DE2240770B2 - Verfahren zur raffination von nickelstein - Google Patents
Verfahren zur raffination von nickelsteinInfo
- Publication number
- DE2240770B2 DE2240770B2 DE19722240770 DE2240770A DE2240770B2 DE 2240770 B2 DE2240770 B2 DE 2240770B2 DE 19722240770 DE19722240770 DE 19722240770 DE 2240770 A DE2240770 A DE 2240770A DE 2240770 B2 DE2240770 B2 DE 2240770B2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- extractant
- chloride
- stone
- molten
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 193
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 97
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 93
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims 1
- -1 wherein a protruding Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 25
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 25
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 22
- WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenenickel Chemical compound [Ni]=S WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 15
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 13
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001313 Cobalt-iron alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZHDZZQCPMPRKFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Ni].[Cu].[Co] Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni].[Cu].[Co] ZHDZZQCPMPRKFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cu+2] OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910020598 Co Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001514 alkali metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper monosulfide Chemical class [Cu]=S BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000967 As alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMLQNVRHVSWEGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cl].[K] Chemical compound [Cl].[K] NMLQNVRHVSWEGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVYYOKWPCQYKEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Co] Chemical compound [Fe].[Co] QVYYOKWPCQYKEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium chloride Chemical class [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ba+2] WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012320 chlorinating reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009854 hydrometallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical class Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000000622 liquid--liquid extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009868 nickel metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/01—Preparation or separation involving a liquid-liquid extraction, an adsorption or an ion-exchange
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
- C22B23/025—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes with formation of a matte or by matte refining or converting into nickel or cobalt, e.g. by the Oxford process
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA121041 | 1971-08-20 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2240770A1 DE2240770A1 (de) | 1973-03-08 |
| DE2240770B2 true DE2240770B2 (de) | 1977-05-18 |
Family
ID=4090646
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19722240770 Withdrawn DE2240770B2 (de) | 1971-08-20 | 1972-08-18 | Verfahren zur raffination von nickelstein |
Country Status (18)
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA997570A (en) * | 1973-07-13 | 1976-09-28 | Malcolm C.E. Bell | Method of stripping base metals for fused salts |
| FI55357C (fi) * | 1975-08-12 | 1979-07-10 | Outokumpu Oy | Foerfarande foer raffinering av en metallsulfidsmaelta |
| JPS5812220B2 (ja) * | 1978-12-25 | 1983-03-07 | セントラル硝子株式会社 | 耐水化された軽量石こう板の製造方法 |
| US4475993A (en) * | 1983-08-15 | 1984-10-09 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Extraction of trace metals from fly ash |
| US5104445A (en) * | 1987-07-31 | 1992-04-14 | Chevron Research & Technology Co. | Process for recovering metals from refractory ores |
| US5074910A (en) * | 1987-11-23 | 1991-12-24 | Chevron Research And Technology Company | Process for recovering precious metals from sulfide ores |
| ES2163667T3 (es) * | 1995-12-20 | 2002-02-01 | Henkel Kgaa | Composicion para la generacion de yeso ligero, obtencion de los agentes propulsores empleados y su empleo. |
| RU2495145C1 (ru) * | 2012-03-01 | 2013-10-10 | Федеральное Государственное Автономное Образовательное Учреждение Высшего Профессионального Образования "Сибирский Федеральный Университет" | Способ разделения медно-никелевого файнштейна |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5316507B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1972-06-01 | 1978-06-01 | ||
| JPS5019611B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1972-07-24 | 1975-07-08 |
-
0
- BE BE787700D patent/BE787700A/xx unknown
-
1971
- 1971-08-20 CA CA121,041A patent/CA955756A/en not_active Expired
-
1972
- 1972-07-17 US US27230472 patent/US3802870A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1972-08-08 ZA ZA725430A patent/ZA725430B/xx unknown
- 1972-08-14 AU AU45559/72A patent/AU446667B2/en not_active Expired
- 1972-08-15 NO NO292272A patent/NO132994C/no unknown
- 1972-08-16 PH PH13807A patent/PH10025A/en unknown
- 1972-08-17 FI FI228572A patent/FI56199C/fi active
- 1972-08-18 BR BR565472A patent/BR7205654D0/pt unknown
- 1972-08-18 ZM ZM13272A patent/ZM13272A1/xx unknown
- 1972-08-18 GB GB3867272A patent/GB1407819A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-08-18 FR FR7229656A patent/FR2150382B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-08-18 NL NL7211375A patent/NL7211375A/xx unknown
- 1972-08-18 DE DE19722240770 patent/DE2240770B2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1972-08-18 OA OA54664A patent/OA04152A/xx unknown
- 1972-08-18 SE SE1073072A patent/SE396229B/xx unknown
- 1972-08-19 ES ES405992A patent/ES405992A1/es not_active Expired
- 1972-08-21 JP JP47083570A patent/JPS5120327B2/ja not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2150382B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1976-08-13 |
| PH10025A (en) | 1976-07-13 |
| DE2240770A1 (de) | 1973-03-08 |
| ES405992A1 (es) | 1975-09-16 |
| US3802870A (en) | 1974-04-09 |
| FI56199B (fi) | 1979-08-31 |
| NL7211375A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1973-02-22 |
| BE787700A (fr) | 1973-02-19 |
| FR2150382A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1973-04-06 |
| NO132994B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1975-11-10 |
| BR7205654D0 (pt) | 1973-07-05 |
| ZM13272A1 (en) | 1973-04-24 |
| JPS5120327B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1976-06-24 |
| SE396229B (sv) | 1977-09-12 |
| NO132994C (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1976-02-18 |
| CA955756A (en) | 1974-10-08 |
| FI56199C (fi) | 1979-12-10 |
| JPS4829616A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1973-04-19 |
| OA04152A (fr) | 1979-12-19 |
| ZA725430B (en) | 1973-04-25 |
| GB1407819A (en) | 1975-09-24 |
| AU446667B2 (en) | 1974-03-28 |
| AU4555972A (en) | 1974-02-21 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| BHJ | Nonpayment of the annual fee |