CN1903144A - 生物型人工韧带及其制备方法 - Google Patents

生物型人工韧带及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1903144A
CN1903144A CNA2005100361744A CN200510036174A CN1903144A CN 1903144 A CN1903144 A CN 1903144A CN A2005100361744 A CNA2005100361744 A CN A2005100361744A CN 200510036174 A CN200510036174 A CN 200510036174A CN 1903144 A CN1903144 A CN 1903144A
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徐国风
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Guangdong summit life sciences Co., Ltd.
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Guanhao Biological Science & Tech Co Ltd Guangdong Prov
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Priority to PCT/CN2006/001879 priority patent/WO2007012281A1/zh
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种生物型人工韧带及其制备方法，它由经固定剂交联固定和去抗原处理过的动物韧带或肌腱所形成的基材(1)，以及偶合在基材(1)表面上的含有多肽或糖胺聚糖类活性组分的活性表面层(2)组成。本发明的优点是：生物相容性好，无免疫排异反应，其组成与人体韧带相近，其降解产物可被新生韧带组织吸收利用；稳定性高，一般条件下不轻易降解，只有在新生组织分泌激肽释放酶协同纤溶酶的作用下，才被动降解，使降解与新组织生长近似同步；力学强度高，可完全满足韧带的力学要求；经表面活性修饰后，偶联有特定多肽或糖胺聚糖等活性组分，具有富集生长因子、激发未分化细胞定向分化，促进韧带再生的能力，是韧带修复的良好支架和载体。

Description

生物型人工韧带及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种人工韧带及其制备方法，它是一种用于为韧带断裂患者重建韧带的装置，属植入人体的医疗器械。
背景技术
韧带断裂是常见的运动损伤之一，尤其位于膝关节的前交叉韧带，在运动中发生断裂的发生率很高，后果也较严重，如果不及时治疗或治疗不当，会进一步引起关节内软骨磨损等结构性损伤，关节功能变坏，甚至残废。早期，外科大夫试图用缝接的方法治疗，但由于韧带的接合愈合能力较差，所有的尝试几乎都失败，已被放弃。于是，学者们把希望寄托在用替代移植体来重建韧带的方法上。被研究过的替代移植体有三类：一是取自体功能不太重要的肌腱或韧带植入。此方法的最大缺点是增加自身创伤，常留有后遗症，有时甚至得不偿失。如取髌腱(通常是把连接的骨一起取出，即骨—髌腱—骨形式)作替代植入时易发生膝前疼痛、髌腱痉挛、髌腱炎等后遗症，而且处理不好时还不一定百分百成活；二是用同种异体(即新鲜尸体)的肌腱或韧带作替代植入体，此方法存在两大缺点：(1)是来源困难，愿意捐出遗体的人甚少，(2)是配套处理技术落后，取得样品后只是简单的置于低温冰箱保存及浸入一般消毒液中简单消毒处理，便用于移植，很难有效去除抗原和杀灭可能存在于供体中的病菌和病毒，无法避免植入后的排斥反应及可能传染疾病的危险；三是用人工韧带作替代植入体，通常使用合成高聚物，如聚酯、聚四氟乙烯、尼龙等制成的长条状或编织带，这类替代体植入后的短期效果都不错，但这类高聚物无论组成和结构都与人体不同，始终存在因慢性排异反应而引起无菌炎症的危险，更重要的是高聚物固有的蠕变性，使它在起韧带作用一定时间后被不可逆拉长，而失去韧带的牵引功能。近年来有用牛肌腱制造人工肌腱和韧带的尝试，但只是简单的低温(-80℃)冷冻、脱脂及戊二醛固定处理后便使用。由于戊二醛是靠形成缩醛来交联固定蛋白质的，缩醛的稳定性不高，一方面固定产物的耐降解性欠佳，易因降解而失去应有的力学强度，另一方面在降解时会缓慢释放出戊二醛而有醛类的残留毒性，再加上不作专门的除抗原处理，未能有效的去除其抗原性，植入人体后会因慢性排异反应而失败，致使这些研究至今未能获得实质性的突破。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种使用安全可靠、具有较高的生物相容性、稳定性及耐降解性好的可加速机体进行再生性修复的生物型人工韧带及其制备方法。
本发明的技术解决方案是：生物型人工韧带，由经固定剂交联固定和去抗原处理过的动物韧带或肌腱所形成的基材。
作为一种优化方案，在基材表面上设有活性表面层，该活性表面层内含有可粘附生长因子的特定多肽或糖胺聚糖类活性组分。
动物韧带或肌腱组织易被微生物降解或分解，需用固定剂使之交联固定，传统上使用戊二醛作固定剂，有残留毒性，我们选用非醛类固定剂，如环氧化物、二酰二胺、二异氰酸酯或碳化二亚胺，就没有这一缺点，以环氧化物为例，当应用环氧化物来代替醛类作固定试剂时，由于环氧化物是靠开环反应来交联蛋白质分子的，开环后不能再轻易形成环氧化物，其降解产物是可被机体代谢的二元醇或多元醇，无醛类的残留毒性，处理后的动物韧带的稳定性也比原有用醛类固定的高；根据现代免疫学理论，动物组织的抗原性主要是由蛋白质中某些特殊位置的活性基团及特异构象引起的，这些活性基团主要有-OH，-NH2，-SH等，而特异构象则主要是由于蛋白质分子螺旋链的某些特殊氢键引起，在处理动物韧带时，用一种或多种易与这些基团起反应的小分子活泼试剂(如酸酐、酰氯、酰胺、环氧化物等)与这些基团结合，将其封闭起来，从而有效的去除其抗原，同时，还应用强氢键试剂(如胍类化合物)，置换引起特异构象的氢键，改变其构象，从而有效的消除其抗原性。动物韧带经环氧化物等非醛类固定剂交联固定后，其组织不易降解或分解，只有在新生组织分泌纤溶酶、激肽释放酶协同作用下，才被胶原酶蚕蚀降解，保证新生韧带组织有足够时间生长及形成，且无残留毒性，再通过封闭蛋白质中的活性基团和改变其构象，有效的去除其免疫抗原性，所形成的基材不存在慢性免疫排异反应，生物相容性好。再通过表面修饰在其表面引入特定多肽或其他糖胺聚糖等活性组分，提高其组织相容性。这类特定多肽或糖胺聚糖对生长因子有广谱粘附和富集作用或激发未分化细胞定向分化，从而促进机体韧带的再生和修复。
本发明的生物型人工韧带的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)、选料：收集新鲜动物的肌腱或韧带；
(2)、预处理：使用广谱高效低毒灭菌剂进行初步灭菌后，修剪去除多余杂质及不规整部分；
(3)、脱脂：使用有机溶剂抽提基材中的脂肪；
(4)、去除抗原：使用活泼试剂封闭基材蛋白质中的特异活性基团-OH或-NH2或-SH，并用强氢键试剂置换基材蛋白质分子螺旋链中的特殊氢键，改变特异构象；
(5)、固定：使用固定剂交联固定基材中的蛋白质分子。
作为一种优化方案，在基材的表面上通过偶联剂偶联可粘附生长因子的特定多肽或糖胺聚糖活性组分形成活性表面层。
生物型人工韧带的制备方法中所述的广谱灭菌剂可选用新洁尔灭、叠氮钠、洗必泰等。
生物型人工韧带的制备方法中所述的有机溶剂可选用氯仿、乙酸乙酯、无水酒精或它们的共混物。
生物型人工韧带的制备方法中所述的活泼试剂可以是小分子有机酸酐、酰氯、酰按、单环氧化物等，强氢键试剂为胍类化合物。
生物型人工韧带的制备方法中所述的固定剂为易于蛋白质分子发生交联的非醛类试剂如环氧化物、二酰二胺、二异氰酸酯或碳化二亚胺试剂中的一种或两种，这里的环氧化物可以是单环氧化物
Figure A20051003617400071
也可以是双环氧化物
Figure A20051003617400072
这里R＝CnH2n+1-，n＝0-10，还可以是低聚环氧化物如聚环氧丙烷。
生物型人工韧带的制备方法中所述的特定多肽之一是由16个赖氨酸(K16)、甘氨酸(G)、精氨酸(R)、天冬氨酸(D)、丝氨酸(S)、脯氨酸(P)及半胱氨酸(C)缩聚而成的多肽，所述的糖胺聚糖是透明质酸、硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素、肝素、硫酸乙酰肝素或硫酸角质素。
生物型人工韧带的制备方法中偶联特定多肽或糖胺聚糖活性组分所用的偶联剂有二酰二胺、二酸酐、双环氧化物或其它能与-NH2，-OH，-COOH等起缩合反应的双官能团试剂。
本发明的优点是：1、生物相容性好，无免疫排异反应，其组成与人体韧带相近，其降解产物可被新生韧带组织吸收利用；2、稳定性高，一般条件下不轻易降解，只有在新生组织分泌激肽释放酶协同纤溶酶的作用下，才被动降解，使降解与新组织生长近似同步；3、力学强度高，力学强度可完全满足韧带的力学要求；4、经表面活性修饰后，偶联有特定多肽或糖胺聚糖等活性组分，具有富集生长因子、激发未分化细胞定向分化，促进韧带再生的能力，是韧带修复的良好支架和载体，其性能显著优于合成材料的人工韧带。
附图说明
附图1为本发明实施例结构式意图；
附图2为本发明实施例垂直剖视图；
1、基材，2、活性表面层。
具体实施方式
实施例：如附图1和2所示，生物型人工韧带，由经环氧化物交联固定和去抗原处理过的动物韧带或肌腱所形成的基材1，以及基材1表面上偶联有可粘附生长因子的特定多肽或糖胺聚糖类活性组分所形成的活性表面层2组成，这里的特定多肽之一是由16个赖氨酸(K16)、甘氨酸(G)、精氨酸(R)、天冬氨酸(D)、丝氨酸(S)、脯氨酸(P)及半胱氨酸(C)缩聚而成的，所述的糖胺聚糖是透明质酸、硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素、肝素、硫酸乙酰肝素或硫酸角质素。
生物型人工韧带的制备方法，是以天然的动物韧带或肌腱为基材，包括以下步骤：
(1)、选料：由专人从规范化管理的屠宰场中收集新鲜动物的肌腱或韧带，尽量避免接触污染物；
(2)、预处理：使用如新洁尔灭、叠氮钠、洗必泰等广谱高效消毒剂进行初步灭菌及修剪去除多余杂质及不规整部分；
(3)、脱脂：使用有机溶剂如氯仿、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醚、无水酒精或它们的共混物抽提基材1中的脂肪；
(4)、去除抗原：使用活泼试剂如小分子有机酸酐、酰氯、酰按、单环氧化物等封闭基材蛋白质中的特异活性基团-OH，-NH2，-SH等，并用强氢键试剂如胍类化合物置换基材蛋白质分子螺旋链中的特殊氢键；
(5)、固定：使用双环氧化物
Figure A20051003617400081
作固定剂，交联固定基材1中的蛋白质分子，这里的n＝0-10。
(6)、表面修饰：在基材1的表面通过偶联剂二酰二胺或二酸酐或双环氧化物或其它能与-NH2，-OH，-COOH等引起缩合反应的双官能团试剂将特定多肽或糖胺聚糖类活性组分偶联到基材1的表面，形成活性表面层2。

Claims (12)

1、一种生物型人工韧带的制备方法，它包括以下步骤：
①、选料：收集新鲜动物的肌腱或韧带为基材(1)；
②、预处理：使用广谱高效低毒灭菌剂对基材(1)进行初步灭菌后修剪去除多余杂质及不规整部分；
③、脱脂：使用有机溶剂抽提基材(1)中的脂肪；
④、去除抗原：使用活泼试剂封闭基材(1)蛋白质中的-OH或-NH2或-SH活性基团，并用强氢键试剂置换基材(1)蛋白质分子螺旋链中的特殊氢键；
⑤、固定：使用固定剂交联固定基材(1)中的蛋白质分子。
2、根据权利要求1所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：在所述基材(1)的表面上通过偶联剂偶联可粘附生长因子的特定多肽或糖胺聚糖类活性组分形成活性表面层(2)。
3、根据权利要求2所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：所述的特定多肽之一是由16个赖氨酸(K16)、甘氨酸(G)、精氨酸(R)、天冬氨酸(D)、丝氨酸(S)、脯氨酸(P)及半胱氨酸(C)缩聚而成的，所述的糖胺聚糖是透明质酸、硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素、肝素、硫酸乙酰肝素或硫酸角质素。
4、根据权利要求1所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：所述的活泼试剂可以是小分子有机酸酐、酰氯、酰胺、单环氧化物等，强氢键试剂为胍类化合物。
5、根据权利要求1所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：所述的固定剂为易与蛋白质分子发生交联反应的环氧化物、二酰二胺、二异氰酸酯或碳化二亚胺试剂。
6、根据权利要求2所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：所用的偶联剂可用二酰二胺或二酸酐或双环氧化物或其它能与-NH2、-OH或-COOH起缩合反应的双官能团试剂。
7、根据权利要求5所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：用作固定剂的环氧化物可以是单环氧化物 也可以是双环氧化物这里R＝CnH2n+1-，n＝0-10，还可以是低聚环氧化物如聚环氧丙烷。
8、根据权利要求1所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：所使用的广谱灭菌剂可选用新洁尔灭、叠氮钠或洗必泰等。
9、根据权利要求1所述的生物型人工韧带的制备方法，其特征在于：所述的有机溶剂可选用氯仿、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醚、无水酒精或它们的共混物。
10、一种使用权利要求1所述制备方法得到的生物型人工韧带，其特征在于：它由经固定剂交联固定和去抗原处理过的动物韧带或肌腱所形成的基材(1)。
11、根据权利要求10所述的生物型人工韧带，其特征在于：在所述基材(1)表面上设有活性表面层(2)，该活性表面层(2)内含有可粘附生长因子的特定多肽或糖胺聚糖类活性组分。
12、根据权利要求11所述的生物型人工韧带，其特征在于：所述的特定多肽之一是由16个赖氨酸(K16)、甘氨酸(G)、精氨酸(R)、天冬氨酸(D)、丝氨酸(S)、脯氨酸(P)及半胱氨酸(C)缩聚而成的，所述的糖胺聚糖是透明质酸、硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素、肝素、硫酸乙酰肝素或硫酸角质素。
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