CS218552B2 - Method of making the alumium chloride - Google Patents
Method of making the alumium chloride Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CS218552B2 CS218552B2 CS725994A CS599472A CS218552B2 CS 218552 B2 CS218552 B2 CS 218552B2 CS 725994 A CS725994 A CS 725994A CS 599472 A CS599472 A CS 599472A CS 218552 B2 CS218552 B2 CS 218552B2
- Authority
- CS
- Czechoslovakia
- Prior art keywords
- alumina
- aluminum chloride
- carbon
- gas
- particles
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 13
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title abstract description 11
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 429
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 246
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 211
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 153
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical class [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 74
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 62
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 49
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 36
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=O YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- -1 aluminum oxychloride Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 16
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004131 Bayer process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001902 chlorine oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- ZCWZYHKKKJLNOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[Cl-] ZCWZYHKKKJLNOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 69
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract description 67
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 55
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract description 44
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 40
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 29
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloridooxygen Chemical compound ClOCl RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 99
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 56
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 55
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 48
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 32
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 20
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 17
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 15
- ZSFZQNSWHYVSDP-UHFFFAOYSA-G dialuminum;sodium;heptachloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] ZSFZQNSWHYVSDP-UHFFFAOYSA-G 0.000 description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 13
- NNCOOIBIVIODKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;hypochlorous acid Chemical compound [Al].ClO NNCOOIBIVIODKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010795 gaseous waste Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MGQIWUQTCOJGJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].Cl Chemical compound [AlH3].Cl MGQIWUQTCOJGJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003388 sodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical class Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- JQGGAELIYHNDQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nic 12 Natural products CC(C=CC(=O)C)c1ccc2C3C4OC4C5(O)CC=CC(=O)C5(C)C3CCc2c1 JQGGAELIYHNDQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000270295 Serpentes Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OOIOHEBTXPTBBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[Fe] Chemical compound [Na].[Fe] OOIOHEBTXPTBBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- VRAIHTAYLFXSJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3].[AlH3] VRAIHTAYLFXSJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum sodium Chemical compound [Na].[Al] DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXILREUWHCQFES-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminum;trichloride;hydrochloride Chemical compound [Al+3].Cl.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] BXILREUWHCQFES-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011802 pulverized particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003431 steroids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- ASMAGUQIXDEQHT-UHFFFAOYSA-H trichloroalumane Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] ASMAGUQIXDEQHT-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D7/00—Sublimation
- B01D7/02—Crystallisation directly from the vapour phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/48—Halides, with or without other cations besides aluminium
- C01F7/56—Chlorides
- C01F7/58—Preparation of anhydrous aluminium chloride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/48—Halides, with or without other cations besides aluminium
- C01F7/56—Chlorides
- C01F7/58—Preparation of anhydrous aluminium chloride
- C01F7/60—Preparation of anhydrous aluminium chloride from oxygen-containing aluminium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/48—Halides, with or without other cations besides aluminium
- C01F7/56—Chlorides
- C01F7/62—Purification
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/10—Solid density
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/20—Powder free flowing behaviour
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/19—Inorganic fiber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
- Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CS78324A CS218572B2 (cs) | 1971-09-07 | 1978-01-07 | Porézní sféroídní útvar z chloridu hlinitého, zejména pro elektrolytickou výrobu hliníku |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00178079A US3811916A (en) | 1971-09-07 | 1971-09-07 | Method for carbon impregnation of alumina |
| US00178080A US3842163A (en) | 1971-09-07 | 1971-09-07 | Production of aluminum chloride |
| US18027871A | 1971-09-14 | 1971-09-14 | |
| US18027771A | 1971-09-14 | 1971-09-14 | |
| US18027071A | 1971-09-14 | 1971-09-14 | |
| US00180276A US3786135A (en) | 1971-09-07 | 1971-09-14 | Recovery of solid selectively constituted high purity aluminum chloride from hot gaseous effluent |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CS218552B2 true CS218552B2 (en) | 1983-02-25 |
Family
ID=27558675
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CS725994A CS218552B2 (en) | 1971-09-07 | 1972-08-31 | Method of making the alumium chloride |
Country Status (19)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US3842163A (en:Method) |
| JP (1) | JPS5323796B2 (en:Method) |
| AT (2) | AT333700B (en:Method) |
| AU (1) | AU459405B2 (en:Method) |
| CA (1) | CA977125A (en:Method) |
| CH (4) | CH563314A5 (en:Method) |
| CS (1) | CS218552B2 (en:Method) |
| DD (1) | DD100226A5 (en:Method) |
| DE (2) | DE2244041B2 (en:Method) |
| FR (2) | FR2152735B1 (en:Method) |
| GB (3) | GB1402568A (en:Method) |
| HU (1) | HU168355B (en:Method) |
| IT (1) | IT965247B (en:Method) |
| NL (3) | NL169719C (en:Method) |
| NO (1) | NO133191C (en:Method) |
| PL (1) | PL113306B1 (en:Method) |
| RO (1) | RO61795A (en:Method) |
| SE (1) | SE379033B (en:Method) |
| YU (1) | YU226872A (en:Method) |
Families Citing this family (52)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS517383B1 (en:Method) * | 1970-06-06 | 1976-03-06 | ||
| US3842163A (en) * | 1971-09-07 | 1974-10-15 | Aluminum Co Of America | Production of aluminum chloride |
| US3977846A (en) * | 1971-09-07 | 1976-08-31 | Aluminum Company Of America | Anti-pollution method |
| US3929975A (en) * | 1971-09-14 | 1975-12-30 | Aluminum Co Of America | Selective recycle production of aluminum chloride |
| US4043758A (en) * | 1973-03-06 | 1977-08-23 | Larco Societe Miniere Et Metallurgique De Larymna S.A. | Apparatus for the manufacture of metallic chlorides |
| HU167973B (en) * | 1973-09-28 | 1976-01-28 | Veszpremi Vegyipari Egyetem | Process for producing anhydrous aluminium trichloride from aluminium containing raw materials |
| US3940509A (en) * | 1973-12-19 | 1976-02-24 | Universal Oil Products Company | Semi-conducting materials and a method for the manufacture thereof |
| US3997689A (en) * | 1975-07-17 | 1976-12-14 | Uop Inc. | Preparation of semiconducting pyropolymeric inorganic refractory oxide materials |
| US4136213A (en) * | 1975-10-16 | 1979-01-23 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Carbon article including electrodes and methods of making the same |
| US4039648A (en) * | 1975-12-12 | 1977-08-02 | Aluminum Company Of America | Production of aluminum chloride |
| US4235860A (en) * | 1979-06-07 | 1980-11-25 | Aluminum Company Of America | Chlorination of aluminous material at superatmospheric pressure |
| US4105752A (en) * | 1976-12-20 | 1978-08-08 | Aluminum Company Of America | Aluminum chloride production |
| US4083926A (en) * | 1977-02-03 | 1978-04-11 | Aluminum Company Of America | Cooling aluminum chloride vapors by contact with solid aluminum chloride |
| US4070448A (en) * | 1977-02-03 | 1978-01-24 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method of producing high purity aluminum chloride |
| SE424439B (sv) * | 1977-02-03 | 1982-07-19 | Aluminum Co Of America | Forfarande for framstellning av aluminiumklorid genom kondensering av gasformig aluminiumklorid i en fluidiserad bedd av aluminiumklorid |
| US4096234A (en) * | 1977-03-23 | 1978-06-20 | Aluminum Company Of America | Production of anhydrous aluminum chloride from clay using catalyst and recycling of silicon chloride |
| US4236464A (en) * | 1978-03-06 | 1980-12-02 | Aerojet-General Corporation | Incineration of noxious materials |
| US4161389A (en) * | 1978-04-07 | 1979-07-17 | Procedyne, Inc. | Fluidized bed calcining system |
| US4184455A (en) * | 1978-04-10 | 1980-01-22 | Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation | Fluidized bed heat exchanger utilizing angularly extending heat exchange tubes |
| US4244935A (en) * | 1978-04-20 | 1981-01-13 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method of forming metal chlorides |
| US4378984A (en) * | 1978-08-02 | 1983-04-05 | Cheng Chen Yen | Distillative freezing process for separating volatile mixtures |
| AU5496480A (en) * | 1979-02-16 | 1980-08-21 | Swiss Aluminium Ltd. | Producing al cl3 |
| JPS5666254U (en:Method) * | 1979-10-26 | 1981-06-02 | ||
| US4301138A (en) * | 1980-04-24 | 1981-11-17 | Aluminum Company Of America | System for transporting particulate solids from high temperature to low temperature zone |
| DE3023297C2 (de) * | 1980-06-21 | 1988-05-05 | International Minerals & Chemical Luxembourg S.A., 2010 Luxembourg | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Vorproduktes für die Erzeugung von Siliziumcarbid |
| US4374018A (en) * | 1981-04-20 | 1983-02-15 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Method for producing upgraded products from a heavy oil feed |
| US4349516A (en) * | 1981-04-20 | 1982-09-14 | Dunn Jr Wendell E | Process for treating the gas stream from an aluminum value chlorination process |
| US4451273A (en) * | 1981-08-25 | 1984-05-29 | Cheng Chen Yen | Distillative freezing process for separating volatile mixtures and apparatuses for use therein |
| JPS5864300A (ja) * | 1981-10-15 | 1983-04-16 | Nec Corp | 気相法によるアルミニウム酸化物の薄膜製造方法 |
| US4650507A (en) * | 1982-06-24 | 1987-03-17 | Cheng Chen Yen | Wet and dry distillative freezing process for separating mixtures and apparatuses for use therein |
| US4465566A (en) * | 1982-07-20 | 1984-08-14 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method of producing anhydrous aluminum chloride from acid leach-derived ACH and the production of aluminum therefrom |
| US4465659A (en) * | 1982-07-21 | 1984-08-14 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Aluminum production via the chlorination of partially calcined aluminum chloride hexahydrate |
| US4536212A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1985-08-20 | David Weston | Production of a purified aluminum monochloride from alumina, bauxites and clays and the subsequent production of aluminum metal |
| DE3620023A1 (de) * | 1986-06-13 | 1987-12-17 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von wasserfreiem aluminiumchlorid |
| FR2606011B1 (fr) * | 1986-10-31 | 1989-01-13 | Atochem | Granules de chlorure d'aluminium et procede pour les obtenir |
| FR2609977B1 (fr) * | 1987-01-27 | 1991-06-07 | Atochem | Procede de condensation du chlorure d'aluminium |
| US4869729A (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1989-09-26 | Schneider Richard T | Apparatus for methane production |
| US4944771A (en) * | 1987-05-27 | 1990-07-31 | Schneider Richard T | Method for methane production |
| US5093092A (en) * | 1991-02-28 | 1992-03-03 | Aluminum Company Of America | Purification of bayer process liquor with alumina coated with a layer or carbon |
| US6395245B1 (en) * | 1992-04-06 | 2002-05-28 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Method for preparing carbon-containing composition |
| DE19533214A1 (de) * | 1995-09-08 | 1997-03-13 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Herstellung von Natrium und Aluminiumchlorid |
| US6263958B1 (en) * | 1998-02-23 | 2001-07-24 | William H. Fleishman | Heat exchangers that contain and utilize fluidized small solid particles |
| US6530970B2 (en) * | 2001-05-21 | 2003-03-11 | Alcoa Inc. | Method for recovering aluminum vapor and aluminum suboxide from off-gases during production of aluminum by carbothermic reduction of alumina |
| FR2827591B1 (fr) * | 2001-07-17 | 2004-09-10 | Cie D Etudes Des Technologies | Procede et dispositif de production d'un gaz riche en hydrogene par pyrolyse thermique d'hydrocarbures |
| US7067088B2 (en) * | 2002-01-12 | 2006-06-27 | Saudi Basic Industries Corporation | Stratified flow chemical reactor |
| US7588741B2 (en) * | 2004-03-30 | 2009-09-15 | Dunn Jr Wendell E | Cyclical vacuum chlorination processes, including lithium extraction |
| US9315382B2 (en) | 2006-03-23 | 2016-04-19 | Keystone Metals Recovery Inc. | Metal chlorides and metals obtained from metal oxide containing materials |
| RU2655347C1 (ru) * | 2016-06-30 | 2018-05-25 | Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет" (ТГУ, НИ ТГУ) | Стенд для моделирования процесса десублимации компонентов газовой смеси |
| NO20190144A1 (en) | 2019-01-31 | 2020-08-03 | Norsk Hydro As | A process for production of aluminium |
| CN112870751A (zh) * | 2021-01-11 | 2021-06-01 | 河南神马氯碱发展有限责任公司 | 一种新型三氯化铝捕集器降温装置 |
| JP2024535098A (ja) * | 2021-09-24 | 2024-09-26 | アルミナム・テクノロジーズ・エルエルシー | アルミニウムを調製するためのアルミニウム鉱石の選択的塩素化方法 |
| NO20220517A1 (en) | 2022-05-05 | 2023-11-06 | Norsk Hydro As | A process and apparatus for production of aluminium |
Family Cites Families (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA515992A (en) * | 1955-08-23 | G. Grant Donald | Manufacture of aluminium chloride | |
| US1566269A (en) * | 1921-07-27 | 1925-12-22 | Burgess Louis | Production of aluminum chloride |
| US2446221A (en) * | 1943-03-06 | 1948-08-03 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Producing aluminum halides by the reaction of alumina, carbon, and free halogen |
| DE852986C (de) * | 1944-07-15 | 1952-10-20 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aluminiumchlorid |
| US2583013A (en) * | 1945-10-26 | 1952-01-22 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Condensation of sublimable material |
| US2607440A (en) * | 1947-10-21 | 1952-08-19 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Recovering condensible material from vaporous mixtures |
| GB668620A (en) * | 1949-10-24 | 1952-03-19 | Basf Ag | Improvements in the production of aluminium chloride |
| US2797981A (en) * | 1952-11-06 | 1957-07-02 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Recovery of aluminum chloride from a fluid aluminum chloride-hydrocarbon complex |
| DE1076629B (de) * | 1957-06-04 | 1960-03-03 | United States Steel Corp | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Foerdern feinverteilter fester Stoffe, insbesondere zur Reduktion von Eisenerzen, mittels sie in aufeinanderfolgenden Schichten in Schwebe haltenden Gasen |
| ES244660A1 (es) * | 1958-10-14 | 1959-03-16 | Compania Nac Calvo Sotelo | Aparato y procedimiento para la obtenciën de cloruro de alumimio anhidrico |
| DE1100601B (de) * | 1959-04-14 | 1961-03-02 | Ducon Co | Vorrichtung zur Durchfuehrung katalytischer Umsetzungen im Wirbelbett |
| US3133109A (en) * | 1960-11-28 | 1964-05-12 | Gen Electric | Silicon compound process and apparatus |
| US3175883A (en) * | 1961-06-05 | 1965-03-30 | Aluminium Lab Ltd | Process for reducing the soda content of alumina |
| US3445182A (en) * | 1965-02-15 | 1969-05-20 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Method for removing chlorine and entrained aluminum chloride particles from a waste gas stream |
| DE1229056B (de) * | 1965-05-03 | 1966-11-24 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von wasserfreiem Aluminiumchlorid |
| US3406009A (en) * | 1965-12-23 | 1968-10-15 | Allied Chem | Process for aluminum chloride production |
| FR1549271A (en:Method) * | 1966-08-22 | 1968-12-13 | ||
| US3786135A (en) * | 1971-09-07 | 1974-01-15 | Aluminum Co Of America | Recovery of solid selectively constituted high purity aluminum chloride from hot gaseous effluent |
| US3842163A (en) * | 1971-09-07 | 1974-10-15 | Aluminum Co Of America | Production of aluminum chloride |
-
1971
- 1971-09-07 US US00178080A patent/US3842163A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1971-09-07 US US00178079A patent/US3811916A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1972
- 1972-08-22 GB GB3903472A patent/GB1402568A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-08-22 SE SE7210844A patent/SE379033B/xx unknown
- 1972-08-31 AU AU46160/72A patent/AU459405B2/en not_active Expired
- 1972-08-31 CS CS725994A patent/CS218552B2/cs unknown
- 1972-09-04 GB GB4099272A patent/GB1402569A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-09-04 GB GB4471773A patent/GB1407308A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-09-05 PL PL1972200675A patent/PL113306B1/pl unknown
- 1972-09-05 CA CA150,956A patent/CA977125A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-09-05 DE DE2244041A patent/DE2244041B2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1972-09-06 HU HUAU285A patent/HU168355B/hu unknown
- 1972-09-06 NO NO3169/72A patent/NO133191C/no unknown
- 1972-09-06 JP JP7289424A patent/JPS5323796B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1972-09-06 DD DD165480A patent/DD100226A5/xx unknown
- 1972-09-07 RO RO7200072163A patent/RO61795A/ro unknown
- 1972-09-07 YU YU02268/72A patent/YU226872A/xx unknown
- 1972-09-07 NL NLAANVRAGE7212201,A patent/NL169719C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-09-07 AT AT767872A patent/AT333700B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-09-07 FR FR7231772A patent/FR2152735B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-09-07 IT IT52597/72A patent/IT965247B/it active
- 1972-09-07 CH CH1317072A patent/CH563314A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-09-11 NL NLAANVRAGE7212333,A patent/NL169718C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-09-12 AT AT780572A patent/AT333701B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-09-13 DE DE2245432A patent/DE2245432A1/de active Granted
- 1972-09-14 FR FR7232574A patent/FR2152958B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-09-14 CH CH811274A patent/CH555781A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-09-14 CH CH804074A patent/CH564487A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-09-14 CH CH1347872A patent/CH553129A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1973
- 1973-08-29 US US05/392,505 patent/US3930800A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1974
- 1974-01-11 US US05/432,443 patent/US3956455A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1976
- 1976-11-25 NL NL7613188A patent/NL7613188A/xx active Search and Examination
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