EP0028072A1 - Nickelelektrode, Verfahren zur Herstellung der Nickelelektrode und die Nickelelektrode verwendende elektrochemische Zelle - Google Patents

Nickelelektrode, Verfahren zur Herstellung der Nickelelektrode und die Nickelelektrode verwendende elektrochemische Zelle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0028072A1
EP0028072A1 EP80303365A EP80303365A EP0028072A1 EP 0028072 A1 EP0028072 A1 EP 0028072A1 EP 80303365 A EP80303365 A EP 80303365A EP 80303365 A EP80303365 A EP 80303365A EP 0028072 A1 EP0028072 A1 EP 0028072A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nickel
electrode
cobalt
active material
nickel hydroxide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP80303365A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0028072B1 (de
Inventor
David John Brown
Michael Reid
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ZF International UK Ltd
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Lucas Industries Ltd
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Application filed by Lucas Industries Ltd filed Critical Lucas Industries Ltd
Publication of EP0028072A1 publication Critical patent/EP0028072A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
    • H01M4/32—Nickel oxide or hydroxide electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
    • Y10T29/49115—Electric battery cell making including coating or impregnating

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a nickel electrode particularly, but not exclusively, for use in secondary electrochemical cells (including nickel/cadmium,nickel/ hydrogen, nickel/iron and nickel/zinc cells), and to a method of producing the nickel electrode.
  • the active material of the electrode is contained in a thick, perforated pocket formed of nickel-plated steel.
  • the resulting electrode is highly stable and exhibits a very long cycle life, typically of the order of thousands of cycles.
  • this type of electrode suffers from the problem of being relatively heavy and hence its gravimetric energy density tends to be poor, typically varying between 0.06 and 0.09Ah/gm of active material.
  • sintered nickel electrodes were developed in which nickel powder is sintered at a temperature in the order of 900 ⁇ 1000 C and then is impregnated, either by a chemical or an electrochemical process, with the required active material.
  • sintered nickel electrodes exhibit excellent power performance and improved gravimentric and volumetric energy density as compared with pocket nickel electrodes.
  • the gravimetric energy density of a sintered electrode is of the order of 0.11-0.12 Ah/gm of active material, whereas the volumetric energy density is of the order of 0.35-0.4 Ah/c.c. of active material.
  • Sintered electrodes also exhibit similar cycle lives to pocket electrodes, but suffer from the disadvantage that the production and material costs are high. Pressed electrodes are produr--i by pressing the active material into contact with a current collector and have the advantage that they are both lighter in weight than pocket electrodes and cheaper to produce than sintered electrodes. However, up to now, pressed electrodes have had a relatively short cycle life, typically of the order of several hundred cycles, so that they have not as yet proved viable for large scale production.
  • the active material normally comprises nickel hydroxide as the main constituent, which undergoes the following reversible reaction during discharge and subsequent charging:-
  • the active material may also comprise a binder, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, and a conductive diluent such as graphite or nickel powder.
  • a cobalt compound in the active material.
  • the cobalt compound is in the form of cobalt hydroxide and is present in an amount such that the active material contains between 5 and 8% of cobalt hydroxide by weight of the total weight of nickel hydroxide and cobalt hydroxide.
  • a pressed nickel electrode having improved performance can be obtained by ensuring that the active material contains a cobalt compound produced by precipitation from a cobalt containing solution in contact with already formed nickel hydroxide.
  • Advantageous results are obtained with cobalt additions equal to or less than 3% of the total weight of the nickel hydroxide and cobalt compound and hence, in view of the high cost of cobalt, in practice the upper limit of the cobalt addition will be 3 or less of the total weight of the cobalt compound and nickel hydroxide.
  • the resultant electrode is found to have an improved gravimetric energy density as high as 0.2Ah/g, an excellent high rate performance, efficiency and cycle life, and to reach its full capacity after a small number of discharging and charging cycles.
  • the percentage utilization of the nickel hydroxide is found to be as high as 130%.
  • the invention resides in one aspect in a nickel electrode comprising a current collector and active material pressed into physical and electrical contact with the current collector, the active material comprising nickel hydroxide, an organic binder, a conductive diluent arid a cobalt compound, the cobalt compound having been precipitated from a cobalt-containing solution in contact with the already-formed nickel hydroxide.
  • the precipitation of the cobalt compound can be effected before or after the nickel hydroxide is mixed with the other constituents of the active material. In the latter case, the precipitation of the cobalt compound can be effected before or after the active material is pressed into contact with the current collector.
  • the cobalt compound may be cobalt hydroxide precipitated by the addition of an alkali metal hydroxide to the cobalt-containing solution, or may be a basic cobalt carbonate precipitated by addition of an alkali metal carbonate to the solution,
  • the weight of the cobalt compound present in the active material is less than or equal to 3% of the total weight of the nickel hydroxide and the cobalt compound.
  • the weight of the cobalt compound present is between 1 and 2% of the total weight of nickel hydroxide and the cobalt compound.
  • the organic binder is polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the preferred amount of polytetrafluoroethylene is 1 wt% of the active material since increasing the polytetrafluoroethylene content above 1% to 5% by weight results in no significant difference in the electrochemical performance of the electrode, but increases the cost of the electrode and reduces the amount of nickel hydroxide present for a given weight of active material.
  • satisfactory electrodes can be produced with a polytetrafluoroethylene content below 1% by weight of the active material, there is a gradual decrease in the mechanical strength of the electrode as the polytetrfluoro- ethylene content is reduced until at values below 0.4% by weight the electrode becomes too weak for handling in production.
  • the conductive diluent is graphite and preferably the graphite comprises 24 wt% of the active material.
  • the active material consists of 75 wt% of a combination of nickel hydroxide and the cobalt compound, 24 wt% of graphite, and 1 wt% of polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the combination of nickel hydroxide and the cobalt compound contains 58 wt% of nickel and 1 wt% of cobalt.
  • the invention resides in a method of producing a nickel electrode comprising the steps of:-
  • nickel hydroxide powder was first produced by adding a 0.92M aqueous nickel sulphate solution to a 11.6M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, with the latter being rapidly stirred. The addition was effected at room temperature and, as tie nickel sulphate was introduced into the potassium hydroxide,'a highly amorphous precipitate of a nickel hydroxide was produced. The procipitate was filtered in a filter press to remove excess liquid and was then dried in an air oven at 100-110 o C for twenty-four hours.
  • the dried material was then ground so as to pass through a 200 mesh screen and was subsequently washed with hot distilled water to remove the impurities, particularly sulphate ions, before being dried again at 100-110 o C.
  • the final material was a hydrated form of nickel hydroxide having a crystalline size of less than 30 ⁇ as measured along the c-axis, and which contained less than 1% by weight of sulphate impurity
  • Each sample was then ground to pass through a 200 mesh screen and 75 parts by weight of the ground mixture were then dry blended with 24 parts by weight of graphite flake until a uniform grey mix was obtained.
  • the graphite flake conveniently had a 2.5 micron particle size and was supplied by Rocol Ltd. Distilled water was then added to each grey mix to form a smooth paste, whereafter 1 part by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene as an aqueous dispersion (60% solids) was added to the paste to give a slurry.
  • Each slurry was then dried at about 100 0 C to produce a dry cake to which a propylene glycol lubricant was added to allow the slurry to be kneaded into a dough- like mixture of graphite and the nickel/cobalt material bound together by fibres of polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the resultant dough was then rolled to give an electrode strip of the required thickness, whereafter each strip was dried in an oven to remove the propylene glycol and cut to the required size. Two pieces of each cut strip, each measuring 4.4 cm.
  • Each of the resultant electrodes was then wrapped in a single layer of 0.013cm thick polyamide felt before being assembled between two sintered-type cadmium electrodes.
  • the resultant cells were then charged at the 3 hour rate for 4.5 hours in an aqueous electrolyte containing 30 wt7] of potassium hydroxide and 5 gm/litre of lithium hydroxide, the nickel electrode potential being monitored with a Hg/HgO reference electrode immersed in the electrolyte. After charging, each cell was discharged at the 5 hour rate to a cut-off voltage of zero volts with respect to the reference electrode. This charging and discharging cycle was repeated and the percentage utilisation of the active material of each electrode was monitored over 25 cycles.
  • the method of said one example was repeated to produce two further pressed nickel electrodes having the nickel and cobalt contents given in Table 3 below.
  • the resultant electrodes were then made up into cells in the same way as described above, whereafter the cells were charged at the 2 hour rate to a predetermined value and subsequently discharged at the same rate to zero volts, with the nickel electrode potential being measured against a Hg/HgO reference electrode.
  • the results of these tests are shown in curves F and G in Figure 2, whereas the result of tests performed on two conventional electrodes (whose nickel and cobalt contents are also given in Table 3) are indicated by the curves H and I.
  • the nickel and cobalt contents of Table 3 are the weight percentages of each metal based on the total weight of nickel hydroxide and cobalt hydroxide in the associated electrode.
  • the method of said one example was also repeated with varying percentages of graphite present in the active material and, whereas samples A and B containing 24% graphite gave a percentage utilisation rising to 128%, electrodes in which the active material contained 19% and 14% by weight of graphite gave maximum percentage utilisations of 118% and 100% respectively. It will, however, be understood that such electrodes, and in particular that containing 19% by weight of graphite, still constitute satisfactory electrodes. Increasing the graphite content above 24% by weight of the active material was found to lead to no significant improvement in the electrochemical properties of the electrode. The preferred amount of graphite is therefore 24% by weight of the total weight of active material.
  • the particle size of the graphite employed has been 2.5 microns and, although satisfactory electrodes can be produced over a wide range of graphite particle sizes, the 2.5 micron size is preferred.
  • the graphite particle size is increased to 15 microns, it is found that a less homogeneous mixed paste is produced and the electrical conductivity of the dried electrode strip after pressing is increased to about 2 ohm cm. If, on the other hand, the graphite particle size is reduced to 1 to 1.5 microns, it is found the resultant electrode is more prone to oxidation.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
EP80303365A 1979-10-03 1980-09-25 Nickelelektrode, Verfahren zur Herstellung der Nickelelektrode und die Nickelelektrode verwendende elektrochemische Zelle Expired EP0028072B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB7934242 1979-10-03
GB7934242 1979-10-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0028072A1 true EP0028072A1 (de) 1981-05-06
EP0028072B1 EP0028072B1 (de) 1984-08-01

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EP80303365A Expired EP0028072B1 (de) 1979-10-03 1980-09-25 Nickelelektrode, Verfahren zur Herstellung der Nickelelektrode und die Nickelelektrode verwendende elektrochemische Zelle

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4364422A (de)
EP (1) EP0028072B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS5659460A (de)
AU (1) AU537722B2 (de)
BR (1) BR8006350A (de)
DE (1) DE3068808D1 (de)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0130627A2 (de) * 1983-07-05 1985-01-09 Japan Storage Battery Company Limited Alkalische Sammlerbatterie
EP0165723A2 (de) * 1984-06-15 1985-12-27 Ovonic Battery Company Aktives Material und Kathode für elektrochemische Zellen
FR2567326A1 (fr) * 1984-07-04 1986-01-10 Wonder Perfectionnements aux electrodes positives a l'hydroxyde de nickel pour accumulateurs alcalins
EP0184830A1 (de) * 1984-12-12 1986-06-18 Energy Research Corporation Nickelelektrode für alkalische Batterien
DE3806943A1 (de) * 1987-03-03 1988-09-15 Sanyo Electric Co Verfahren und herstellung einer nickelhydroxid-elektrode fuer alkalische speicherzellen
WO2003026046A1 (fr) 2001-09-17 2003-03-27 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Materiau actif pour cellule et procede de fabrication correspondant

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0656762B2 (ja) * 1986-03-12 1994-07-27 日本電池株式会社 アルカリ蓄電池用ニツケル正極板
JPS62222566A (ja) * 1986-03-24 1987-09-30 Yuasa Battery Co Ltd アルカリ電池用ニッケル極の製造法
JPS62234867A (ja) * 1986-04-03 1987-10-15 Yuasa Battery Co Ltd アルカリ電池用ニッケル極の製造法
JPH0724218B2 (ja) * 1988-04-11 1995-03-15 株式会社ユアサコーポレーション アルカリ電池用ニッケル電極及びこれを用いた電池
JPH01161587U (de) * 1988-04-30 1989-11-09
US4925752A (en) * 1989-03-03 1990-05-15 Fauteux Denis G Solid state electrochemical cell having porous cathode current collector
DE69020245T2 (de) * 1989-06-15 1996-04-04 Yuasa Battery Co Ltd Nickelelektrode und diese verwendende alkalische Batterie.
JPH0339283U (de) * 1989-08-25 1991-04-16
JPH0393161A (ja) * 1989-09-04 1991-04-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 電池用ニッケル正極及びその製造法
DE69232392T2 (de) * 1991-10-21 2002-08-29 Yuasa Corp., Takatsuki Verfahren zur herstellung einer nickelplatte und einer alkalibatterie
US5523182A (en) * 1992-11-12 1996-06-04 Ovonic Battery Company, Inc. Enhanced nickel hydroxide positive electrode materials for alkaline rechargeable electrochemical cells
JP4212129B2 (ja) * 1997-07-07 2009-01-21 三洋電機株式会社 アルカリ蓄電池用ニッケル電極およびその製造方法
JP2003197187A (ja) * 2002-12-12 2003-07-11 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd 電池用活物質及びその製造方法
CN101577347B (zh) * 2003-08-18 2012-05-30 鲍尔热尼系统公司 制造镍锌电池的方法
US20060207084A1 (en) * 2004-08-17 2006-09-21 Powergenix, Inc. Method of manufacturing nickel zinc batteries
US8703330B2 (en) * 2005-04-26 2014-04-22 Powergenix Systems, Inc. Nickel zinc battery design
WO2009123888A1 (en) * 2008-04-02 2009-10-08 Powergenix Systems, Inc. Cylindrical nickel-zinc cell with negative can
US8334067B2 (en) * 2009-01-13 2012-12-18 The Gillette Company Non-uniform conductive coating for cathode active material

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB763452A (en) * 1953-10-07 1956-12-12 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Improvements relating to processes for activating the electrodes of alkaline electric accumulators
FR68235E (fr) * 1955-10-13 1958-04-09 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Procédé pour l'activation des électrodes des accumulateurs alcalins et électrodes conformes à celles obtenues par ce procédé ou procédé similaire
GB862092A (en) * 1958-02-04 1961-03-01 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Improvements relating to electric alkaline accumulators and electrodes thereof
US3066178A (en) * 1954-02-02 1962-11-27 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Alkaline storage battery having superactivated electrodes and method of superactivating the electrode materials
US4029132A (en) * 1976-05-24 1977-06-14 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Method of preparing high capacity nickel electrode powder
DE2738386A1 (de) * 1976-09-09 1978-03-16 Yardney Electric Corp Leitendes streckmittel fuer gepresste nickelelektroden
FR2415882A1 (fr) * 1978-01-25 1979-08-24 Varta Batterie Procede pour la fabrication d'electrodes positives pressees au ni(oh)2

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GB777417A (en) 1955-09-20 1957-06-19 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Improvements in or relating to processes for activating the positive electrodes of alkaline accumulators
FR1371756A (fr) * 1960-02-11 1964-09-11 Accumulateurs Fixes Procédé perfectionné de fabrication d'électrodes ou d'éléments d'électrodes pour accumulateurs alcalins et articles ainsi obtenus
FR1321504A (fr) * 1962-02-06 1963-03-22 Accumulateurs Fixes Perfectionnements à l'imprégnation des supports métalliques poreux notamment pourla fabrication de plaques d'accumulateurs alcalins
SE324391B (de) * 1969-01-31 1970-06-01 Svenska Ackumulator Ab
SE324820B (de) * 1969-03-11 1970-06-15 Svenska Ackumulator Ab
US3725129A (en) * 1972-02-14 1973-04-03 Us Air Force Method for preparing pasted nickel hydroxide electrode
US3928068A (en) * 1974-05-20 1975-12-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Active electrode composition and electrode
US3941614A (en) 1975-03-13 1976-03-02 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Method of preparing high capacity nickel electrode powder
US4049027A (en) * 1976-08-26 1977-09-20 Yardney Electric Corporation Active material for pressed nickel electrodes
US4063576A (en) * 1976-08-26 1977-12-20 Yardney Electric Corporation Heat treatment of NiOx utilized in pressed nickel electrodes

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB763452A (en) * 1953-10-07 1956-12-12 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Improvements relating to processes for activating the electrodes of alkaline electric accumulators
US3066178A (en) * 1954-02-02 1962-11-27 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Alkaline storage battery having superactivated electrodes and method of superactivating the electrode materials
FR68235E (fr) * 1955-10-13 1958-04-09 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Procédé pour l'activation des électrodes des accumulateurs alcalins et électrodes conformes à celles obtenues par ce procédé ou procédé similaire
GB862092A (en) * 1958-02-04 1961-03-01 Grubenlampenwerke Veb Improvements relating to electric alkaline accumulators and electrodes thereof
US4029132A (en) * 1976-05-24 1977-06-14 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Method of preparing high capacity nickel electrode powder
DE2738386A1 (de) * 1976-09-09 1978-03-16 Yardney Electric Corp Leitendes streckmittel fuer gepresste nickelelektroden
FR2415882A1 (fr) * 1978-01-25 1979-08-24 Varta Batterie Procede pour la fabrication d'electrodes positives pressees au ni(oh)2

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Title
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 80, January 14, 1974, No. 2, page 455, Abstract 9712t Columbus, Ohio, USA, KUZMIN, YU.A. et al. "Effect of cobalt on characteristics of lamellar-structure nickel oxide electrodes operating in a zincate electrolyte", & Sb. Rab. Khim. Istochnikam Toka, Vses. Nauck. Issled. Akkumulyator. Inst. 1972, No. 7, 163-7 *
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 88, No. 22, May 29, 1978, page 189, Abstract 155729k Columbus, Ohio, USA, & JP-A-52 095 037 (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO. LTD.) (10-08-1977) *
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 89, July 10, 1978, No. 2, page 158, Abstract 8914j. Columbus, Ohio, USA, & JP-A-52 149 335 (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO. LTD.) (12-12-1977) *

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0130627A2 (de) * 1983-07-05 1985-01-09 Japan Storage Battery Company Limited Alkalische Sammlerbatterie
EP0130627A3 (en) * 1983-07-05 1986-09-10 Japan Storage Battery Company Limited Alkaline storage battery
EP0165723A2 (de) * 1984-06-15 1985-12-27 Ovonic Battery Company Aktives Material und Kathode für elektrochemische Zellen
EP0165723A3 (de) * 1984-06-15 1987-02-04 Ovonic Battery Company Aktives Material und Kathode für elektrochemische Zellen
FR2567326A1 (fr) * 1984-07-04 1986-01-10 Wonder Perfectionnements aux electrodes positives a l'hydroxyde de nickel pour accumulateurs alcalins
WO1986000758A1 (fr) * 1984-07-04 1986-01-30 Societe Les Piles Wonder Perfectionnements aux electrodes positives a l'hydroxyde de nickel pour accumulateurs alcalins
EP0170573A1 (de) * 1984-07-04 1986-02-05 Societe Les Piles Wonder Positive Nickelhydroxidelektroden für alkalische Akkumulatoren
EP0184830A1 (de) * 1984-12-12 1986-06-18 Energy Research Corporation Nickelelektrode für alkalische Batterien
DE3806943A1 (de) * 1987-03-03 1988-09-15 Sanyo Electric Co Verfahren und herstellung einer nickelhydroxid-elektrode fuer alkalische speicherzellen
WO2003026046A1 (fr) 2001-09-17 2003-03-27 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Materiau actif pour cellule et procede de fabrication correspondant
CN101728522A (zh) * 2001-09-17 2010-06-09 川崎重工业株式会社 电池用活性物质及其制造方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU537722B2 (en) 1984-07-12
BR8006350A (pt) 1981-04-14
JPS638584B2 (de) 1988-02-23
JPS5659460A (en) 1981-05-22
DE3068808D1 (en) 1984-09-06
EP0028072B1 (de) 1984-08-01
AU6285280A (en) 1981-04-09
US4364422A (en) 1982-12-21

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