CN211128968U - An orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses an orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer distributor belongs to the agricultural machine field. The strip-ditch fertilizer applicator at least comprises a vehicle body and a strip-ditch fertilizer application device, wherein the strip-ditch fertilizer application device is transversely hung at the rear part of the vehicle body; the strip-groove fertilizing device comprises a left blanking mechanism and a right blanking mechanism which are symmetrically arranged, and a left spiral feeding mechanism and a right spiral feeding mechanism which are horizontally arranged, wherein the blanking mechanism at least comprises a transverse vibration stress rod, a transverse vibration driving rod, a transverse vibration belt, a blanking groove pull-back spring, a blanking groove, a feeding hole and a feeding hole connecting spring; the spiral feeding mechanism at least comprises a conveying spiral and a spiral trough. The machine is suitable for spreading the material strips in the ditches or on the ground, and is particularly suitable for applying solid organic fertilizer in the ditches in orchards.

Description

An orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator

technical field

The utility model discloses an orchard organic fertilizer strip-ditch fertilizer applicator, belonging to the field of agricultural machinery, in particular to an orchard organic fertilizer application mechanical equipment.

Background technique

At present, the orchard planting industry has become an important part of China's agricultural planting. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, in 2016, the planting area of orchards in China reached 15.3671 million hm ² , and the total fruit output was 275 million tons. Fruit production has become a new bright spot and pillar industry for economic development and farmers' income increase. In the process of orchard planting and management, fertilization is very important, which will directly affect the quality and yield of fruit, and determine the development and growth of fruit trees. At present, the types of fertilization mainly include inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers: inorganic fertilizers, as a kind of quick-acting chemical fertilizers, are mainly chemical fertilizers, and their outstanding characteristics are fast fertilizer efficiency. Fertility decline and fruit quality decline; the application of organic fertilizer helps to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, so that the soil bulk density decreases, the porosity increases, the water content increases, the soil water potential increases, and increases the fruit yield and fruit. Quality, titratable acid content and soluble solids content of fruit. In recent years, the country has begun to vigorously advocate green agriculture, and the production of green organic food has become a trend. Green fruits can greatly increase the added value. People pay more attention to health and prefer green, safe and pollution-free healthy food, and the quality requirements of crops are becoming more and more. The higher, which promotes the use of organic fertilizers in orchards, the organic fertilizer market will become larger and the demand will also grow. The application of organic fertilizers in orchards conforms to the concept of green development, and the construction of organic orchards is also the general trend. The organic fertilizers used in agriculture mainly include commercial organic fertilizers and non-commercial organic fertilizers. Non-commercialized organic fertilizers include compost, manure, straw, fungus residue, green manure and mud fertilizer, etc. If these wastes are not used effectively, they will cause great pollution to the environment, but they are applied to the fields as organic fertilizers. It can not only improve soil structure, improve soil fertility, increase the productivity of cultivated land, but also reduce environmental pollution caused by various wastes such as livestock and poultry manure, crop straw and organic waste from production and living. It is an effective way to achieve sustainable agricultural development. Methods.

In production, the current orchard fertilizer applicator is mainly developed for chemical fertilizers and is not suitable for organic fertilizers. The main methods of fertilization include general application in the whole garden, scattered application under the crown, annular furrow application, strip furrow application, radial furrow application and hole application. In most areas of our country, the fertilization of orchards is done manually, often digging trenches manually, then applying fertilizer to the trenches dug, and finally covering the soil manually. This fertilization method wastes a lot of labor and time, and is not conducive to the absorption of fertilizer by fruit trees. The mechanization of orchard fertilization has become an inevitable trend. The requirements of organic fertilizer technology are getting higher and higher, and our country's orchard fertilization machinery is not perfect, far from meeting the technical requirements of orchards for fertilization machinery.

The utility model discloses a ditch fertilizing machine for organic fertilizers in orchards. The device can realize mechanized application of organic fertilizers in orchards, realize accurate fertilization of ditch and ditch paving, and has the ability to prevent clogging, high efficiency, economical and practical, and good efficiency. The effect of fertilizing in the ditch, this machine is suitable for spreading organic fertilizer in the ditch or on the surface, especially suitable for applying solid organic fertilizer in the ditch in the orchard.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator can realize the mechanized application of organic fertilizer in orchards, and the fertilization amount can be adjusted. In furrows or on the ground, it is especially suitable for applying solid organic fertilizers in furrows in orchards. Suitable organic fertilizers include commercial organic fertilizers, livestock and poultry manures, and granular or powdered carbon-based agricultural wastes.

The technical problem to be solved by the utility model is how to solve the defect that the existing orchard fertilizer applicator is not suitable for organic fertilizers.

In order to solve the above technical problems, the following technical solutions are given:

An orchard organic fertilizer strip-ditch fertilizer applicator, characterized in that the strip-ditch fertilizer applicator at least includes a vehicle body 25 and a strip-ditch fertilizer application device 20; the vehicle body 25 at least includes a chassis 22, a vehicle frame 24, a cab 1, and an engine 26 , fuel tank 30, carriage 2, scraper blanking device 27, blanking roller 3, a frame 24 is fixed above the chassis 22, a cab 1 is installed in front of the frame 24, an engine 26, and a carriage is installed at the upper and rear of the frame 24 2. A scraper blanking device 27 is installed at the bottom of the carriage 2, and a blanking roller 3 is installed at the rear. The scraper blanking device 27 cooperates with the blanking roller 3 to continuously and evenly scrape the material to the rear of the carriage 2 for discharging. 25 A ditch fertilization device 20 is horizontally hooked under the rear of the rear discharge port 4 .

The said ditch fertilization device 20 includes two symmetrically arranged left and right blanking mechanisms 17 and two left and right horizontally arranged screw feeding mechanisms 19. Both the blanking mechanism 17 and the screw feeding mechanism 19 are arranged on the frame. The blanking spacing between the feeding mechanisms 17 can be adjusted freely, and the adjustment is determined according to the spacing of the fruit trees or the spacing of the grooves.

The blanking mechanism 17 at least includes a transverse vibration force rod 11, a transverse vibration active rod 15, a transverse width adjustment rod 35, a transverse width adjustment pin 34, a transverse vibration belt 14, a blanking chute pull-back spring 16, and a blanking chute. 12. The discharge port 29 and the discharge port are connected to the spring 32; the intermediate shaft 28 is connected to the hydraulic motor 7 at the power input end through the transmission component 6, one end of the lateral vibration belt 14 is connected to the intermediate shaft 28 through the pulley 31, and the other end is connected to the lateral vibration belt The active rod 15 is connected, and the power is transmitted to the lateral vibration active rod 15 through the action of the pulley 31 and the lateral vibration belt 14 through the intermediate shaft 28, and the lateral vibration active rod 15 is connected with the lateral width adjustment rod 35 through the lateral width adjustment pin 34. The vibration active rod 15 drives the lateral width adjustment rod 35 to rotate, and the protrusion at the end of the lateral width adjustment rod 35 regularly contacts the curved surface of the end of the lateral vibration force rod 11, and the lateral vibration force rod 11 is in contact with the fall. The inner side of the feeding chute 12 is fixedly connected, one end of the blanking chute pull-back spring 16 is hooked with the frame 10, and the other end is hooked with the blanking chute 12, the blanking chute 12 regularly vibrates left and right laterally, and the blanking mechanism 17 passes through the blanking chute The action of the pull-back spring 16 provides longitudinal vibration when the vehicle body shakes, and the lateral vibration and longitudinal vibration jointly promote the falling of materials and the laying operation.

The structure of the blanking chute 12 is streamlined, and the top end is flexibly connected to the blanking port 29 through the blanking port connecting spring 32 to reduce the vibration of the machine and the damage to the connecting piece. The trough pull-back spring 16 hooks the blanking trough 12 from the initial position to the hook 33 of the blanking trough pull-back spring to reduce the width of the machine and facilitate transportation. The bottom extends into the groove, and the bottom opening is slightly larger than the middle slide. The width of the laying material is ensured; the width of the blanking chute 12 is larger than the width of the car body 25 when it is working, and fertilization is applied at the rear of both sides of the car body. .

The screw feeding mechanism 19 includes at least one conveying screw 8 and a screw trough 9;

The bottom of the outer end of the spiral trough 9 is provided with a feeding port 29, and the feeding port 29 is connected with a feeding trough 12. During operation, the feeding trough 12 extends into the groove.

The left and right two screw feeding mechanisms 19 are installed symmetrically; the two screw feeding mechanisms 19 share an intermediate shaft 28; The power is transmitted to the conveying screw 8 .

The frame 10 is connected to the frame 24 through a four-bar mechanism 21 , and the height of the ditch fertilization device 20 is adjusted through a lifting mechanism 23 .

The described ditch fertilizer spreader regulates the feeding amount of the material by adjusting the speed of the scraper feeding device 27, feeding roller 3, and hydraulic motor 7; The high vibration promotes material falling and strip laying operations.

The described ditch fertilizer applicator is suitable for spreading the material in the ditch or on the ground, and is especially suitable for applying solid organic fertilizer in the ditch in the orchard; the applicable organic fertilizer includes commercial organic fertilizer, livestock and poultry manure, granular or powdery carbon based agricultural waste.

An orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator, its working principle is as follows:

The orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator of the utility model can realize the accurate fertilization of the organic fertilizer to the furrow and the row of the strip, effectively solve the problem of clogging of the organic fertilizer in the process of falling, and the amount of fertilizer can be adjusted. , the specific process and working principle are described as follows.

When carrying out the fertilization operation of the orchard organic fertilizer, the strip paver moves at a uniform speed between the rows of the orchard. Under the action of the scraper feeding device and the feeding roller, the organic fertilizer and other materials are diverted from the discharge port of the carriage through the diverting collecting plate and enter the strip laying device. At the same time, the car body provides power to drive the hydraulic motor, and the hydraulic motor drives the conveying screw to rotate, pushing the material to the outer end of the U-shaped spiral groove. The material falls from the discharge opening at the bottom of the outer end of the U-shaped spiral groove, and is laid into the groove after passing through the blanking groove, and the blanking groove is kept in the groove all the time. When the orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator is used for orchard fertilization, the fertilization amount can be controlled by adjusting the speed of the scraper feeding device, the feeding roller and the hydraulic motor.

Beneficial technical effect: The utility model discloses an orchard organic fertilizer ditch fertilizing machine, which can realize the accurate fertilization of organic fertilizers in ditch and row ditch, has anti-clogging ability and adjustable fertilization amount, and has good ditch Fertilization effect, suitable for laying material strips in trenches or on the ground, especially for applying solid organic fertilizers in orchards in trenches; applicable organic fertilizers include commercial organic fertilizers, livestock and poultry manures, granular or powdered carbon-based agricultural wastes . The machine has a large amount of fertilization, high efficiency, uniform fertilization, and accurate and adjustable fertilization position. Reduce manual work and reduce operating costs.

Description of drawings

Figure 1 is a left side view of the overall structure of an orchard organic fertilizer strip-ditch fertilizer applicator.

Figure 2 is a right side view of the overall structure of an orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator.

Fig. 3 is a top view of the overall structure of an orchard organic fertilizer strip-ditch fertilizer applicator.

Figure 4 is a rear view of the overall structure of an orchard organic fertilizer strip-ditch fertilizer applicator.

FIG. 5 is a front view of the structure of the ditch fertilization device of an orchard organic fertilizer ditch fertilization machine.

Fig. 6 is a rear view of the structure of the ditch fertilization device of an orchard organic fertilizer ditch fertilization machine.

Fig. 7 is a bottom view of the structure of the ditch fertilization device of an orchard organic fertilizer ditch fertilization machine.

Fig. 8 is a top view of the structure of the ditch fertilization device of an orchard organic fertilizer ditch fertilization machine.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the structure of the ditch fertilization device of a ditch fertilization machine for orchard organic fertilizers.

Figure 10 is a front view of the feeding opening and the feeding trough of an organic fertilizer strip ditch applicator for orchards.

reference number

1. Cab 2. Carriage 3. Unloading roller 4. Discharge port 5. Diverter collecting plate 6. Transmission parts 7. Hydraulic motor 8. Conveying screw 9. Spiral chute 10. Frame 11. Lateral vibration force Rod 12. Blanking chute 13. Ground wheel 14. Lateral vibration belt 15. Lateral vibration active rod 16. Blanking chute pullback spring 17 Blanking mechanism 18. Ground wheel depth adjustment pin 19. Screw feeding mechanism 20. Strip laying device 21. Four-bar mechanism 22. Chassis 23. Lifting mechanism 24. Frame 25. Car body 26. Engine 27. Scraper cutting device 28. Intermediate shaft 29. Feeding port 30. Fuel tank 31. Pulley 32. Cutting Port connection spring 33. The hook of the pull-back spring of the blanking chute.

Detailed ways

A specific implementation structure scheme of an orchard organic fertilizer strip ditch fertilizer applicator is as follows:

As shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, an orchard organic fertilizer ditch fertilizer applicator is characterized in that, the ditch fertilizer applicator at least comprises a vehicle body 25 and a ditch fertilization device 20; the vehicle body 25 It includes at least a chassis 22, a frame 24, a cab 1, an engine 26, a fuel tank 30, a carriage 2, a scraper blanking device 27, and a blanking roller 3. The frame 24 is fixed above the chassis 22, and the upper front of the frame 24 is installed with The cab 1, the engine 26, and the upper rear of the frame 24 are installed with a carriage 2. The bottom of the carriage 2 is installed with a scraper blanking device 27, and the rear is equipped with a blanking roller 3. The scraper blanking device 27 cooperates with the blanking roller 3. The material is continuously and evenly scraped to the rear of the carriage 2 for discharging. A ditch fertilizing device 20 is horizontally attached to the rear of the discharge port 4 at the rear of the carriage body 25. Enter into the screw feeding mechanism 19 of the fertilization device 20 for the groove.

As shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, the ditch fertilizing device 20 includes two symmetrically arranged left and right blanking mechanisms 17, The left and right two horizontally arranged screw feeding mechanisms 19, the blanking mechanism 17 and the screw feeding mechanism 19 are all set on the frame, and the blanking spacing between the two blanking mechanisms 17 can be adjusted freely, and the adjustment is based on the row spacing of the fruit trees or the grooves. The spacing is determined.

The blanking mechanism 17 at least includes a transverse vibration force rod 11, a transverse vibration active rod 15, a transverse width adjustment rod 35, a transverse width adjustment pin 34, a transverse vibration belt 14, a blanking chute pull-back spring 16, and a blanking chute. 12. The discharge port 29 and the discharge port are connected to the spring 32; the intermediate shaft 28 is connected to the hydraulic motor 7 at the power input end through the transmission component 6, one end of the lateral vibration belt 14 is connected to the intermediate shaft 28 through the pulley 31, and the other end is connected to the lateral vibration belt The active rod 15 is connected, and the power is transmitted to the lateral vibration active rod 15 through the action of the pulley 31 and the lateral vibration belt 14 through the intermediate shaft 28, and the lateral vibration active rod 15 is connected with the lateral width adjustment rod 35 through the lateral width adjustment pin 34. The vibration active rod 15 drives the lateral width adjustment rod 35 to rotate, and the protrusion at the end of the lateral width adjustment rod 35 regularly contacts the curved surface of the end of the lateral vibration force rod 11, and the lateral vibration force rod 11 is in contact with the fall. The inner side of the feeding chute 12 is fixedly connected, one end of the blanking chute pull-back spring 16 is hooked with the frame 10, and the other end is hooked with the blanking chute 12, the blanking chute 12 regularly vibrates left and right laterally, and the blanking mechanism 17 passes through the blanking chute The action of the pull-back spring 16 provides longitudinal vibration when the vehicle body shakes, and the lateral vibration and longitudinal vibration jointly promote the falling of materials and the laying operation.

As shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 10, the structure of the blanking chute 12 is streamlined, and the top end connects the spring 32 and the discharging port 29 through the discharging port to be flexible Connect, reduce the vibration of the machine and the damage to the connecting part, and when the machine is not working, the blanking chute 12 is hooked from the initial position to the blanking chute pull-back spring hook 33 through the blanking chute pull-back spring 16 , reduce the width of the machine and facilitate transportation. The bottom extends into the groove, and the bottom opening is slightly larger than the middle slide to ensure the width of the laying material; the width of the blanking chute 12 is larger than the width of the car body 25 when it is working, and it is behind the two sides of the car body. Fertilizer, when not working, the width of the hook 33 is smaller than the width of the car body 25 when it is hooked up to the pullback spring of the blanking chute.

As shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 5, Fig. 9, the screw feeding mechanism 19 at least includes a conveying screw 8 and a screw trough 9; The working length of the conveying screw 8 is equal to the length of the screw trough 9 .

As shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 5, Figure 9, the bottom of the outer end of the spiral trough 9 is provided with a feeding port 29, and the feeding port 29 is connected with the blanking groove 12. During operation, the blanking groove is 12 reaches into the groove.

As shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 8, Figure 9, the left and right screw feeding mechanisms 19 are installed symmetrically; the two screw feeding mechanisms 19 share an intermediate shaft 28; the intermediate shaft 28 is located between the two screw feeding mechanisms 19, and is connected to the hydraulic motor 7 through the transmission component 6 to transmit the power to the conveying screw 8.

As shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , the frame 10 is connected to the frame 24 through a four-bar mechanism 21 , and the height of the ditch fertilization device 20 is adjusted through a lifting mechanism 23 .

As shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 8, the described ditch fertilizer spreader adjusts the speed of the scraper blanking device 27, the blanking roller 3 and the hydraulic motor 7 , regulate the amount of material blanking; by adjusting the speed of the hydraulic motor, the vertical and horizontal vibration of the blanking chute 12 can be achieved regularly to promote the falling of the material and the stripping operation.

The described ditch fertilizer applicator is suitable for spreading the material in the ditch or on the ground, and is especially suitable for applying solid organic fertilizer in the ditch in the orchard; the applicable organic fertilizer includes commercial organic fertilizer, livestock and poultry manure, granular or powdery carbon based agricultural waste.

Claims (4)

1. An organic fertilizer strip-and-ditch fertilizer applicator for an orchard is characterized by at least comprising a vehicle body (25) and a strip-and-ditch fertilizer application device (20); the vehicle body (25) at least comprises a chassis (22), a frame (24), a cab (1), an engine (26), an oil tank (30), a carriage (2), a scraper blade blanking device (27) and a blanking roller (3), a frame (24) is fixed above the chassis (22), a cab (1), an engine (26) and a carriage (2) are installed on the front of the frame (24), a scraper blanking device (27) is installed at the bottom of the carriage (2), a blanking roller (3) is installed at the rear of the upper part of the frame (24), the scraper blanking device (27) is matched with the blanking roller (3) to continuously and uniformly scrape and send materials to the rear of the carriage (2) for discharging, a strip ditch fertilizer applying device (20) is transversely hung below the rear part of a discharge port (4) at the rear part of the vehicle body (25), and the materials are shunted by a shunting and collecting plate (5) from a discharge port (4) of the carriage and enter a spiral feeding mechanism (19) of the strip ditch fertilizer applying device (20);

the strip-groove fertilizing device (20) comprises a left blanking mechanism (17) and a right blanking mechanism (17) which are symmetrically arranged, and a left spiral feeding mechanism (19) and a right spiral feeding mechanism (19) which are horizontally arranged, wherein the blanking mechanisms (17) and the spiral feeding mechanisms (19) are arranged on the rack, the blanking interval between the two blanking mechanisms (17) can be freely adjusted, and the adjustment is determined according to the row spacing of fruit trees or the strip-groove interval;

the blanking mechanism (17) at least comprises a transverse vibration stress rod (11), a transverse vibration driving rod (15), a transverse width adjusting rod (35), a transverse width adjusting pin (34), a transverse vibration belt (14), a blanking groove pull-back spring (16), a blanking groove (12), a blanking port (29) and a blanking port connecting spring (32); an intermediate shaft (28) is connected with a power input end hydraulic motor (7) through a transmission part (6), one end of a transverse vibration belt (14) is connected with the intermediate shaft (28) through a belt wheel (31), the other end of the transverse vibration belt is connected with a transverse vibration driving rod (15), power is transmitted to the transverse vibration driving rod (15) through the intermediate shaft (28) under the action of the belt wheel (31) and the transverse vibration belt (14), the transverse vibration driving rod (15) is connected with a transverse width adjusting rod (35) through a transverse width adjusting pin (34), the transverse vibration driving rod (15) drives the transverse width adjusting rod (35) to rotate, a protrusion at the end part of the transverse width adjusting rod (35) is in regular contact with an arc-shaped curved surface at the end part of the transverse vibration stress rod (11), the transverse vibration stress rod (11) is fixedly connected with the inner side of a charging chute (12), one end of a charging chute pull-back spring (16) is hooked with a rack, the other end of the vertical vibration mechanism is hooked with a blanking groove (12), the blanking groove (12) generates regular horizontal vibration left and right, a blanking mechanism (17) provides longitudinal vibration under the action of a blanking groove pull-back spring (16), and the horizontal vibration and the longitudinal vibration jointly promote material falling and strip laying operation under the condition of vehicle body shaking;

the structure of the blanking groove (12) is streamline, the top end of the blanking groove is flexibly connected with the blanking port (29) through a blanking port connecting spring (32), the damage of vibration of an implement to a connecting piece at the position is reduced, when the implement does not work, the blanking groove (12) is hung at a hanging position (33) of a blanking groove pull-back spring from an initial position through the blanking groove pull-back spring (16), the width of the implement is reduced, the transport is convenient, the bottom of the implement stretches into a ditch, and the opening of the bottom is slightly larger than a middle slide way to ensure the width of laid materials; the width of the charging chute (12) is larger than that of the vehicle body (25) when the charging chute works, fertilizer is applied to the rear parts of the two sides of the vehicle body, and the width of the charging chute hanging part (33) hung on a pull-back spring hanging part of the charging chute is smaller than that of the vehicle body (25) when the charging chute does not work;

the spiral feeding mechanism (19) at least comprises a conveying spiral (8) and a spiral trough (9); the diameter of the conveying screw (8) is matched with the diameter of the circular arc at the bottom of the spiral trough (9), and the working length of the conveying screw (8) is equal to the length of the spiral trough (9);

a feed opening (29) is formed in the bottom of the outer end of the spiral trough (9), the feed opening (29) is connected with a blanking trough (12), and the blanking trough (12) extends into the strip channel during working;

the left and right spiral feeding mechanisms (19) are symmetrically arranged; the two spiral feeding mechanisms (19) share one intermediate shaft (28); the intermediate shaft (28) is positioned between the two spiral feeding mechanisms (19) and is connected with the hydraulic motor (7) through the transmission part (6) to transmit power to the conveying spiral (8).

2. The orchard organic fertilizer furrow fertilizer distributor according to claim 1, characterized in that the frame (10) is connected with the frame (24) through a four-bar mechanism (21), and the height of the furrow fertilizer distributor (20) is adjusted through a lifting mechanism (23).

3. The orchard organic fertilizer furrow fertilizer distributor according to claim 1, characterized in that the furrow fertilizer distributor regulates and controls the blanking amount of the materials by adjusting the speeds of the scraper blanking device (27), the blanking roller (3) and the hydraulic motor (7); the material falling and strip paving operation is promoted by adjusting the speed of the hydraulic motor to realize the longitudinal and transverse regular vibration of the charging chute (12).

4. The orchard organic fertilizer furrow fertilizer distributor according to claim 1, wherein the furrow fertilizer distributor is suitable for spreading the material strips in furrows or on the ground, and is particularly suitable for furrow application of solid organic fertilizer in orchards; suitable organic fertilizers include commercial organic fertilizers, livestock and poultry manure, and granular or powdery carbon-based agricultural wastes.

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