EP0021194B1 - Ultraschall-Zerstäuber für flüssige Brennstoffe - Google Patents

Ultraschall-Zerstäuber für flüssige Brennstoffe Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0021194B1
EP0021194B1 EP80103161A EP80103161A EP0021194B1 EP 0021194 B1 EP0021194 B1 EP 0021194B1 EP 80103161 A EP80103161 A EP 80103161A EP 80103161 A EP80103161 A EP 80103161A EP 0021194 B1 EP0021194 B1 EP 0021194B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cylindrical portion
conical
atomizing surface
diameter
tip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80103161A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0021194A2 (de
EP0021194A3 (en
Inventor
Harvey L. Berger
Charles R. Brandow
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sono Tek Corp
Original Assignee
Sono Tek Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sono Tek Corp filed Critical Sono Tek Corp
Publication of EP0021194A2 publication Critical patent/EP0021194A2/de
Publication of EP0021194A3 publication Critical patent/EP0021194A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0021194B1 publication Critical patent/EP0021194B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B17/00—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups
    • B05B17/04—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods
    • B05B17/06—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations
    • B05B17/0607—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers
    • B05B17/0623—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers coupled with a vibrating horn
    • B05B17/063—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers coupled with a vibrating horn having an internal channel for supplying the liquid or other fluent material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B17/00—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups
    • B05B17/04—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods
    • B05B17/06—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations
    • B05B17/0607—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers
    • B05B17/0623—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers coupled with a vibrating horn
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B3/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for transmitting mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B3/02—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for transmitting mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency involving a change of amplitude
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/34—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space by ultrasonic means or other kinds of vibrations
    • F23D11/345—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space by ultrasonic means or other kinds of vibrations with vibrating atomiser surfaces

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an ultrasonic atomizer for generating a finely sprayed jet of very fine liquid particles with a driver, the output plane of which undergoes a longitudinal oscillating displacement at a predetermined frequency in the ultrasonic range, with a vibration amplifier in the form of a stepped ultrasonic horn with a first cylindrical section, the input-side plane coincides with the output plane of the driver, and whose length corresponds to a quarter wavelength at the operating frequency, and with a second cylindrical section, which adjoins the other end of the first cylindrical section and has a much smaller diameter than the first cylindrical section, and one at the outer end of the second cylindrical section adjoining, provided with a flange, the diameter of the flange being substantially larger than the diameter of the second, but k leiner than the diameter of the first cylindrical portion, and the end face of the flanged tip forms an atomizing surface, and with means for supplying a liquid flowing radially outward on the atomizing surface for atomization by means of the vibrations generated by the
  • Such an ultrasonic atomizer is known from US-A-4 153 201 and DE-A-2 749 859.
  • the atomization efficiency of a probe-provided ultrasonic electro-mechanical transducer can be improved by giving the probe an enlarged diameter tip in the form of a rigid flange, and by the shape of the atomized liquid fuel and the density of the atomized liquid fuel the geometrical outlines of the flanged, atomizing surface can be influenced.
  • a flat surface perpendicular to the probe axis creates a very specific pattern and density of the atomized liquid. If the surface is convexly curved, the spray of the atomized liquid is wider and fewer atomized particles are found per unit area of the cross-sectional area than with a flat surface. A concave curved surface narrows the shape of the beam and the density of the particles in the beam is greater than that of a flat surface.
  • US-A-3 317 139 should also be mentioned, from which an ultrasonic atomizer is also known, the atomizer surface of which is designed as a conical tip which atomizes the liquid in all directions to the outside.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide an ultrasonic atomizer with such an atomizing surface, which delivers a stable, semi-liquid, conical jet with a predetermined apex angle and a uniform distribution of the atomized particles from practically the entire atomizing surface.
  • the atomizing surface has a convex conical surface which extends to the edge of the flanged tip and thus, when the atomizer is excited with the operating frequency, a substantially conical beam distribution of over this surface flowing, finely divided droplets produces, the axis of this conical flow parallel to the direction of the longitudinal vibration and the apex angle of the convex conical surface forms the supplementary angle for the conical flow angle of the atomized liquid, that further the tip provided with the flange converges which has a short cylindrical section adjoining the atomizing surface and has the same diameter as the base of the conical atomizing surface and thus ensures that the atomizing surface only carries out longitudinal vibrations, and that the dimensions of the graduated ultrasonic horn correspond to the dimensions that result from the solution of the time-invariant differential equation for the propagation of longitudinal vibrations in a solid medium that is operated at the predetermined ultrasonic frequency.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electromechanical ultrasound transducer 11 which consists of a disk-shaped electrode 12 which is arranged between a pair of piezoelectric disks 13 and 14 which in turn lie between a front atomizer part 15 and a rear compensation section 16.
  • the front and rear sections are provided with the screwed flanges 17 and 18, respectively, and the whole is held together by cap screws 19 which are inserted through aligned bores in the flanges 17 and 18 in annular seals 20 and 21 and in the disc-shaped electrode 12 , before they are screwed into threaded holes in a mounting plate 22.
  • the screws 19 are surrounded by insulating sleeves 23 which penetrate the bores in the disk-shaped electrode.
  • a connector 24 on the top of the disc-shaped electrode. is used to connect a cable 25 which is connected to an ultrasonic frequency generator 26 of conventional design. Since the mounting plate is usually part of an electrically grounded device such as. B. an oil burner, or is attached to it, so that all other parts with the exception of the disc-shaped electrode are grounded, so that thereby a closed earth connection is created via the earth connection of the ultrasonic frequency generator.
  • An AC voltage with a predetermined ultrasound frequency thus builds up over the two piezoelectric disks 13 and 14 between the disk-shaped electrode 12 and the front and rear sections of the transducer.
  • the front atomizer portion 15 of the transducer includes a radially extending bore 27 in the flange 17 which meets an axially extending bore 28 which extends through the front portion to an opening in the center of the atomizer surface 29.
  • a feed line 30 connects a fuel reservoir 31 via a short pipe section 32 which is inserted into the bore 27 or via an otherwise customary coupling to the bore 27.
  • the transducer 11 comprises a symmetrical, double-balanced ultrasound driver and a vibration amplifier 11.
  • the driver consists of the disk-shaped electrode 12, the two piezoelectric disks 13 and 14, the rear compensation section 16 and a part 33 of the front atomizer part 15 with dimensions which are identical to the rear compensation section 16.
  • the section 33 of the front atomizing part 15 thus forms a front compensation section which is essentially adapted to the rear compensation section 16.
  • the remaining part of the front atomizer part 15 forms the vibration amplifier 11, which consists of a first cylindrical section 34 with the same diameter as the compensating part 33 with a length A and a second cylindrical section 35 in the form of a probe of substantially smaller diameter than the cylindrical section 34 having a length B and a third section 36 which is in the form of a flanged tip, the length C and the diameter of which is greater than that of the probe, but considerably smaller than that of section 34.
  • the interior is of the bore 28, at least in the outlet part corresponding to the amplifier section 11, preferably lined with a decoupling sleeve 37, which consists of a material which has a very high attenuation at ultrasonic frequencies.
  • Polytetrafluoroethylene is preferably used for this purpose because it is also unaffected by hydrocarbon fuels and most other liquids that need to be atomized.
  • the vibration amplifier 11 is an inseparable part of the front atomizer section, it is desirable to design the transducer in two stages for best performance.
  • a test setup of a converter is produced, which is connected to driver part I of the final converter design, i. H. is identical to the longitudinally balanced converter with double compensation.
  • this experimental transducer structure is then calculated equal to half the wavelength A. at an operating frequency f selected on a trial basis from the equation where c is the speed of sound in the material chosen for the front and rear sections.
  • This material should conduct the sound very well.
  • Aluminum, titanium, magnesium and their alloys are good examples of suitable materials, but other materials can also be used.
  • the transducer test setup is then used to determine the actual resonance frequency looking for. Since the calculated length is based on a pure longitudinal vibration in a homogeneous cylinder with a constant diameter, which consists of the transducer material of the front and rear section, the influence of the flanges, the mounting plate, the retaining screws, the various materials of the disk-shaped electrode and the piezoelectric one is neglected Washers, the sealing rings, the imperfect adaptation of the surfaces between the elements and an attachment outside a node, the coupling of the fuel line and the bores and other deviations from the theoretical model. These effects are difficult and in most cases cannot be recorded analytically at all, but cumulatively they shift the actual resonance frequency of the double-balanced converter by a very substantial amount from the theoretically calculated resonance frequency. If you use the experimentally determined resonance frequency as the operating frequency of the atomizer, you get a balanced driver that can be operated with optimum efficiency.
  • each quarter-wavelength of the front and rear sections is composed of three cylindrical elements of different diameters, densities, and sound transmission rates, corresponding to that Piezoelectric element, the flange or the section with a smaller diameter, is composed.
  • the length of the section with a smaller diameter can be determined by solving the known wave differential equation by the condition in which the electrode-side end of the section lies in a node plane (zero deflection), while the other end of the compensation section lies on an antinode (zero stress).
  • a new front atomizer section is produced which contains the stepped reinforcement section with the length A, the length B and C being calculated as a quarter length of the operating frequency determined empirically in the first step. Since the amplifier section is made in one piece from homogeneous material with simple dimensions, the length dimensions A, B and C, which were determined by solving the wave equation, can be used to construct a section whose resonance frequency is very close to the operating frequency used for the calculations.
  • a flat atomizer surface perpendicular to the axis of the probe was preferred because all areas of such a surface vibrate with the same amplitude when the tip is rigid at the operating frequency of the transducer.
  • a convexly curved atomizing surface could be used in cases where a further distribution of the atomized particles was desired.
  • subsequent investigations have shown that such convex atomizing surfaces did not work particularly satisfactorily.
  • FIG. 2 shows an enlarged partial side view of the outer end of the amplifier section of the converter shown in FIG. 1 with a tip provided with a flange with a frustoconical surface.
  • a flanged tip gives better results because of the increased atomizing area. It is also very important that the flange is rigid.
  • the outer edge of the frustoconical surface 29 should be surrounded by a short cylindrical base part 38. The length of this base part 38 should be sufficient for the necessary rigidity and ensure that the atomizer surface vibrates uniformly and does not bend at the operating frequency of the transducer, since it is desirable to minimize the mass of the flanged tip for a given diameter and cone angle to keep.
  • Fig. 3 the small diameter probe and the frustoconical tip of the amplifier section of Fig. 2 are shown approximately to scale in a diagram in which the normalized vibration amplitude is plotted against the axial distance.
  • the x coordinate thus denotes the position in the axial direction and the r coordinate denotes the radial direction.
  • the separating surfaces between the three individual parts of the probe are designated x i , X2 and x 3 , the graded transition from the part of the probe with a reduced diameter to the remaining part of the transducer is 0, and the projected angle of the frustoconical tip is included X4 .
  • zones 0 and 1 where the cross-sectional areas are not a function of x, the area expression can be deleted from the wave equation.
  • the cross-sectional area is variable in zone 2, and thus the wave equation takes on a significantly different shape.
  • the cone angle does not appear expressly in the printout, the choice of the value for x 4 applies to this parameter unmistakably.
  • Equation (3a) and (3b) both have simple harmonic solutions.
  • Equation (3c) is a normal form of a zero-order spherical Bessel function, whose two solutions J and Y, known as the spherical Bessel function, are given for the zero-order by
  • Equation 5 If you solve the six equations for the boundary conditions (Equation 5) by substituting the corresponding form of the solutions of the wave equations (Equation 3) in each of these equations, you get a 6 x 6 determinant that is set to zero. If you solve this determinant, you get a long algebraic expression between the four coordinates.
  • the form of this relationship, called the characteristic equation, is as follows: in which is.
  • x 1 is the coordinate to be calculated after values for x 2 -x 1 , x 3 -x 2 and x 4 -x 3 and the cylinder cross-sectional areas have been assumed. It is pointed out that the actual quantities x 2 -x 1 etc. are given here and not the coordinates themselves. These quantities are functionally equivalent in the evaluation of the characteristic equilibrium and lead to a considerable simplification.
  • the contradicting requirements of rigidity and low mass determine the optimal length of the cylindrical base of the cone x 2 -x 1 .
  • the desired opening angle defines the cone opening angle and the size of the hole determines the diameter x 3 .
  • the diameter of x 2 is then determined so that the required atomizing surface is created.
  • the opening angle and the diameters x 2 , x 3 then define the distances x 3 -x 2 and x 4 -x 3 . This leaves the length x of section 0 with a reduced diameter as the only unknown dimension.
  • the value of x 1 is calculated from the characteristic equation described above, which now takes the form where g is the algebraic expression with the trigonometric functions of the parameters.
  • An ultrasonic atomizer was designed for an operating frequency of .85 kHz, with the front and rear sections made of aluminum, the piezoelectric disks made of lead zirconium titanate and the disk electrode made of hard copper. Since the longitudinal velocity of sound waves in aluminum is approximately 5.13 x 10 5 cm / sec, a quarter wavelength at the operating frequency is approximately 1.51 cm.
  • the cross dimensions of the elements should be less than a quarter wavelength. Since the gain factor of the probe is equal to the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the transducer body and the probe, the diameter of the probe should be as small as possible so that a sufficiently high vibration amplitude is achieved which exceeds the threshold value required for the atomization of the liquid to be atomized. On the other hand, the smallest diameter of the probe is limited by the fact that a hole must be provided for the fuel supply, and that the probe must still be sufficiently rigid and rigid to carry a rigid flange with the required atomizing surface and nevertheless avoids vibration in the manner of a spring clamped on one side.
  • the corresponding opening angle for the conical atomizing surface was chosen to be 120 °.
  • the length of the cylindrical base of the conical flange ( X2 - X1 ) should be about 0.05 cm to ensure that the flange vibrates with the rigid body, so from simple geometric considerations the total axial length of the conical surface for the tip of the probe (x 4 -x 2 ) is approximately 0.20 cm.
  • FIG. 3 shows a diagram of the relative displacement with respect to the position along the amplifier section.
  • the relative amplitude is defined as the ratio of the actual amplitude to the amplitude that would occur at any point if the amplifier section were a uniform cylinder with a cross-sectional area of r o 2 with the length of a quarter wavelength. It should be noted that the peak causes an amplitude reduction of only about 3 percent.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Special Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Pressure-Spray And Ultrasonic-Wave- Spray Burners (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
EP80103161A 1979-06-08 1980-06-09 Ultraschall-Zerstäuber für flüssige Brennstoffe Expired EP0021194B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US4664179A 1979-06-08 1979-06-08
US46641 1979-06-08

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0021194A2 EP0021194A2 (de) 1981-01-07
EP0021194A3 EP0021194A3 (en) 1981-05-20
EP0021194B1 true EP0021194B1 (de) 1984-08-29

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80103161A Expired EP0021194B1 (de) 1979-06-08 1980-06-09 Ultraschall-Zerstäuber für flüssige Brennstoffe

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US4337896A (fi)
EP (1) EP0021194B1 (fi)
JP (1) JPS562866A (fi)
AT (1) ATE9178T1 (fi)
CA (1) CA1142422A (fi)
DE (1) DE3069061D1 (fi)
DK (1) DK150245C (fi)
ES (1) ES8102663A1 (fi)
FI (1) FI68721C (fi)
IE (1) IE49683B1 (fi)
IL (1) IL60236A (fi)
MX (1) MX150643A (fi)
NO (1) NO149939C (fi)
PT (1) PT71358A (fi)
ZA (1) ZA803358B (fi)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK150245C (da) 1988-01-11
IE801167L (en) 1980-12-08
IE49683B1 (en) 1985-11-27
IL60236A (en) 1985-07-31
DK150245B (da) 1987-01-19
FI801813A (fi) 1980-12-09
NO149939B (no) 1984-04-09
ZA803358B (en) 1981-06-24
US4337896A (en) 1982-07-06
NO149939C (no) 1984-07-18
FI68721B (fi) 1985-06-28
ES492262A0 (es) 1981-01-16
EP0021194A2 (de) 1981-01-07
FI68721C (fi) 1985-10-10
ES8102663A1 (es) 1981-01-16
CA1142422A (en) 1983-03-08
EP0021194A3 (en) 1981-05-20
MX150643A (es) 1984-06-13
NO801703L (no) 1980-12-09
JPS6252628B2 (fi) 1987-11-06
PT71358A (en) 1980-07-01
DE3069061D1 (en) 1984-10-04
ATE9178T1 (de) 1984-09-15
JPS562866A (en) 1981-01-13
DK245880A (da) 1980-12-09

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