EP0072118B1 - Structural member for use in piling - Google Patents

Structural member for use in piling Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0072118B1
EP0072118B1 EP82303830A EP82303830A EP0072118B1 EP 0072118 B1 EP0072118 B1 EP 0072118B1 EP 82303830 A EP82303830 A EP 82303830A EP 82303830 A EP82303830 A EP 82303830A EP 0072118 B1 EP0072118 B1 EP 0072118B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pair
arms
flange portions
portions
angle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82303830A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0072118A1 (en
Inventor
Robin Dawson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dawson Construction Plant Ltd
Original Assignee
Dawson Construction Plant Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Dawson Construction Plant Ltd filed Critical Dawson Construction Plant Ltd
Publication of EP0072118A1 publication Critical patent/EP0072118A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0072118B1 publication Critical patent/EP0072118B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/02—Sheet piles or sheet pile bulkheads
    • E02D5/03—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles
    • E02D5/04—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles made of steel
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/02—Sheet piles or sheet pile bulkheads
    • E02D5/03—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles
    • E02D5/04—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles made of steel
    • E02D5/08—Locking forms; Edge joints; Pile crossings; Branch pieces
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0434—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the open cross-section free of enclosed cavities
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0439—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the cross-section comprising open parts and hollow parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/046—L- or T-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0473—U- or C-shaped

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a piling structure and a locking bar for use therein.
  • the invention has particular application to piling having greater rigidity than conventional piling, but is not limited to high rigidity piling.
  • FIGS. 1a and 1b of the accompanying drawings show in plan view piling which is formed wholly or partly, respectively, of such boxes.
  • Figures 1c and 1 ⁇ show the main structural members, 1,2 of which the piling of Figures 1a and 1b is formed, and
  • Figure 1e shows an interlock 4 which is used to connect together those stuctural members.
  • the structural members 1 and 2 have lips 3 formed thereon for engagement by the interlock 4.
  • the lips 3 are formed during the hot-rolling process in which the structural members themselves are formed. Rolling the lips 3 is very difficult, as in order to produce an even lip on each edge it is essential to prevent any "float" in the rolls. If any such float occurs the lips are uneven and connect poorly with the interlock 4.
  • a special roll configuration is required for each shape and size of structural member. This adds very considerably to the cost of the structural members and makes it uneconomic for any manufacturer to produce more than a limited range of different sizes and shapes. This in turn considerably limits the range of uses to which this form of piling can be put.
  • DE-C-593825 discloses a piling structure in which a plurality of elongate, structural members are connected together by locking bars to form a piling structure.
  • Each structural member comprises at least one longitudinal generally planar flange having, on a longitudinal edge thereof, a plurality of first flange portions and a plurality of second flange portions, said first and second flange portions alternating with one another and at least said first flange portions being deformed out of the said plane of the flange and lying at an angle to said second flange portions.
  • the locking bar has a cross-section which has the general form of an H and comprises a first pair of arms, a second pair of arms and a cross piece connecting the first and second pair of arms together, thereby to define a pair of slots whose width decreases outwardly, each slot receiving the longtitudinal edge of a respective structural member thereby to connect adjacent structural members together, the cross piece being defined by a pair of surfaces which each face into a respective one of said slots. These surfaces are planar. This has the result that the piling structure allows water to pass from one side to the other.
  • a locking bar characterized by the features set out in the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • first and second flange portions are deformed they may be deformed in the same direction but through a different angle, or they may be deformed in the opposite direction.
  • flange as used herein is intended to cover any free edge portion which can be deformed as aforesaid.
  • the invention also provides a piling structure comprising a plurality of elongate structural members connected together by at least one locking bar according to the invention.
  • FIG 2 shows an I-section beam 5 having a pair of flanges 6a and 6b and an opposed pair of flanges 6c and 6d.
  • the edges of the flanges have portions 7 which are deformed out of the plane of the remainder of the flange, alternating with portions 8 which are not deformed in this way.
  • the deformed portions are referred to below as crimps, since the process by which they can most conveniently be formed is analogous to crimping.
  • the crimps are indicated only along part of the length of the flanges 6c and 6d, but it is to be understood that in practice they would be present along the whole length of each of these flanges as well as along the whole length of each of flanges 6a and 6b if interlocking is required on both flanges.
  • the angle of crimping that is to say the angle between the planes of the portions 7 and 8, may vary according to circumstances, but can conveniently be from 15 to 45 degrees, preferably from 20 to 30 degrees.
  • the length of the portions 7 and 8 can also vary, but each of these may conveniently be, for example, from 25 to 100 mm, preferably 75 mm.
  • the pitch length of the crimping i.e. the distance between the centres of adjacent crimped portions is preferably from 100 to 300 mm.
  • the crimps 7 can be formed in a cold process, for example, by use of a hydraulically operated ram acting on a beam held in an appropriate jig.
  • the formation of the crimps is not an integral part of the process of the formation of the beam itself and the crimps can be formed on the flanges of any flanged beam which it may be desired to use in the formation of piling. Accordingly, it is a straight-forward matter to produce structural members with crimps formed thereon in a very wide variety of sizes and shapes, according to particular requirements of a customer.
  • the versatility of the present invention is illustrated later on in this description by reference to some of the types of piling which can be produced using the invention.
  • each flange has the appearance, as viewed end on, of a divergent wedge.
  • Figure 3 also shows a locking bar 9 for locking together two flanges.
  • the two flanges have been shown as being of different thicknesses, the left hand flange being thicker than the right hand flange, though it will be appreciated that in normal operation the two flanges joined by a given locking bar would be of the same thickness, though they need not be.
  • the locking bar 9 has the general shape of an H, with the inner faces 10a and 11 a of two of the arms 10 and 11 running generally perpendicular to the cross piece 12, and the inner faces 13a and 14a of the remaining two arms 13 and 14 being angled towards the arms 10 and 11.
  • the arms thus define a pair of slots whose width decreases outwardly. The strength of the crimps is sufficient to prevent the flanges being pulled laterally out of the locking bar except in extreme conditions of pile driving in hard ground.
  • Figure 4 shows a section of piling formed from I-beams 5 with crimped flanges, and locking bars 9. It will be seen that the piling consists of a succession of hollow box-shaped portions.
  • Figure 4a is similar to Figure 4 except that it uses deeper I-beams 5', alternating with T-beams 5". -The structure of Figure 4a uses less steel than that of Figure 4 whilst having comparable strength.
  • Figure 5 shows piling similar to Figure 4, but arranged to follow a curve. This is achieved by cutting off the edges of the flanges 6a and 6b, for example by a plasma cutter, before the crimps are formed thereon.
  • FIG. 6 shows yet another form of piling, this time a form in which there is a right angle.
  • This is achieved by the use of an angle iron 15 on the edges of which are formed crimps similar to those described above with reference to Figure 2.
  • the angle iron 15 forms the inside of the corner, and the outside of the corner is formed by a section 16 which has a central portion 17 and two outer portions 18 directed at 45° to the portion 17.
  • the outer edges of the portions 18 are formed with crimps in the same manner as the angle iron 15.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a locking bar 9' which is arranged to enable the production of piling having a substantially flush surface.
  • the flanges which are engaged by the locking member 9' have crimps 7' alternating with crimps 7" which take the place of the uncrimped portions 8 in Figure 2.
  • the crimps 7' have a larger crimping angle than the crimps 7" so as to produce the wedge effect described above.
  • the piling thus formed has a substantially flush face 19. This is particularly desirable in certain applications.
  • FIG. 9 shows I-beams 5 interconnected by a complete Larssen pile 20 and two half-Larssen piles 21 formed by cutting a complete Larssen pile longitudinally down the middle.
  • the piles 20 and 21 interlock with one another by means of the conventional Larssen interlock, whilst the half-Larssen piles 21 interlock with the I-beams 5 by means of crimps formed on the edges thereof and engaged by locking bars 9.
  • Figure 10 shows a piling structure which comprises a plurality of structural members 22 which are in the form of right-angled angle irons, adjacent angle irons being turned through 180° with respect to one another.
  • the free edge portions of the angle irons 22 have crimps 23 formed thereon.
  • the crimps extend outwardly on both sides of the plane of free edge portions. In practice this can be achieved by deforming adjacent sections of the edge in opposite directions, for example, +15° and -15 0 as shown.
  • the free edge portions are held together by locking bars 24 which are shaped to receive the particular form of crimping used.
  • Figure 11 shows a piling structure which is similar to that of Figure 10 except that it uses U-shaped channel sections 25 instead of angle irons.
  • piling can be constructed by forming crimps on the edges of appropriate steel sections.
  • Figures 12 and 13 show a machine for deforming the flanges of a beam to produce a structural member according to the invention.
  • the machine comprises a main frame 30 which carries a pair of hydraulic rams 31.
  • a thrust transmitting member 32 is secured to the lower end of each ram 31.
  • Each thrust transmitting member 32 has a part- spherical lower surface 33 which bears against a corresponding upper surface 34 of a thrust receiving member 35.
  • Each thrust transmitting member 32 is surrounded by a respective collar 40 which serves to raise and hold up the top die block 36 off the beam 4 after crimping as the hydraulic rams 31 retract.
  • the thrust receiving members 35 are mounted on top of an upper die holder 36 which carries a pair of dies 37.
  • a pair of opposite lower die holders 38 carry a pair of dies 39.
  • the dies are horizontally adjustable in their respective holders, this adjustability being necessary to allow for beams of different widths and different flange thickness.
  • FIG. 12 shows part of an I-section beam 5 having flanges 6a and 6b on which crimps are to be formed.
  • the process can be speeded up by having a plurality of pairs of longitudinally spaced dies in a given machine so that a plurality of crimps can be formed simultaneously on each flange.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
EP82303830A 1981-07-31 1982-07-21 Structural member for use in piling Expired EP0072118B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8123543 1981-07-31
GB8123543 1981-07-31

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0072118A1 EP0072118A1 (en) 1983-02-16
EP0072118B1 true EP0072118B1 (en) 1986-05-28

Family

ID=10523618

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82303830A Expired EP0072118B1 (en) 1981-07-31 1982-07-21 Structural member for use in piling

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0072118B1 (xx)
JP (1) JPS5826112A (xx)
AU (1) AU8603582A (xx)
DE (1) DE3271352D1 (xx)
GB (1) GB2103263B (xx)
ZA (1) ZA824897B (xx)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9418826D0 (en) * 1994-09-19 1994-11-09 Dawson Const Plant Ltd Method of piling
LU88743A1 (fr) * 1996-04-17 1997-10-17 Profilarbed Sa Procédé pour raccorder une palplanche à une poutrelle
JPH1025735A (ja) * 1996-07-11 1998-01-27 Yoshihiro Kizu 土留用鋼材
BE1011054A3 (nl) * 1997-03-21 1999-04-06 B A Olivier Betonfabriek En Fu Beschoeiingswand en daarbij gebruikte beschoeiingsplaten.
DE20302716U1 (de) * 2003-02-19 2003-06-18 Wall, Georg, 81375 München Bauelementesatz zum Errichten einer Kombi-Spundwand
LU91043B1 (fr) † 2003-10-14 2005-04-15 Profilarbed Sa Poutrelle pour un rideau de soutènement.
EP1688544A1 (de) 2005-02-02 2006-08-09 PilePro LLC Verbindungsprofil und Kombispundwand mit einem derartigen Verbindungsprofil
DE502005010168D1 (de) 2005-02-02 2010-10-14 Contexo Ag Kombi-Spundwand
DE202005022065U1 (de) 2005-02-02 2013-02-20 Pilepro Llc Kombi-Spundwand
DE202005022056U1 (de) 2005-02-02 2012-12-12 Pilepro Llc Verbindungsprofil und Kombi-Spundwand mit einem derartigen Verbindungsprofil
KR20060110138A (ko) * 2005-04-19 2006-10-24 박종수 에이치 파일을 이용한 벽체 구조물 및 시공방법
FR2889215B1 (fr) * 2005-07-26 2009-03-06 Filtaro Sarl Mur de quai, destine notamment a proteger les berges d'un bord cotier
TWI494486B (zh) * 2011-07-14 2015-08-01 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp 組合鋼板樁、地下連續壁、及組合鋼板樁之再利用方法
JP5737058B2 (ja) * 2011-08-19 2015-06-17 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 Ｈ形鋼矢板
RU2517303C2 (ru) * 2012-04-27 2014-05-27 Сергей Эдуардович Воронин Способ контроля расхождения замкового соединения металлических шпунтовых свай и устройство для его осуществления

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB315402A (en) * 1928-07-13 1930-01-16 Karl Nolte Improvements relating to sheet piling
DE571029C (de) * 1930-09-10 1933-02-23 Fried Krupp Akt Ges Friedrich Schlossverriegelung fuer Spundwandeisen gegen Laengsverschiebung beim Rammen
DE593825C (de) * 1932-12-07 1934-03-05 Fried Krupp Akt Ges Friedrich Aus Stahlbohlen von durchlaufend gleicher Wandstaerke gebildete Spundwaende
US2043891A (en) * 1933-07-31 1936-06-09 Grave Otto Piling
US2018625A (en) * 1933-07-31 1935-10-22 Grave Otto Piling
GB449454A (en) * 1935-03-07 1936-06-26 Krupp Ag Improvements in and relating to z-section sheet metal piles
FR1413209A (fr) * 1964-08-28 1965-10-08 Lorraine Escaut Sa Palplanches et ensembles obtenus par assemblage de ces palplanches
JPS4511228Y1 (xx) * 1965-12-30 1970-05-20
JPS5327790U (xx) * 1976-08-17 1978-03-09
DE2819737A1 (de) * 1978-05-05 1979-11-15 Salzgitter Peine Stahlwerke Spundwandbohle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2103263B (en) 1985-09-25
ZA824897B (en) 1983-09-28
JPS5826112A (ja) 1983-02-16
EP0072118A1 (en) 1983-02-16
GB2103263A (en) 1983-02-16
DE3271352D1 (en) 1986-07-03
AU8603582A (en) 1983-02-03

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