DE3268978D1 - Paper coating agent - Google Patents
Paper coating agentInfo
- Publication number
- DE3268978D1 DE3268978D1 DE8282109095T DE3268978T DE3268978D1 DE 3268978 D1 DE3268978 D1 DE 3268978D1 DE 8282109095 T DE8282109095 T DE 8282109095T DE 3268978 T DE3268978 T DE 3268978T DE 3268978 D1 DE3268978 D1 DE 3268978D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- coating agent
- paper coating
- paper
- agent
- coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/26—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used
- B41M5/40—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used characterised by the base backcoat, intermediate, or covering layers, e.g. for thermal transfer dye-donor or dye-receiver sheets; Heat, radiation filtering or absorbing means or layers; combined with other image registration layers or compositions; Special originals for reproduction by thermography
- B41M5/42—Intermediate, backcoat, or covering layers
- B41M5/44—Intermediate, backcoat, or covering layers characterised by the macromolecular compounds
- B41M5/443—Silicon-containing polymers, e.g. silicones, siloxanes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
- B41N1/00—Printing plates or foils; Materials therefor
- B41N1/12—Printing plates or foils; Materials therefor non-metallic other than stone, e.g. printing plates or foils comprising inorganic materials in an organic matrix
- B41N1/14—Lithographic printing foils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/12—Hydrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/12—Coatings without pigments applied as a solution using water as the only solvent, e.g. in the presence of acid or alkaline compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/26—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used
- B41M5/40—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used characterised by the base backcoat, intermediate, or covering layers, e.g. for thermal transfer dye-donor or dye-receiver sheets; Heat, radiation filtering or absorbing means or layers; combined with other image registration layers or compositions; Special originals for reproduction by thermography
- B41M5/42—Intermediate, backcoat, or covering layers
- B41M5/44—Intermediate, backcoat, or covering layers characterised by the macromolecular compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/5254—Macromolecular coatings characterised by the use of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. vinyl polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/529—Macromolecular coatings characterised by the use of fluorine- or silicon-containing organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F218/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid or of a haloformic acid
- C08F218/02—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
- C08F218/04—Vinyl esters
- C08F218/08—Vinyl acetate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/3188—Next to cellulosic
- Y10T428/31895—Paper or wood
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31971—Of carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31993—Of paper
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP15897481A JPS5859203A (ja) | 1981-10-05 | 1981-10-05 | 新規なケイ素含有変性ポリビニルアルコ−ルの製造法 |
JP16065881A JPS5865096A (ja) | 1981-10-07 | 1981-10-07 | 紙用コ−テイング剤 |
JP4667682A JPS58162391A (ja) | 1982-03-23 | 1982-03-23 | 平版印刷用原版 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE3268978D1 true DE3268978D1 (en) | 1986-03-20 |
Family
ID=27292688
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE8282109095T Expired DE3268978D1 (en) | 1981-10-05 | 1982-10-01 | Paper coating agent |
DE198282109095T Pending DE76490T1 (de) | 1981-10-05 | 1982-10-01 | Mittel zur papierbeschichtung. |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE198282109095T Pending DE76490T1 (de) | 1981-10-05 | 1982-10-01 | Mittel zur papierbeschichtung. |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4617239A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0076490B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE3268978D1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (59)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA1223154A (en) * | 1983-07-25 | 1987-06-23 | Sadanobu Kawasaki | Heat transferable sheet |
CA1227636A (en) * | 1983-08-04 | 1987-10-06 | Chung I. Young | Film for thermal imaging |
EP0140227B1 (de) * | 1983-10-19 | 1987-04-08 | National Starch and Chemical Corporation | Hochgradige Pigmentbindemittel für Papierbeschichtungszusammensetzungen |
JPH068327B2 (ja) * | 1983-12-19 | 1994-02-02 | 株式会社クラレ | 溶融成形材料 |
JPS60262869A (ja) * | 1984-06-08 | 1985-12-26 | Kuraray Co Ltd | コ−テイング材料 |
JPS61152899A (ja) * | 1984-12-21 | 1986-07-11 | 日本合成化学工業株式会社 | 紙加工剤 |
US4708947A (en) * | 1985-01-10 | 1987-11-24 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Water resistant composition and heat-sensitive recording sheet containing the same |
GB8504518D0 (en) * | 1985-02-21 | 1985-03-27 | Ici Plc | Thermal transfer dyesheet |
US4734336A (en) * | 1986-10-02 | 1988-03-29 | Xerox Corporation | Twin ply papers for ink jet processes |
US4737486A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-04-12 | Eastman Kodak Company | Inorganic polymer subbing layer for dye-donor element used in thermal dye transfer |
US4759611A (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1988-07-26 | Polaroid Corporation, Patent Department | Liquid crystal display having silylated light polarizers |
US4818624A (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1989-04-04 | Polaroid Corporation, Patent Department | Stabilized light-polarizing material |
GB2214916B (en) * | 1988-02-05 | 1992-08-19 | Harlow Chem Co Ltd | Vinyl polymers |
US5028582A (en) * | 1988-04-07 | 1991-07-02 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Receiving sheets for dye transfer type thermal printing |
JP2786892B2 (ja) * | 1989-05-24 | 1998-08-13 | 王子製紙株式会社 | 感熱記録体 |
US5213858A (en) * | 1990-04-04 | 1993-05-25 | International Paper | Biodegradable paperboard laminate structure |
US5126403A (en) * | 1990-07-30 | 1992-06-30 | Dow Corning Corporation | Reinforced polyorganosiloxane elastomers |
US5126400A (en) * | 1990-07-30 | 1992-06-30 | Dow Corning Corporation | Reinforced polyorganosiloxane elastomers |
US5270103A (en) * | 1990-11-21 | 1993-12-14 | Xerox Corporation | Coated receiver sheets |
EP0507998B1 (de) * | 1991-04-12 | 1995-10-25 | Moore Business Forms, Inc. | Überzogenes Substrat und Verfahren zur Herstellung |
US5656369A (en) * | 1991-04-12 | 1997-08-12 | Moore Business Forms, Inc. | Business form having integral label associated therewith coated with composition capable of receiving toner images thereon, and method for producing same |
DE69208712T2 (de) * | 1991-04-19 | 1996-10-17 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Vorläufer für eine Flachdruckplatte des Direktbildtyps |
US5118758A (en) * | 1991-05-10 | 1992-06-02 | Dow Corning Corporation | Coprecipitated silicate-carbinol particles |
US5320898A (en) * | 1993-03-11 | 1994-06-14 | Sanyo-Kokusaku Pulp Co., Ltd. | Paper suitable for ink fusion transfer type thermal printer and copiers, and a manufacturing method thereof |
TW285695B (de) * | 1993-08-20 | 1996-09-11 | Kuraray Co | |
US5510439A (en) * | 1993-11-04 | 1996-04-23 | Nalco Chemical Company | Vinyl alkoxysilane copolymer polyelectrolytes for pitch deposit control |
FR2720752B1 (fr) * | 1994-06-07 | 1996-10-31 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Composition silicone réticulable ou réticulée, antiadhérente et imprimable. |
US5641425A (en) * | 1994-09-08 | 1997-06-24 | Multiform Desiccants, Inc. | Oxygen absorbing composition |
US6156231A (en) * | 1994-09-08 | 2000-12-05 | Multisorb Technologies, Inc. | Oxygen absorbing composition with cover layer |
US6150289A (en) * | 1997-02-14 | 2000-11-21 | Imerys Pigments, Inc. | Coating composition for ink jet paper and a product thereof |
US6153288A (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 2000-11-28 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Ink-receptive compositions and coated products |
AU8454098A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 1999-02-22 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Catalytic process for removing oxygen from sealed packages |
JP3854011B2 (ja) * | 1998-05-29 | 2006-12-06 | 王子製紙株式会社 | 印刷用塗被紙ならびにその製造法 |
EP1127706B2 (de) * | 2000-02-22 | 2013-10-02 | Agfa Graphics N.V. | Tintenstrahlaufzeichnungsmaterial |
US20010024713A1 (en) * | 2000-02-22 | 2001-09-27 | Dirk Quintens | Ink jet recording material |
DE10110728A1 (de) * | 2001-03-06 | 2002-10-02 | Agfa Gevaert Nv | Strahlungsempfindliches Aufzeichnungsmaterial mit elektrisch leitfähiger Rückseitenbeschichtung |
CN1307209C (zh) * | 2001-12-21 | 2007-03-28 | 西巴特殊化学品控股有限公司 | 包括官能团部分的聚(乙烯醇)-共-聚(乙烯胺)聚合物 |
CA2467737A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-03 | Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. | Poly(vinyl alcohol)-co-poly(n-vinyl formamide) copolymers |
JP2003320764A (ja) * | 2002-02-27 | 2003-11-11 | Tokushu Paper Mfg Co Ltd | 平版印刷版用合紙及びその製造方法 |
DE60301644T2 (de) * | 2002-07-11 | 2006-06-29 | KURARAY CO., LTD, Kurashiki | Polyvinylalkohol und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyvinylalkohol |
DE10232666A1 (de) * | 2002-07-18 | 2004-02-05 | Wacker Polymer Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Silan-haltiger Polyvinylalkohol für Papierstreichmassen |
TWI226335B (en) * | 2002-10-24 | 2005-01-11 | Chang Chun Petrochemical Co | One-pot water-resistant polyvinyl acetate emulsion and its preparation |
TW550285B (en) * | 2002-10-24 | 2003-09-01 | Chang Chun Petrochemical Co | Water resistant polyvinyl acetate emulsion for applying to wood material |
EP1611285A2 (de) * | 2003-04-07 | 2006-01-04 | International Paper Company | Papiere zum elektrophotographischen drucken mit flüssigtonern und herstellungsverfahren |
US7538153B2 (en) * | 2003-05-08 | 2009-05-26 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Compound of a powdery coating agent |
DE10323203A1 (de) * | 2003-05-22 | 2004-12-23 | Wacker Polymer Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verwendung von silanfunktionellen Polyvinylalkoholen in Grundierungsmitteln für Trennpapiere und -folien |
DE10323204A1 (de) * | 2003-05-22 | 2004-12-16 | Wacker Polymer Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Grundierungsmittel für Trennpapiere und -folien |
FI20030976A (fi) * | 2003-06-30 | 2004-12-31 | M Real Oyj | Päällystetty pohjapaperi ja menetelmä päällystetyn pohjapaperin valmistamiseksi |
DE102004051353A1 (de) * | 2004-10-21 | 2006-04-27 | Wacker Polymer Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Silan-modifizierte Polyvinylalkohole |
US7901749B2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2011-03-08 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Porous inkjet printing substrate containing polymer-grafted mineral oxides |
DE102005054913A1 (de) | 2005-11-17 | 2007-05-24 | Wacker Polymer Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Silan-modifizierte Polyvinylalkohole |
RU2436882C2 (ru) * | 2006-02-23 | 2011-12-20 | Мидвествако Корпорейшн | Способ обработки субстрата |
US8349443B2 (en) | 2006-02-23 | 2013-01-08 | Meadwestvaco Corporation | Method for treating a substrate |
DE102008000585A1 (de) | 2008-03-10 | 2009-09-17 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Binderhaltige kolloidale wässrige Organopolysiloxandispersionen und deren Verwendung |
WO2010036521A1 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-01 | International Paper Company | Composition suitable for multifunctional printing and recording sheet containing same |
JP5886133B2 (ja) * | 2011-06-14 | 2016-03-16 | 株式会社クラレ | ビニルアルコール系重合体及びこれを含む水溶液 |
WO2012173127A1 (ja) * | 2011-06-14 | 2012-12-20 | 株式会社クラレ | ビニルアルコール系重合体、これを含む水溶液、コーティング剤、インクジェット記録材、感熱記録材及び剥離紙原紙 |
JP2014521436A (ja) * | 2011-07-22 | 2014-08-28 | サウンド テクノロジー インク. | 超音波装置カバー |
JP5946834B2 (ja) * | 2011-09-22 | 2016-07-06 | 株式会社クラレ | 組成物、コーティング剤、塗工物、塗工物の製造方法、感熱記録材、インクジェット記録材及び剥離紙原紙 |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2991204A (en) * | 1957-06-19 | 1961-07-04 | Harris Intertype Corp | Hydrophilic surface |
DE1199789B (de) * | 1958-11-24 | 1965-09-02 | Oxford Paper Company | Lithographische Druckplatte fuer Flachdruck-verfahren |
NL288973A (de) * | 1961-09-29 | 1900-01-01 | Brockway Glass Co Inc | |
US3408420A (en) * | 1964-04-30 | 1968-10-29 | Du Pont | Silane-modified olefinic copolymers |
US3445261A (en) * | 1965-10-23 | 1969-05-20 | Ncr Co | Heat-sensitive record material |
US3436252A (en) * | 1967-04-13 | 1969-04-01 | Stauffer Chemical Co | Paper release composition |
FR2057376A5 (en) * | 1969-08-14 | 1971-05-21 | Rhone Poulenc Sa | Vinyl acetate/vinyl silane copolymers as coatings - for metals |
CA979708A (en) * | 1972-09-15 | 1975-12-16 | Eastman Kodak Company | Lithographic printing plate and process |
DE2412292A1 (de) * | 1974-03-14 | 1975-09-18 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Polymere des vinylalkohols |
US3959242A (en) * | 1974-08-12 | 1976-05-25 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Silane grafted poly(vinyl alcohol) film |
DE2551746A1 (de) * | 1974-12-13 | 1976-06-16 | Xerox Corp | Photoleitfaehiges druckmaster |
JPS5436395A (en) * | 1977-08-25 | 1979-03-17 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Novel vinyl type resins, their preparation, and coatings containing the same |
JPS5483841A (en) * | 1977-12-16 | 1979-07-04 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd | Heat sensitive paper that printing quality is improved |
DE2856836A1 (de) * | 1978-12-30 | 1980-07-17 | Bayer Ag | Siliciumhaltige pfropfpolymerisate |
-
1982
- 1982-10-01 DE DE8282109095T patent/DE3268978D1/de not_active Expired
- 1982-10-01 DE DE198282109095T patent/DE76490T1/de active Pending
- 1982-10-01 EP EP19820109095 patent/EP0076490B1/de not_active Expired
-
1984
- 1984-08-30 US US06/645,708 patent/US4617239A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0076490B1 (de) | 1986-02-05 |
EP0076490A1 (de) | 1983-04-13 |
DE76490T1 (de) | 1983-12-08 |
US4617239A (en) | 1986-10-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE3268978D1 (en) | Paper coating agent | |
GB2098510B (en) | Meniscus coating | |
DE3265551D1 (en) | Coating composition | |
GB2109388B (en) | Aqueous coating compositions | |
GB8402190D0 (en) | Coating paper | |
GB2093374B (en) | Electrostatic multi-colour coating | |
DE3265777D1 (en) | Coating composition | |
DE3261708D1 (en) | Fluororesin-containing coating composition | |
GB2085328B (en) | Web coating | |
GB2108976B (en) | Aqueous coating composition | |
JPS57167488A (en) | Paper coating liquid composition | |
GB2108127B (en) | Aqueous coating compositions | |
JPS57191392A (en) | Paper coating resin composition | |
GB2106526B (en) | Coating composition | |
DE3266699D1 (en) | Web coating apparatus | |
GB2105356B (en) | Coating composition | |
GB2107213B (en) | Coatings | |
GB2107219B (en) | An applicator | |
JPS57176297A (en) | Coating composition for coated paper | |
JPS57106771A (en) | Coating agent | |
JPS57161194A (en) | Paper coating composition | |
JPS57154495A (en) | Papermaking size agent | |
JPS5673199A (en) | Paper coating agent | |
JPS57210099A (en) | Paper coating agent | |
JPS56163161A (en) | Coating agent |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition |