EP0026450A2 - Installation et procédé de traitement pyrolytique de déchets combustibles - Google Patents

Installation et procédé de traitement pyrolytique de déchets combustibles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0026450A2
EP0026450A2 EP80105749A EP80105749A EP0026450A2 EP 0026450 A2 EP0026450 A2 EP 0026450A2 EP 80105749 A EP80105749 A EP 80105749A EP 80105749 A EP80105749 A EP 80105749A EP 0026450 A2 EP0026450 A2 EP 0026450A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
smoldering
carbonization reactor
carbonization
reactor
trough
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP80105749A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0026450A3 (en
EP0026450B1 (fr
Inventor
Hermann Kaiser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Franz Kaiser KG
Original Assignee
Franz Kaiser KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Franz Kaiser KG filed Critical Franz Kaiser KG
Priority to AT80105749T priority Critical patent/ATE7041T1/de
Publication of EP0026450A2 publication Critical patent/EP0026450A2/fr
Publication of EP0026450A3 publication Critical patent/EP0026450A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0026450B1 publication Critical patent/EP0026450B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/18—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion with moving charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B1/00—Retorts
    • C10B1/02—Stationary retorts
    • C10B1/04—Vertical retorts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an arrangement and a method for thermal processing mainly of combustible waste materials, with an indirectly heated Verschwelun sreaktor g, which consists of an approximately vertical, equipped above with a Abfallzu Georgiavorraum and tapered at its lower end container, to which a Schweltrog connects , through which the smoldering waste is conveyed to a removal device by means of conveying means.
  • the double-walled jacket of the drum is heated by the hot exhaust gases of a gas engine; so that the rubbish swims at a temperature of 450 - 500 ° C.
  • An airtight seal in the form of a waste funnel extending into a water bath is provided at the end of the drum.
  • the smoldering gases are fed to a gas converter, which consists of a combustion chamber with a fixed bed underneath, which is fed with charcoal or low-ash coke. Two conversions take place in the gas converter, namely the cracking of the gases at a temperature of 1100-1200 ° C and the second a dissociation when the gases pass through a glowing fuel bed.
  • the gases extracted from the gas converter are passed through a gas cooling washing system, temporarily stored and serve to drive the gas engine, to which an electric generator can be coupled.
  • the drum-like carbonization reactor of the known arrangement has the disadvantage that a continuous rotation of the drum is required in order to forcibly convey the waste through it.
  • the relatively large diameter of the drum causes the complete heating of the garbage to be difficult.
  • the heating is uniform over the entire length of the drum, although the waste shrinks to a tenth during the charring process; since the drum rotates continuously, it is difficult to load it in the absence of air.
  • the gas-tight lock system required for this is relatively complicated. Specially supplied fuel is used to heat the gas converter, which reduces the efficiency of the system.
  • it is also disadvantageous that two thirds of the heat supplied are used to heat the water present in the garbage and only one third to heat the solids content.
  • US Pat. No. 3,362,887 discloses an arrangement of the type described in the introduction, in which the treatment of waste materials takes place in batches, namely first in a carbonization reactor and then in a horizontally extending smoldering trough.
  • the carbonization reactor is essentially circular-cylindrical with a very large diameter; only at the lower end is a frustoconical taper in order to lead to a narrow outlet. This is completely closed with a slide.
  • a screw conveyor with a horizontal axis of rotation is provided in the smoldering trough.
  • a disadvantage of the known arrangement is that the heating of the waste in the Schwwelun g reactor takes place very unevenly and that there is a risk when using a screw conveyor that hard parts, for example made of metal, jam, so that stagnation can often occur.
  • the object of the invention is to design an arrangement of the type mentioned at the outset such that the said charring process is as continuous as possible with optimal supply of indirect heat and avoidance of stagnation. Furthermore, the resulting substances should be optimally used on site during the preparation process.
  • this is achieved with an arrangement which is characterized in that the internal cross section of the carbonization reactor is rectangular and that at least its width tapers approximately uniformly from top to bottom to form a failure gap (4).
  • the arrangement according to the invention is characterized in that the smoldering cut is heated uniformly in the carbonization reactor and, due to the wedge shape, only slides down as far as it loses volume during the carbonization. the material is attached to the shaft wall pressed and optimal heat transfer from the wall to the material is achieved.
  • the carbonization reactor of the plant consists of a rectangular, vertical shaft, the width of which tapers from top to bottom to an outlet gap, and a smoldering trough adjoining it.
  • the shaft and smoldering trough form a single unit, are double-walled and are indirectly heated.
  • On the carbonization reactor is airtight A sluice is installed.
  • the supply of smoldering material from the shaft into the smoldering trough can be metered, for example via a toothed roller, a vibrator or the like.
  • a mixing device runs around a horizontal axis, which consists of spring steel arms carrying blades attached to the axis.
  • These blades circulate the smoldering material and convey it to the discharge of residues.
  • the residues are discharged from the reactor with the exclusion of air using a lock or the like, which is followed by a treatment device for recovering useful materials.
  • the gas generated during the charring is extracted from the shaft and the smoldering trough by a blower.
  • the coal is obtained from the Reststcffen ast ver g in a boiler, at the same time the cas carbonization gas is supplied, which is cracked by passing the hot coals.
  • the approximately 1200 ° hot product gas passes through a hot aszyklon g and solar heated then the Verschwelungsreaktor and Schweltrog.
  • the gas leaves the carbonization reactor at a temperature of approximately 300 ° to 400 °. This residual heat is extracted with a heat exchanger and used to dry waste.
  • the drying device 23 consists of a rotating drum, which need not be closed in a gas-tight manner.
  • the air supplied at one end of the drum preferably originates from the waste bunker and is heated either by the hot exhaust gases from the gas engine 9 or by the still hot gases emitting the gas converter 14, for which purpose a heat exchanger 24 can be provided.
  • the air supplied via line 26 is sucked out of the drying device 23 via line 25 and reaches the gas engine 9 via a filter 26.
  • the intake air for the gas engine 9 is used for drying and dehumidifying the waste in the drying device 23 used.
  • the thus pre-dried garbage then flows, for example, via a conveyor belt 27 or another corresponding loading device to the actual charring reactor 28, where it is introduced into the actual chamber 2 (see FIG. 2) via a lock 1.
  • the carbonization reactor 28 is a core element of the invention and will be explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 2 to 4.
  • the carbonization reactor 28 is followed by a smoldering trough 29 which is used to completely carbonize the residues coming from the carbonization reactor 28 and to convey them to a removal device 30.
  • the resulting gases are sucked out of the carbonization reactor 28, preferably via the smoldering trough 29 and the line 32, and reach a gas converter 33 of a known type, the function of which has already been explained at the beginning.
  • the gas converter 33 is followed, for example, by a heating gas cyclone 15 known per se and a cleaning and cooling system 16, in which the gas is cleaned of any traces of dust, tar, phenol, sulfur and nitrogen compounds and cooled.
  • a fan 17 ensures constant negative pressure in the system, so that a risk of explosion is avoided.
  • the gases coming into a storage container 18 via the blower 17 can either be derived for further use or removed are filled, or they are fed to the gas engine 9 via line 34.
  • the gas engine 9 drives an electric generator in a known manner, for example.
  • its exhaust gases can be used to heat the carbonization reactor 28 by being supplied via line 39 and the smoldering trough 29, which is also heated according to the invention.
  • the exhaust gases that heat the carbonization reactor 28 then reach the heat exchanger 24 via line 35, where, as already described, they heat the intake air for the gas engine 9 used to dry the waste.
  • the carbonization reactor of the special exemplary embodiment according to the figures has a chamber 2 which is wedge-shaped.
  • the walls of the chamber are double, so that the chamber 2 can be heated by passing hot gases through the walls 3.
  • the exterior of the chamber is thermally insulated.
  • the gap width at the refuse feeder is small in relation to the height of the chamber 2.
  • the gap width of the charring residue failure gap 4 is dimensioned such that larger, non-corrugated residues such as pieces of metal or the like can also pass through. This gap width can therefore depend on the type of waste. Usual values will be between 10 and 40 cm, preferably between 15 and 30 cm, especially around 20 cm.
  • the gap width should also depend on the steepness of the wedge shape of the chamber 2. It can also be changed, for example, by a slide.
  • the wedge gap spreads upwards to the waste insertion opening.
  • the broadening can preferably be between 2 and 10% (ideally 5%) of the respective height of the chamber 2, a particularly preferred value should be close to 10%.
  • the dimensions given are only examples; as stated, the actual dimensions depend on the type of waste, in particular the ratio between the unswaded waste and the remnants of carbonization, and on the roughness and the nature of the inner walls of the chamber 2.
  • the dimensions must be such that a complete continuous carbonization of the refuse supplied and a corresponding removal of the carbonization residues is possible.
  • the surfaces of the chamber walls are made as large as possible. This can preferably be done in that the walls are provided with approximately perpendicular ribs 43 (ver g l. 3 and 4) or bulges and depressions.
  • the corners are preferably rounded, so that no waste can accumulate.
  • a lock 1 is provided. This has flaps 44 and 45, which are alternately opened and closed. When the flap 45 is open, waste is fed into the lock 1, then this flap is closed. When the flap 44 is opened, the waste falls into the chamber 2.
  • This type of loading takes place either as a function of time or, preferably, under the control of a sensor 46, which can be in the form of a fork and is, for example, spring-loaded or has a counterweight.
  • the sensor is located in the upper area of chamber 2 and is in its inactive position as long as there is garbage in its area. If the sensor 46 becomes free, it pivots upwards into the position shown in dashed lines, whereby it triggers the preferably electropneutmatic control of the flaps 44 and 45.
  • the charring reactor 29 according to the invention with its longitudinal axis at any angle to the horizontal could be used with advantage over the known arrangements, since its cross-section always adapts to the respective volume of the garbage as the charring progresses, a perpendicular position of the longitudinal axis or a not chosen too large a deviation from it.
  • a vibrator or the like can be provided on or in the vicinity of the residual smear gap 4.
  • an airtight smear trough 29 which carries out further processing, in particular complete charring of the charring residues, and at the same time ensures that they are removed to a removal device.
  • the smoldering trough 29 can also be heated, preferably from the same gases as are used for heating the chamber 2. For this purpose, these gases are fed to the opening 8, run through the double-walled casing of the chamber 5 of the smoldering trough 29 and the chamber 2 and exit at 10 from the carbonization reactor, from where they pass through the pipe 35 (FIG. 1) to the heat exchanger 24 be directed.
  • the gases are preferably not burned, but the sensible heat is released.
  • the smoldering trough 29 is preferably a mixing trough with a rotating central longitudinal axis 51 on which radially Driver arms 52, preferably flexible, extending away from the axis are provided.
  • a screw conveyor could also be considered, although the mixing trough conveyor is preferable, since it ensures more uniform heating and loosening of the substances to be removed and jams are avoided.
  • the gases generated in the carbonization reactor and in the smoldering trough 29 are fed to the gas converter 33 via the connection 19 and line 32 and are treated there in the manner described.
  • a removal device 30 which has the shape of a screw conveyor, which is connected in an airtight manner to the removal device 5 and which conveys the residues into a container 47, from where they are removed, for example, by means of a lock 48.
  • the residues consist on the one hand of metals which are sorted out, on the other hand of combustible substances, in particular coal, which are pressed according to the invention, i.e. is briquetted and can be used to heat the gas converter 33.
  • combustible substances in particular coal
  • i.e. is briquetted can be used to heat the gas converter 33.
  • other wood-like or wood-like waste can also be used, which is generated as waste or has been sorted out from the waste.
  • the ash produced in the gas converter 33 can be used as a fertilizer.
  • either the exhaust gases of the gas engine or the still hot gases generated from the gas converter 33 can be used to heat the heatable devices.
  • the heat of cooling of the gas engine 5 and of the cooling and cleaning device 16 can also be used for heating and other purposes.
  • the carbonization reactor 28 of the arrangement according to the invention has the particular advantage that it is the garbage due to gravity and in the movement without inevitable promotion Consistent with its decreasing volume due to the smoldering leads from the refuse feed opening to the smoldering residue gap. Since no movement is required, the problem of the gas-tight closure is much easier to solve. Since in the overall arrangement an additional predrying is provided in the drying device 23, much less heat energy is required for the actual heating of the chamber 2, so that it can be used for energy generation.
  • the carbonization is carried out at temperatures around 500 ° C, the metals, including non-ferrous metals, are preserved and can be reused.
  • the waste can be normal household and industrial waste, including waste tires, waste oil, wood waste and vegetable substances.
  • the gap width of the charring residue removal opening 4 can be made changeable, for example, by means of slides or flaps.
  • a preferred embodiment results from FIGS. 5 and 6, in which a controllable metering device is provided for a more precise metering at the transition between the carbonization reactor and the smoldering trough, which in the exemplary embodiment is in the form of a toothed roller 70.
  • the flap lock 1 is through a slide lock 71, 72 replaced.
  • a slide gate 73, 74 is also crimped at the exit.
  • the Ener may g iege- winnung via the gas motor 9 also be omitted and it can emerging from the hot gas cyclone 15 gas with a temperature of 1200 ° used directly for heating the Verschwelungsreaktors and / or the Schweltrogs. Subsequently, further heat is removed from the gas in the heat exchanger 24. The gas can then can be routed to the consumer via a long-distance line. Compared to district heating, this has the advantage that no insulation of the lines is required.
  • the waste materials are chopped up into fist-sized pieces, then they go through a drying process and then enter the wedge shaft of the charring reactor by means of a lock.
  • This reactor is indirectly heated at a temperature of approx. 500 - 700 ° in countercurrent to the smoldering material.
  • the smoldering material is heated and partly smeared. Due to the wedge shape of the shaft, this only slides down to the extent that it loses volume when it becomes smoldering.
  • the partially smoldered material is metered into the smoldering trough with the toothed roller lying at the gap.
  • coal and metals are sorted out from the residues for recycling.
  • the coal is gasified in a separate boiler and at the same time the carbonization gas is processed, ie cracked, as it flows through the boiler embers.
  • the processed gas leaves the boiler as product gas at a temperature of approximately 1200 ° C. It passes through the heating gas cyclone 15 for pre-cleaning and is then used to heat the carbonization reactor and / or the smoldering trough.
  • the residual heat of approx. 400 ° C is extracted from the gas in a heat exchanger and used for drying the waste.
  • the gas passes through a scrubber, followed by a water separator, followed by a blower that sucks the gas out of the system under vacuum.
  • the speed of the shaft 51 can be adjustable or controllable, preferably in relation to the speed of the metering roller 70 and / or the control device 46 or independently of it.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
EP80105749A 1979-09-26 1980-09-24 Installation et procédé de traitement pyrolytique de déchets combustibles Expired EP0026450B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80105749T ATE7041T1 (de) 1979-09-26 1980-09-24 Anordnung und verfahren zur thermischen aufbereitung vorwiegend brennbarer abfallstoffe.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2938912A DE2938912C2 (de) 1979-09-26 1979-09-26 Anlage und Verfahren zur Schwelung brennbarer Abfallstoffe
DE2938912 1979-09-26

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0026450A2 true EP0026450A2 (fr) 1981-04-08
EP0026450A3 EP0026450A3 (en) 1981-05-20
EP0026450B1 EP0026450B1 (fr) 1984-04-11

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Family Applications (1)

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EP80105749A Expired EP0026450B1 (fr) 1979-09-26 1980-09-24 Installation et procédé de traitement pyrolytique de déchets combustibles

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EP (1) EP0026450B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE7041T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE2938912C2 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0080549A2 (fr) * 1981-11-27 1983-06-08 Franz Kaiser KG Procédé pour la production d'un gaz de pyrolyse à partir de matériaux combustibles et installation pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé
EP0578503A1 (fr) * 1992-07-10 1994-01-12 Hiroshi Shimizu Dispositif pour la pyrolyse de déchets organiques
EP0971017A2 (fr) * 1998-07-09 2000-01-12 KRANTZ-TKT GmbH Procédé et appareil pour la gazéification d'un combustible solide sous forme de morceaux

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3048320C2 (de) * 1980-12-17 1986-03-06 Herwig 1000 Berlin Michel-Kim Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur kombinierten Erzeugung von hochwertigen Pyrolyseölen, Biokohle und Generatorgas aus organischen Rohstoffen
DE4413668C2 (de) * 1994-04-20 1997-02-27 Franz Austermann Vorrichtung zur Vergasung von Spänen, Schnitzeln und dergleichen aus verkohlbaren Stoffen
DE19731010C2 (de) * 1997-07-18 2001-05-10 Siemens Ag Thermische Entsorgungsanlage für Abfall mit hohem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt
DE19932822C2 (de) * 1999-07-14 2003-11-20 Johann Hochreiter Vorrichtung zum Entgasen von organischen Substanzen

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR532334A (fr) * 1920-03-10 1922-02-01 Procédé de fabrication de gaz au moyen de matières organiques carbonacées ou autres
US3362887A (en) * 1964-05-08 1968-01-09 Elbert A. Rodgers Apparatus for and method of reducing refuse, garbage and the like to usable constituents
DE2220515A1 (de) * 1971-04-26 1972-11-09 Batteile Development Corp., Columbus, Ohio (V.StA.) Pyrolytisches Verfahren zur Beseitigung von festen organischen Abfallprodukten
DE2432504A1 (de) * 1974-07-04 1976-01-15 Karl Dipl Ing Kiener Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen von brenngas aus abfallstoffen
FR2277137A1 (fr) * 1974-07-04 1976-01-30 Kiener Karl Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'un gaz combustible
DE2630626A1 (de) * 1975-07-09 1977-01-20 Pollution Control K S Anlage zur pyrolytischen zersetzung von abfallstoffen

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1671340A1 (de) * 1967-07-17 1971-09-30 Mifuji Iron Works Co Ltd Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verkohlung von Abfallstoffen
BE786025A (fr) * 1971-07-09 1973-01-08 Union Carbide Corp Procede d'incineration d'ordures
US3970524A (en) * 1972-05-12 1976-07-20 Funk Harald F Treating waste materials to produce usable gases
US3984288A (en) * 1974-10-04 1976-10-05 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Method for treatment of rubber and plastic wastes
JPS544722B2 (fr) * 1975-03-13 1979-03-09
US4038152A (en) * 1975-04-11 1977-07-26 Wallace-Atkins Oil Corporation Process and apparatus for the destructive distillation of waste material
DE2520754A1 (de) * 1975-05-09 1976-11-18 Lampl Helma Verfahren und vorrichtung zur pyrolyse von abfallprodukten
DE2613699A1 (de) * 1976-03-31 1977-10-13 Union Carbide Corp Vorrichtung zum beseitigen von abfall durch umsetzen desselben in produktgas und einen inerten festen bestandteil

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR532334A (fr) * 1920-03-10 1922-02-01 Procédé de fabrication de gaz au moyen de matières organiques carbonacées ou autres
US3362887A (en) * 1964-05-08 1968-01-09 Elbert A. Rodgers Apparatus for and method of reducing refuse, garbage and the like to usable constituents
DE2220515A1 (de) * 1971-04-26 1972-11-09 Batteile Development Corp., Columbus, Ohio (V.StA.) Pyrolytisches Verfahren zur Beseitigung von festen organischen Abfallprodukten
FR2134494A1 (fr) * 1971-04-26 1972-12-08 Battelle Development Corp
DE2432504A1 (de) * 1974-07-04 1976-01-15 Karl Dipl Ing Kiener Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen von brenngas aus abfallstoffen
FR2277137A1 (fr) * 1974-07-04 1976-01-30 Kiener Karl Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'un gaz combustible
DE2630626A1 (de) * 1975-07-09 1977-01-20 Pollution Control K S Anlage zur pyrolytischen zersetzung von abfallstoffen

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0080549A2 (fr) * 1981-11-27 1983-06-08 Franz Kaiser KG Procédé pour la production d'un gaz de pyrolyse à partir de matériaux combustibles et installation pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé
EP0080549A3 (en) * 1981-11-27 1983-08-31 Franz Kaiser Kg Process for the production of pyrolysis gas from combustible materials, and installation for carrying out the process
EP0578503A1 (fr) * 1992-07-10 1994-01-12 Hiroshi Shimizu Dispositif pour la pyrolyse de déchets organiques
EP0971017A2 (fr) * 1998-07-09 2000-01-12 KRANTZ-TKT GmbH Procédé et appareil pour la gazéification d'un combustible solide sous forme de morceaux
EP0971017A3 (fr) * 1998-07-09 2000-03-15 KRANTZ-TKT GmbH Procédé et appareil pour la gazéification d'un combustible solide sous forme de morceaux

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3067451D1 (en) 1984-05-17
EP0026450A3 (en) 1981-05-20
DE2938912C2 (de) 1982-02-18
ATE7041T1 (de) 1984-04-15
DE2938912A1 (de) 1981-04-02
EP0026450B1 (fr) 1984-04-11

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