • the device contains a filter within the detonator which continuously filters the data signal out of the received signal mixture of energy signal and data signal.
  • a filter within the detonator which continuously filters the data signal out of the received signal mixture of energy signal and data signal.
  • the data exchange between the interrogation device and the answering device of the device used according to the invention for the automatic identification of objects and / or living beings must be secured by suitable measures against opposing location and reprogramming.
  • the opening code memories and comparators provided in the device for the automatic identification of objects and / or living beings and the freely programmable additional memories serve well here.
  • FIG. 1 shows a spatial assignment of an igniter 5 to an igniter programming device 2.
  • This device 2 essentially contains an input / output unit, an energy transmitter, a data transmitter, a response signal receiver and a data processing unit.
  • the response signals from the detonator 5 to the programming device 2 are reported back via a second radio path 7.
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section through the detonator 5.
  • a metal part 10 tapering towards the front can be seen, at the rear end of which a thread 11 is provided, by means of which the detonator 5 can be screwed onto the projectile 4.
  • various cavities 12, 13, 14, which can be used, among other things, to hold the usual igniter components, such as powder charge, fuse, battery, inertia generator, etc., and an electronic circuit 15, for example in the form of a, at a suitable location Integrated semiconductor circuit, which as a signal receiver, ger, data receiver, data processing unit, igniter electronics, license plate memory and response signal transmitter is connected.
  • an antenna line 16 leads to an antenna 18 mounted on the flat front end of the igniter 5.
  • This antenna 18 is a microwave antenna which is applied in stripline technology to an insulating substrate 17 or is designed as a dielectric style radiator.
  • the antenna 18 is designed as a circularly polarized antenna in order to ensure a perfect radio connection without minima of the reception field strength, regardless of the rotational orientation of the igniter to the programming device 2.
  • the antenna line 16 By a suitable design of the antenna line 16 it can be achieved that it breaks off when the projectile is fired, so that the proper functioning, in particular of the detonator electronics, cannot be influenced by electronic measures by the enemy.
  • Fig. 3 shows in the form of a block diagram the internal structure of the programming device 2 and the electronic circuit 15 in the igniter.
  • the programming device 2 contains an energy transmitter 21 which emits an energy beam 6.1.
  • a data signal transmitter 25, which is modulated by a data signal generator 24, is also located in the interrogation device 2.
  • the data signal generator receives its information, inter alia, from a label memory 27 and from a monitoring device 26. It also provides its information to a data processing unit 23.
  • the data processing unit 23 also receives information from a response signal receiver 22 which receives response signals from the detonator circuit 15 via the radio path 7.
  • the signals received by the response signal receiver 22 will be in data processing 23 evaluated, compared with the data from the code generator 24 and displayed if necessary. If the data processing unit 23 detects an error, this is evaluated in the monitoring device 26 and, for example, a repetition of the programming process is triggered.
  • an energy receiver 151 which converts the energy radiated by the energy transmitter 21 into a supply voltage for the other modules.
  • the data signal transmitted via radio path 6.2 is received by a data signal receiver 152, demodulated and sent to a data processing unit 153. Depending on which signal was received, this causes the ignition electronics 154 to be set, the functionality to be checked and the determined data to be retransmitted.
  • a response signal generator 155 is used, which modulates a response signal transmitter 157 accordingly.
  • a central clock generator 156 obtains the clock for all data processing operations from the signals received by the data signal receiver 152 and distributes this to the individual modules.
  • radio paths 6.1, 6.2 and 7 shown separately in the drawing for clarity can be used in practice with the help of only one ; single antenna are respectively broadcast or received in the programming device 2 or at the igniter 5.
  • By transmitting information in both directions it is possible to check the high-frequency transmission, to transmit and check the programmed data back and to check the proper functioning of the detonator logic (eg timer).
  • Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a receiving circuit for energy signal and data signal in the microwave area.
  • a carrier plate made of dielectric 42 suitable for high frequency, e.g. made of aluminum oxide, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc. with a full-surface rear metallization 43.
  • the flat front end of the igniter itself can serve as the rear metallization 43, for example.
  • a receiving antenna 45 in the form of a square metal surface is located on the dielectric 42.
  • Two diodes 46 are connected from antenna 45 to further metal surfaces 47.
  • the metal surfaces 47 are connected via conductor connections 48 to further metal surfaces 49, from which connecting wires 410 are led to a semiconductor circuit 44.
  • the two metal surfaces 47, 49 and the connecting conductor 48 form a CLC circuit which acts as a sieve circuit and sieves and smoothes the microwave energy received by the receiving antenna 45 and rectified in the diodes 46, so that it is suitable as an operating voltage for the semiconductor circuit 44 .
  • a coupling arrangement 411 in the form of an LC series circuit can also be seen. With the aid of this coupling arrangement 411, a modulation energy transmitted with the microwaves and received by the receiving antenna 45 is coupled out at the output of the diodes 46 and is fed directly to the semiconductor circuit 44 as a data signal.
  • the antennas are advantageously arranged in the case of an igniter on the igniter tip, while the other components are arranged in a protected manner inside the igniter. As already described, the connection is made via the Antenna feed line.
  • FIG. 5 shows the electrical circuit diagram of the receiving circuit shown in FIG. 4.
  • One of the two connections of the receiving antenna 55 acts as an electrical center and the two diodes 56.1, 56.2 are connected to the other connection in a voltage doubler circuit.
  • Coupling arrangement 511 is also coupled to the output of diode 56.2, which couples out the modulation received with the microwaves from the signal mixture present at filter capacitor 57.2 and leads it to semiconductor circuit 44 as a data signal ui nf .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Fuses (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
EP82111483A 1981-12-18 1982-12-10 Installation pour régler et/ou contrôler le fonctionnement de la mise à feu d'un projectile Withdrawn EP0082445A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19813150172 DE3150172A1 (de) 1981-12-18 1981-12-18 Einrichtung zum einstellen und/oder ueberwachen der wirkungsweise eines geschosszuenders
DE3150172 1981-12-18

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0082445A2 true EP0082445A2 (fr) 1983-06-29
EP0082445A3 EP0082445A3 (fr) 1984-03-28

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EP82111483A Withdrawn EP0082445A3 (fr) 1981-12-18 1982-12-10 Installation pour régler et/ou contrôler le fonctionnement de la mise à feu d'un projectile

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US (1) US4495851A (fr)
EP (1) EP0082445A3 (fr)
JP (1) JPS58111000A (fr)
DE (1) DE3150172A1 (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4632031A (en) * 1983-04-11 1986-12-30 The Commonwealth Of Australia Programmable electronic delay fuse
DE3625302A1 (de) * 1986-07-25 1988-02-04 Diehl Gmbh & Co Verfahren und einrichtung fuer eine funktionstest von eleketrischen munitions-zuendkreisen
GB2198815A (en) * 1986-12-11 1988-06-22 Seat Bourges Sa Optically programmable projectile and weapon system
WO1990003549A1 (fr) * 1988-09-20 1990-04-05 Cableries & Trefileries De Cossonay Dispositif d'armement et de tempage d'une fusee pour une munition a tirer par un lanceur, en particulier par un lanceur automatique
FR2704639A1 (fr) * 1991-11-07 1994-11-04 Gen Electric Système de réglage de fusée électronique pour une munition de canon.
EP0992762A1 (fr) * 1998-10-08 2000-04-12 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Procédé et dispositif pour transmettre des informations à un projectile programmable
EP1742010A1 (fr) * 2005-07-07 2007-01-10 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH Projectile non-letal avec fusée programmable ou réglable
WO2017206978A1 (fr) * 2016-05-30 2017-12-07 Atlas Elektronik Gmbh Dispositif d'indication d'état d'un système de mise à feu, module de lecture, détonateur, munition et procédé de contrôle et/ou de récupération d'une munition
CN109297376A (zh) * 2018-11-22 2019-02-01 北京遥感设备研究所 一种近场探测成像引信的滑轨试验系统
RU2740886C1 (ru) * 2020-07-29 2021-01-21 Акционерное общество "Государственный научно-исследовательский институт машиностроения имени В.В. Бахирева" (АО "ГосНИИмаш") Устройство инициирования боеприпаса для баллистического стенда

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US4724766A (en) * 1984-03-16 1988-02-16 Isc Technologies, Inc. Cluster bomb system and method
US4799429A (en) * 1984-03-30 1989-01-24 Isc Technologies, Inc. Programming circuit for individual bomblets in a cluster bomb
US4686885A (en) * 1986-04-17 1987-08-18 Motorola, Inc. Apparatus and method of safe and arming munitions
US4985922A (en) * 1988-07-27 1991-01-15 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Signal and power transmission through a wall
US5241892A (en) * 1989-07-28 1993-09-07 Accudyne Corporation Method and apparatus for time setting ballistic fuzes
US5387917A (en) * 1992-12-11 1995-02-07 Honeywell Inc. Radar fuze
FR2709875B1 (fr) * 1993-09-06 1995-11-24 Aerospatiale Conteneur pour l'emballage d'un objet pourvu d'un dispositif de transmission radioélectrique et élément amovible pour un tel conteneur.
US5497704A (en) * 1993-12-30 1996-03-12 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Multifunctional magnetic fuze
US6557450B1 (en) * 2002-02-13 2003-05-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Power indicating setter system for inductively-fuzed munitions
FR2836991B1 (fr) * 2002-03-08 2006-05-19 Alkan Sa Dispositif electro-pyrotechnique de securite pour munition et son procede de commande
US6666123B1 (en) * 2002-05-30 2003-12-23 Raytheon Company Method and apparatus for energy and data retention in a guided projectile
US7591225B1 (en) * 2005-10-27 2009-09-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Fuze module
US7926402B2 (en) * 2006-11-29 2011-04-19 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Method and apparatus for munition timing and munitions incorporating same
US8003474B2 (en) * 2008-08-15 2011-08-23 International Business Machines Corporation Electrically programmable fuse and fabrication method
DE102010006529B4 (de) 2010-02-01 2013-12-12 Rheinmetall Air Defence Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Übertragung von Energie auf ein Projektil
DE102010006530B4 (de) * 2010-02-01 2013-12-19 Rheinmetall Air Defence Ag Programmierbare Munition
WO2013044275A1 (fr) * 2011-09-22 2013-03-28 Detnet South Africa (Pty) Ltd Communication d'un dispositif détonateur
DE102012022894A1 (de) * 2012-11-23 2014-05-28 Gabriele Lisa Trinkel Verfahren und System zur Personalisierung und Energieversorgung von Geschosse und Geschossabgabesysteme
CN103471474B (zh) * 2013-09-12 2015-12-30 贵州航天电子科技有限公司 一种小型化雷达引信结构
EP3077725B1 (fr) 2013-12-02 2018-05-30 Austin Star Detonator Company Procédé et appareil d'abattage à l'explosif sans fil
KR101545266B1 (ko) * 2013-12-24 2015-08-18 주식회사 풍산 신관 장입기 및 신관 장입 방법
JP6320898B2 (ja) 2014-10-27 2018-05-09 株式会社日立ハイテクサイエンス Ｘ線発生源及び蛍光ｘ線分析装置
ES2631729B1 (es) * 2016-03-02 2018-06-21 Jonatan BUSTO RODRIGUEZ Granada simulada para juegos de airsoft
DE102019102722A1 (de) * 2019-02-04 2020-08-06 Ruag Ammotec Gmbh Geschoss mit einem Kaliber von weniger als 13 mm und System zum Nachverfolgen eines Geschosses

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DE2506144A1 (de) * 1975-02-14 1976-08-26 Bjoern Bluethgen Nachrichtenkommunikationssystem
US4160416A (en) * 1978-04-20 1979-07-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Programmed self-destruct system for a munition

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4632031A (en) * 1983-04-11 1986-12-30 The Commonwealth Of Australia Programmable electronic delay fuse
DE3625302A1 (de) * 1986-07-25 1988-02-04 Diehl Gmbh & Co Verfahren und einrichtung fuer eine funktionstest von eleketrischen munitions-zuendkreisen
US4776277A (en) * 1986-07-25 1988-10-11 Diehl Gmbh & Co. Method and arrangement for implementing an operational test on electrically-actuatable ignition circuits for ammunition
GB2198815A (en) * 1986-12-11 1988-06-22 Seat Bourges Sa Optically programmable projectile and weapon system
GB2198815B (en) * 1986-12-11 1990-04-18 Seat Bourges Sa Optically programmable projectile and weapon system
WO1990003549A1 (fr) * 1988-09-20 1990-04-05 Cableries & Trefileries De Cossonay Dispositif d'armement et de tempage d'une fusee pour une munition a tirer par un lanceur, en particulier par un lanceur automatique
FR2704639A1 (fr) * 1991-11-07 1994-11-04 Gen Electric Système de réglage de fusée électronique pour une munition de canon.
EP0992762A1 (fr) * 1998-10-08 2000-04-12 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Procédé et dispositif pour transmettre des informations à un projectile programmable
US6422119B1 (en) 1998-10-08 2002-07-23 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Method and device for transferring information to programmable projectiles
EP1742010A1 (fr) * 2005-07-07 2007-01-10 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH Projectile non-letal avec fusée programmable ou réglable
WO2017206978A1 (fr) * 2016-05-30 2017-12-07 Atlas Elektronik Gmbh Dispositif d'indication d'état d'un système de mise à feu, module de lecture, détonateur, munition et procédé de contrôle et/ou de récupération d'une munition
CN109297376A (zh) * 2018-11-22 2019-02-01 北京遥感设备研究所 一种近场探测成像引信的滑轨试验系统
RU2740886C1 (ru) * 2020-07-29 2021-01-21 Акционерное общество "Государственный научно-исследовательский институт машиностроения имени В.В. Бахирева" (АО "ГосНИИмаш") Устройство инициирования боеприпаса для баллистического стенда

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0082445A3 (fr) 1984-03-28
JPS58111000A (ja) 1983-07-01
DE3150172A1 (de) 1983-06-30
US4495851A (en) 1985-01-29

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