EP0079511B2 - Zylinderkopf einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine - Google Patents

Zylinderkopf einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0079511B2
EP0079511B2 EP82110057A EP82110057A EP0079511B2 EP 0079511 B2 EP0079511 B2 EP 0079511B2 EP 82110057 A EP82110057 A EP 82110057A EP 82110057 A EP82110057 A EP 82110057A EP 0079511 B2 EP0079511 B2 EP 0079511B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
exhaust passage
liner
cylinder head
exhaust
valve
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82110057A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0079511B1 (de
EP0079511A1 (de
Inventor
David William Niedert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Deere and Co
Original Assignee
Deere and Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=23249353&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0079511(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Deere and Co filed Critical Deere and Co
Priority to AT82110057T priority Critical patent/ATE12974T1/de
Publication of EP0079511A1 publication Critical patent/EP0079511A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0079511B1 publication Critical patent/EP0079511B1/de
Publication of EP0079511B2 publication Critical patent/EP0079511B2/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
    • F02F1/4264—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads of exhaust channels
    • F02F1/4271—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads of exhaust channels with an exhaust liner
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
    • F01N13/14—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having thermal insulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1805—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
    • F02B77/02—Surface coverings of combustion-gas-swept parts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
    • F02F1/4264—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads of exhaust channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/244—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/247—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads the valve stems being orientated in parallel with the cylinder axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
    • F02F1/4264—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads of exhaust channels
    • F02F2001/4278—Exhaust collectors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/4927—Cylinder, cylinder head or engine valve sleeve making
    • Y10T29/49272—Cylinder, cylinder head or engine valve sleeve making with liner, coating, or sleeve
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49298—Poppet or I.C. engine valve or valve seat making
    • Y10T29/49314—Poppet or I.C. engine valve or valve seat making with assembly or composite article making

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, with an exhaust port extending in the cylinder head, which is curved in an arc shape, has an at least approximately constant radius of curvature and with its first end in a cylinder of an engine block to be connected and with its second end in an exhaust manifold to be connected, in which In the region of the first end of the exhaust duct, a valve seat is arranged, which is aligned with a valve passage formed in the cylinder head, which opens into the exhaust duct, into which an insert tube is inserted, which has its first end next to the valve seat, from here via a bent insert tube Section extends over most of the outlet duct with a radius of curvature substantially corresponding to the radius of curvature of the outlet duct and with a smaller outer diameter compared to the inner diameter of the outlet duct, with its other end at least until extends to the second end of the outlet channel, encloses with its outer surface together with the wall of the outlet channel a largely uniform air insulation layer and has
  • insert tubes have been used for some time, which are installed in the exhaust duct of an internal combustion engine. It is known that maintaining the highest possible temperature in the exhaust gases increases the efficiency of a turbocharger, a catalytic converter or a thermal reactor. This, in turn, improves fuel recovery, reducing the amount of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide that are blown into the atmosphere.
  • the bent insert pipe section extends from the valve seat to the second end of the outlet channel and then merges into a flange of larger diameter, which is provided with through-holes through which bolts for fastening the exhaust manifold are guided. This screw connection fixes the insert tube which can subsequently be inserted into the outlet duct.
  • the flange molded onto the insert tube in the embodiment described above is disadvantageous: heat is drawn off from the curved region of the insert tube into the flange region, which arrangement acts like a cooling plate.
  • heat is drawn off from the curved region of the insert tube into the flange region, which arrangement acts like a cooling plate.
  • special insulation must be provided on both sides of the flange. This increases costs and complicates assembly.
  • the production of insert tubes with a molded flange is relatively complex.
  • the invention has for its object to improve the cylinder head of the embodiment described above so that the heat loss in the exhaust gases is reduced, but nevertheless a simple and in particular mechanical assembly of the insert tube is possible.
  • bent insert tube section is followed by a straight insert tube section which extends at least to the second end of the outlet channel and has an outside diameter which is smaller than the inside diameter of the outlet duct.
  • a valve guide is pressed into the valve passage from the outside, which projects through the valve passage opening of the insert tube and receives the stem of a valve interacting with the valve seat. Since, according to the invention, the bent insert tube section now extends over the largest part of the outlet channel, it would not be possible during assembly of the insert tube to insert it with its straight section ahead into the second end of the outlet channel. Because the front end of the insert tube would already hit the wall of the outlet channel after a very short insertion path and jam with further feed.
  • the straight section of the insert pipe extends beyond the second end of the exhaust duct and thus forms a push-on end for the exhaust manifold to be connected.
  • the insert pipe thus protrudes into the connection duct of the exhaust manifold, thus bridging the joint between the cylinder head and the exhaust manifold and thus additionally improving the insulating effect.
  • the connection duct of the exhaust manifold can directly grip the projecting end of the insert pipe, the exact position of the insert pipe can be fixed within the second end of the exhaust duct by attaching the exhaust manifold.
  • an insulating holder On the end of the insert tube protruding from the second end of the exhaust duct, an insulating holder can also be pushed, which is fixed between the cylinder head and the exhaust manifold. It is expediently penetrated by the screws securing the exhaust manifold to the cylinder head.
  • the insulating bracket already ensures the exact alignment of the insert pipe end within the second end of the exhaust duct.
  • annular shoulder is provided for receiving the first end of the insert tube next to the valve seat, which shoulder forms a fit for the correct arrangement of the insert tube and ensures the alignment of its valve passage opening with the valve passage.
  • This shoulder can advantageously taper conically towards the valve seat, so that the insertion of the front end of the insert tube into the fit is simplified during assembly and can therefore also be carried out mechanically.
  • an inwardly projecting shoulder can be provided in the outlet channel, the inside diameter of which is only slightly larger than the outside diameter of the straight section of the insert tube. This shoulder represents an additional installation lock against incorrect assembly of the insert tube. Because if the insert tube were inserted with its straight section ahead into the second end of the outlet channel, the narrowing caused by the shoulder mentioned would quickly push the front end of the insert tube against ensure the wall of the outlet channel, since the insert tube in the second end of the outlet channel can practically not be tilted at all.
  • FIG. 1 shows a detail of a cylinder head 10 of a combustion crane machine, not shown.
  • an exhaust duct 12 In the cylinder head 10, an exhaust duct 12, a cooling duct 14 and a cylindrical valve passage 16 are arranged, which opens into the exhaust duct 12.
  • the latter is curved in an arc shape and has a first end 18 opening into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, not shown, and a second end 20 opening into an exhaust manifold 22 to be connected.
  • the inside diameter of the outlet channel 12 is largely constant over its length with the following exceptions: Immediately next to the first end 18 of the outlet channel 12 there is an annular shoulder 24 which tapers conically towards the end; next to the inner end of the valve passage 16, a step 26 is provided; next to the second end 20 of the outlet channel 12 there is a further annular shoulder 28.
  • valve seat 30 is provided, which is fixed in the cylinder head 10 via a press fit.
  • This valve seat 30 serves as a stop for the first end of an insert tube 32 arranged in the outlet channel 12.
  • the latter consists of a thin stainless steel tube with a wall thickness of approximately one millimeter.
  • This insert tube 32 is composed of a curved section 34 and a straight section 36, the curved section 34 corresponding approximately to the curvature of the outlet channel 12 and extending approximately 90 °.
  • a valve passage opening 38 is provided in the outer wall of the bent section 34 of the insert tube 32 (see FIG. 2), which is aligned with the valve passage 16 when the insert tube 32 abuts against the valve seat 30 with its first end and within the outlet channel 12 its predetermined position occupies.
  • the insert tube 32 is inserted with its bent section 34 first into the second end 20 of the outlet channel 12.
  • the annular shoulder 28 the inside diameter of which is only slightly larger than the outside diameter of the insert tube 32, prevents the insert tube 32 from being inserted with its straight section 36 ahead. Because after the latter had passed the shoulder 28, it would hit the inner wall of the outlet duct 12; tilting or pivoting of the insert tube would be prevented by the shoulder 28.
  • the first end of the insert tube 32 comes into the area of the to the valve seat 30 tapered shoulder 24, which leads the front end of the bent insert tube section 34 against the surface of the valve seat 30 and holds there; the valve seat 30 thus forms a stop for the correct installation of the insert tube 32. In this position, the
  • a valve guide 40 with a bore 42 can then be pressed into the valve passage 16 from above until the lower end 44 of the valve guide projects completely through the valve passage opening 38.
  • the valve guide 40 thus locks the insert tube 32 within the outlet channel 12.
  • the stem 46 of a valve 48, which cooperates with the valve seat 30, is displaceably guided in the bore 42 mentioned.
  • the valve 48 When the valve 48 is open, the exhaust gases flow from the combustion chamber of the machine at a temperature of 600 ° to 700 ° C. through the insert pipe 32 to the exhaust manifold 22.
  • an insulating bracket 52 can be provided between the cylinder head 10 and the exhaust manifold 22, which is pushed onto the protruding end of the insert tube 32 and is fixed by screws 54 which fix the exhaust manifold 22 to the cylinder head 10.
  • This insulating holder 52 forms the second bearing of the insert tube 32 and ensures that an essentially uniform, annularly shaped air insulating channel 55 is formed between the outer lateral surface of the insert tube 32 and the wall of the outlet channel 12.
  • the insulating holder 52 preferably consists of a stainless steel sheet 56, which is embedded between two heat-resistant elements 58, 60.
  • the annular air channel 55 forms excellent insulation, which reduces the heat loss of the exhaust gases flowing through in accordance with the arrow shown.
  • Figure 1 shows that the smooth, uniformly curved insert tube 32 favors the flow and expansion of the exhaust gases.
  • a coolant e.g. B. water

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
EP82110057A 1981-11-13 1982-10-30 Zylinderkopf einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine Expired EP0079511B2 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82110057T ATE12974T1 (de) 1981-11-13 1982-10-30 Zylinderkopf einer verbrennungskraftmaschine.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/321,141 US4430856A (en) 1981-11-13 1981-11-13 Port liner and method of assembly
US321141 1981-11-13

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0079511A1 EP0079511A1 (de) 1983-05-25
EP0079511B1 EP0079511B1 (de) 1985-04-24
EP0079511B2 true EP0079511B2 (de) 1987-10-14

Family

ID=23249353

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82110057A Expired EP0079511B2 (de) 1981-11-13 1982-10-30 Zylinderkopf einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US4430856A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0079511B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5891349A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) ATE12974T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU550495B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR8206426A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1201341A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3263294D1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES517313A0 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
MX (1) MX157962A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA828295B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Families Citing this family (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4644747A (en) * 1986-02-10 1987-02-24 General Motors Corporation Low-stress shielded exhaust passage assemblies
DE3743851C1 (de) * 1987-12-23 1989-05-03 Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh Abgasleitung fuer eine Brennkraftmaschine
US5150572A (en) * 1991-02-21 1992-09-29 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Insulated exhaust port liner
SE9200871L (sv) * 1991-05-01 1992-11-02 Outboard Marine Corp Foerfarande och anordning foer framstaellning av upplagningsanordning uppvisande insats paa plats utnyttjande en precisionsgjutningsprocess
US5239956A (en) * 1991-06-07 1993-08-31 Detroit Diesel Corporation Internal combustion engine cylinder heads and similar articles of manufacture and methods of manufacturing same
US5414993A (en) * 1993-12-22 1995-05-16 Caterpillar Inc. Exhaust port liner and seal assembly
JP2001132444A (ja) * 1999-11-04 2001-05-15 Honda Motor Co Ltd 内燃機関の排気ポート構造
DE10017968C1 (de) * 2000-04-11 2001-07-05 Daimler Chrysler Ag Im Zylinderkopf einer Brennkraftmaschine angeordneter Auslasskanal
DE10130408A1 (de) * 2001-06-23 2003-01-02 Daimler Chrysler Ag Zylinderkopf einer Brennkraftmaschine
DE10231378A1 (de) * 2002-07-11 2004-01-22 Daimlerchrysler Ag Zylinderkopf einer Brennkraftmaschine
US6817334B2 (en) * 2002-11-22 2004-11-16 Caterpillar Inc Intake port sleeve for an internal combustion engine
NZ526361A (en) * 2003-05-30 2006-02-24 Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd Compressor improvements
US20060083609A1 (en) * 2004-10-14 2006-04-20 Augspurger Murray D Fluid cooled marine turbine housing
US7305763B2 (en) * 2005-07-26 2007-12-11 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Hydroformed port liner
WO2008127684A2 (en) * 2007-04-13 2008-10-23 Metaldyne Company Llc Cylinder head
JP5218497B2 (ja) * 2009-12-04 2013-06-26 株式会社デンソー 半導体装置およびその製造方法
US8683973B2 (en) 2010-10-12 2014-04-01 Briggs & Stratton Corporation Intake runner for an internal combustion engine
JP5211184B2 (ja) * 2011-02-08 2013-06-12 株式会社日本自動車部品総合研究所 排気冷却用アダプタ
US9121370B2 (en) 2011-11-15 2015-09-01 Denso Corporation Combustion system
JP5621752B2 (ja) * 2011-11-15 2014-11-12 株式会社デンソー 燃焼システム
JP7040977B2 (ja) * 2018-03-29 2022-03-23 本田技研工業株式会社 吸気ポート構造
CN109184936A (zh) * 2018-10-29 2019-01-11 天津中恒动力研究院有限公司 排气结构和发动机
AT522795B1 (de) * 2019-10-07 2021-02-15 Avl List Gmbh Zylinderkopf einer brennkraftmaschine
US11486293B2 (en) * 2020-08-28 2022-11-01 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Exhaust structure of internal combustion engine
CN112610321A (zh) * 2020-12-09 2021-04-06 一汽解放汽车有限公司 一种发动机排气道隔热装置及车辆

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2260656A (en) * 1940-02-27 1941-10-28 Kenyon F Lee Exhaust port liner
GB873135A (en) * 1956-08-01 1961-07-19 Marc Marie Paul Rene De La Fou Improvements in or relating to engine exhaust systems
GB1151561A (en) * 1965-01-22 1969-05-07 Henry Weslake Improvements in or relating to Internal Combustion Engines
DE2323793C2 (de) * 1973-05-11 1983-03-17 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG, 5000 Köln Auslaß- und/oder Einlaßkanal eines Zylinderkopfes für luftgekühlte Hubkolbenbrennkraftmaschinen
DE2423507A1 (de) * 1974-05-15 1975-11-27 Audi Nsu Auto Union Ag Brennkraftmaschine mit mindestens einem auslasskanal
JPS5338727Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1974-10-25 1978-09-20
JPS51135206U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1975-04-22 1976-11-01
FR2308787A1 (fr) * 1975-04-22 1976-11-19 Honda Motor Co Ltd Perfectionnements aux moteurs a combustion interne
US4258547A (en) * 1975-06-05 1981-03-31 Chrysler Corporation Engine cylinder head having thermal insulation in a coolant passage adjacent an exhaust outlet
JPS51157705U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1975-06-09 1976-12-15
JPS5231217A (en) * 1975-09-04 1977-03-09 Honda Motor Co Ltd Exhaust reaction device for internal-combustion engine
DE2602434A1 (de) * 1976-01-23 1977-07-28 Daimler Benz Ag Im zylinderkopf einer brennkraftmaschine befindliche gasfuehrungskanaele und deren herstellung
US4086763A (en) * 1976-04-13 1978-05-02 Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Thermal reactor system for internal combustion engine
US4197704A (en) * 1976-06-11 1980-04-15 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust manifold for internal combustion engine
US4195478A (en) * 1977-11-09 1980-04-01 Ford Motor Company Low cost insertable type port liner
JPS555727U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1978-06-29 1980-01-16

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA828295B (en) 1984-06-27
BR8206426A (pt) 1983-09-27
CA1201341A (en) 1986-03-04
JPS5891349A (ja) 1983-05-31
DE3263294D1 (en) 1985-05-30
EP0079511B1 (de) 1985-04-24
US4430856A (en) 1984-02-14
AU8920182A (en) 1983-05-19
ATE12974T1 (de) 1985-05-15
ES8400795A1 (es) 1983-11-01
AU550495B2 (en) 1986-03-20
EP0079511A1 (de) 1983-05-25
MX157962A (es) 1988-12-28
JPH042791B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1992-01-20
ES517313A0 (es) 1983-11-01

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