CN1898209A - 葡糖激酶调节剂吡啶羧酸衍生物 - Google Patents
葡糖激酶调节剂吡啶羧酸衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1898209A CN1898209A CNA2004800390651A CN200480039065A CN1898209A CN 1898209 A CN1898209 A CN 1898209A CN A2004800390651 A CNA2004800390651 A CN A2004800390651A CN 200480039065 A CN200480039065 A CN 200480039065A CN 1898209 A CN1898209 A CN 1898209A
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- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
- C07D213/81—Amides; Imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
- C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
- C07D213/80—Acids; Esters in position 3
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- A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
- A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
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- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
- C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
- Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
本发明描述式(I)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物:其中:A为任选被取代的苯基或5元或6元杂芳环;R1和R2选自氢和甲基;条件是R1和R2中的至少一个为甲基。还描述它们作为GLK激活剂的用途、含它们的药用组合物以及它们的制备方法。
Description
本发明涉及用于治疗或预防通过葡糖激酶(GLK)介导的导致胰岛素分泌的葡萄糖阈值降低的疾病或医学病症的一类苯甲酰氨基吡啶基羧酸。另外,预期这些化合物通过增加肝脏葡萄糖摄取降低血糖。此类化合物可能具有治疗II型糖尿病和肥胖症的功效。本发明还涉及含所述化合物的药用组合物和用所述化合物治疗GLK介导疾病的方法。
在胰腺β-细胞和肝实质细胞中,主要的原生质膜葡萄糖转运蛋白是GLUT2。在生理葡萄糖浓度下,GLUT2跨膜转运葡萄糖的速率不是限于在这些细胞中摄取葡萄糖全部速率的速率。葡萄糖摄取速率受葡萄糖磷酸化为葡萄糖-6-磷酸(G-6-P)的速率的限制,该磷酸化经葡糖激酶(GLK)[1]催化。GLK具有高葡萄糖(6-10mM)Km,不受G-6-P[1]生理浓度抑制。GLK表达仅限于几种组织和细胞类型,最明显的是胰腺β细胞和肝细胞(肝细胞)[1]。在这些细胞中,GLK活性是限制葡萄糖利用的比率,因此它调节葡萄糖诱导胰岛素分泌和肝糖原合成的程度。这些过程对维持整个身体葡萄糖稳定至关重要,在糖尿病中,两者均功能异常[2]。
在糖尿病的一种亚型,即青少年发育期开始II型糖尿病(MODY-2)中,功能突变GLK缺失导致该糖尿病[3,4]。MODY-2患者中的高血糖由胰腺和肝脏中缺陷性葡萄糖利用所致[5]。在MODY-2患者的胰腺中缺陷性葡萄糖利用导致刺激胰岛素分泌的葡萄糖阈值升高。相反,很少激活GLK突变降低导致家族性胰岛素休克的该阈值[6,6a,7]。除了在MODY-2糖尿病患者中观察到GLK活性降低外,在II型糖尿病患者中肝葡糖激酶活性也降低[8]。重要的是,在该疾病的饮食性和遗传性两种类型中普遍或肝脏选择性过度表达GLK,阻止或反转糖尿病表型发展[9-12]。此外,用果糖急性治疗II型糖尿病可通过刺激肝葡萄糖利用提高葡萄糖耐量[13]。据认为,该作用通过下述机制,通过果糖诱导肝细胞中的胞质GLK活性增加介导[13]。
通过与GLK调节蛋白(GLKRP)结合抑制肝GLK活性。通过果糖-6-磷酸(F6P)与GLKRP结合稳定GLK/GLKRP复合物,而通过果糖-1-磷酸(F1P)置换该磷酸糖去稳定。通过果糖激酶介导的饮食果糖磷酸化生成F1P。因此,GLK/GLKRP复合物完整性和肝GLK活性按营养依赖性方式调节,因为F6P在吸收后状态升高,而F1P主要处于膳食后状态。与肝细胞相对照,在不存在GLKRP条件下,胰腺β-细胞表达GLK。因此,β-细胞GLK活性只受其底物、葡萄糖的利用度调节。小分子可直接或通过使GLK/GLKRP复合物去稳定激活GLK。预计前一类化合物在肝脏和胰腺中刺激葡萄糖利用,预计后者只在肝脏起作用。但是,预计具有任一特征的化合物对治疗II型糖尿病有治疗益处,因为该疾病的特征在于两种组织中均存在缺陷性葡萄糖利用。
GLK、GLKRP和KATP通道在下丘脑神经元中表达,下丘脑是调节能量平衡和控制食物摄取的重要脑区域[14-18]。这些神经元已表明表达促食欲和厌食神经多肽[15,19,20],并假定它们是下丘脑中的葡萄糖感知神经元,环境葡萄糖浓度变化抑制或兴奋这些神经元[17,19,21,22]。这些神经元感知葡萄糖水平变化的能力在多种遗传和实验诱导的肥胖症模型中有缺陷[23-28]。给大脑室内(icv)输注葡糖激酶的竞争性抑制剂葡萄糖类似物,刺激瘦大鼠食物摄取[29,30]。相反,icv输注葡萄糖抑制进食[31]。因此,GLK的小分子激活剂可通过对GLK的中枢作用减少食物摄取和增加重量。因此除糖尿病以外,GLK激活剂还可能具有治疗包括肥胖症在内的饮食性疾病的治疗用途。对于治疗II型糖尿病而言,在使葡萄糖稳定正常化中,作用于肝脏和/或胰腺中的同一化合物的下丘脑作用是加和或协同的。因此,GLK/GLKRP系统可描述为潜在的″糖尿病-肥胖症(Diabesity)″靶(具有糖尿病和肥胖症两种益处)。
在WO 0058293和WO 01/44216(Roche)中,将一系列苄基氨基甲酰基化合物描述为葡糖激酶激活剂。通过在GLK活性与NADH生成相关的测定中测量此类化合物的直接作用,评价此类化合物激活GLK的机理,而NADH生成通过光学测量,见实施例A中所述体外测定的详细内容。本发明化合物可直接激活GLK,或可通过抑制GLKRP与GLK的相互作用激活GLK。后一个机理比GLK直接激活剂具有重要优势,该优势在于它们不会造成预计的直接刺激后严重低血糖事件。与已知的GLK激活剂相比,许多本发明化合物可表现出有利的选择性。
WO 9622282、WO 9622293、WO 9622294、WO 9622295、WO9749707和WO 9749708公开用于制备可用作与本发明公开的那些结构上类似的加压素化合物的多种中间体。结构类似化合物还在WO9641795和JP8143565(加压素拮抗性),在JP8301760(皮肤损伤预防)和在EP619116(osetopathy(骨病))中公开。
WO 01/12621公开用作c-JUN N-末端激酶抑制剂的异唑基嘧啶和相关化合物的制备和含此类化合物的药用组合物。
Cushman等[Bioorg Med Chem Lett(1991)1(4),211-14]描述合成含吡啶的1,2-二苯乙烯和酰胺的方法以及对它们用作蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂进行评价。Rogers等[J Med Chem(1981)24(11)1284-7]描述用作环AMP磷酸二酯酶抑制剂的介离子6-羟基嘌呤类似物。
WO 00/26202描述制备用作抗肿瘤药物的2-氨基-噻唑衍生物的方法。GB 2331748描述制备噻唑衍生物杀虫剂的方法。WO 96/36619描述制备用作促消化道运动药物的氨基噻唑衍生物的方法。美国专利5466715和美国专利5258407描述制备3,4-二取代苯酚免疫刺激剂的方法。JP 58069812描述含苯甲酰胺衍生物的降血糖药物。美国专利3950351描述2-苯甲酰氨基-5-硝基噻唑,Cavier等[Eur J Med Chem-Chim Ther(1978)13(6),539-43]论述这些化合物的生物学意义。
国际申请号WO 03/015774描述用作葡糖激酶激活剂的一类苯甲酰基氨基杂环化合物,和国际申请号WO 03/000262描述用作葡糖激酶激活剂的一类乙烯基苯基衍生物。
国际申请号:WO 03/000267描述一类苯甲酰基氨基吡啶基羧酸,它们是葡糖激酶(GLK)激活剂。我们出乎意料之外地发现,这些化合物中的一小部分因其水溶性提高和血浆结合水平降低,口服后具有较高血药水平,同时保留对GLK酶的高效力。这使得该亚类化合物尤其适用于治疗或预防通过GLK介导的疾病或医学病症。
因此,根据本发明的第一方面,提供式(I)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物:
式(I)
其中:
A为苯基或5元或6元杂芳环,其中A未被取代或被独立选自R3的1或2个基团取代;
R1选自氢和甲基;
R2选自氢和甲基;
R3选自甲基、甲氧基、氟、氯和氰基;
条件是R1和R2中的至少一个为甲基。
式(I)化合物可形成本发明范围内的盐。尽管其它盐可用于例如分离或纯化化合物,但优选药学上可接受的盐。
在本说明书中,术语″杂芳基″表示含有至少一个选自氮、硫和氧的原子的芳族单环5-6元碳环。除另有说明外,“杂芳基”环可以与碳或氮连接,除非通过氮连接导致带电荷的季氮。
优选″杂芳基″环为含有一个选自氮、硫和氧的杂原子的5元芳环。
含有至少一个杂原子的芳族单环5-6元环的实例包括:噻吩基、呋喃基、噻唑基、噻二唑基、吡唑基、咪唑基、唑基、异唑基、吡啶基、吡啶酮基、吡嗪基、哒嗪基和嘧啶基,优选呋喃基或噻吩基。
应理解由于有一个或多个不对称碳原子,以上定义的某些式(I)化合物可存在旋光性或外消旋形式,本发明包括其定义中的任何具有直接刺激GLK或抑制GLK/GLKRP相互作用性质的这种旋光性或外消旋形式。可按照本领域中熟知的有机化学标准技术,例如由旋光性原料合成或拆分外消旋体,来进行旋光性形式的合成。还应理解某些化合物可存在互变异构体,本发明还涉及激活GLK的本发明化合物的任何和所有互变异构体。
优选的式(I)化合物为其中采用任何一个或多个以下定义的那些化合物:
(1)R1为甲基;优选
(2)R2为氢;
(3)A选自苯基、呋喃基和噻吩基,优选苯基和噻吩基;
(4)A未被取代或被甲基或氟取代;
(5)优选式(I)3位上的基团为:
按照本发明的再一个特征,提供以下优选的各组本发明化合物:
(I)式(Ia)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药
式(Ia)
其中:
R2和A定义同以上式(I)化合物。
(II)式(Ib)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药
式(Ib)
其中:
R2定义同以上式(I)化合物。
(III)式(Ic)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药
式(Ic)
其中:
A′为杂芳基;
R2定义同以上式(I)化合物。
(IV)式(Id)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药
式(Id)
其中:
A定义同以上式(I)化合物。
(V)式(Ie)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药
式(Ie)
其中:
A选自苯基、噻吩基和呋喃基;
A任选被甲基、甲氧基、氯或氟取代;
R1选自氢和甲基;
R2选自氢和甲基;
条件是R1和R2中的至少一个为甲基。
在本发明的再一方面,提供任一实例或其盐、溶剂合物或前药。在本发明的再一方面,提供任何两个或多个实例或其盐、溶剂合物或前药。
优选的本发明化合物包括以下任何一个、两个或多个化合物:
1)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
2)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
3)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(2-甲氧基苯基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
4)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-噻吩-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
5)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-氯噻吩-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
6)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-噻吩-3-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
7)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-甲基呋喃-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
8)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{4-氟苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
9)6-{3-[(2S)-2-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
10)6-{3-[(2R)-2-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;和
11)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{2-氯苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
12)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{3,5-二氟苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
13)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{3-氟苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
14)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-甲基噻吩-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
15)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{3-甲氧基苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
16)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{2-甲基苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
17)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{4-甲氧基苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
18)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-氯呋喃-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
或其盐、溶剂合物或前药。
更优选的本发明化合物为以下任何一个化合物:
1)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
2)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;和
3)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-甲基呋喃-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
或其盐、溶剂合物或前药。
可以前药的形式给予本发明化合物。前药为可在体内降解产生本发明化合物的生物前体或药学上可接受的化合物(例如本发明化合物的酯或酰胺,尤其为体内可水解的酯)。在本领域中已知各种前药形式。有关此类前药衍生物的实例,参见:
a)Design of Prodrugs,H.Bundgaard编辑,(Elsevier,1985)和Methods in Enzymology,第42卷,第309-396页,K.Widder等编辑(Academic Press,1985);
b)A Textbook of Drug Design and Development,Krogsgaard-Larsen编辑;
c)H.Bundgaard,第5章″Design and Application of Prodrugs″,H.Bundgaard著,第113-191页(1991);
d)H.Bundgaard,Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,8,1-38(1992);
e)H.Bundgaard等,Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,77,285(1988);和
f)N.Kakeya等,Chem Pharm Bull,32,692(1984)。
以上引用的文献内容通过引用结合到本文中。
前药的实例如下。可在体内水解的含羧基或羟基的本发明化合物的酯为例如可在人或动物体内水解产生母体酸或醇的药学上可接受的酯。用于羧基的适宜的药学上可接受的酯包括C1-C6烷氧基甲酯例如甲氧基甲基酯、C1-C6烷酰氧基甲酯例如新戊酰氧基甲基酯、2-苯并[c]呋喃酮基酯、C3-C8环烷氧基羰基氧基C1-C6烷基酯,例如1-环己基羰基氧基乙基酯;1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮基甲酯,例如5-甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮基甲基酯;和C1-6烷氧基羰基氧基乙酯。
可在体内水解的含羟基的本发明化合物的酯包括无机酯,例如磷酸酯(包括氨基磷酸环酯)和α-酰氧基烷基醚以及相关化合物,由于酯在体内水解,断裂产生母体羟基。α-酰氧基烷基醚的实例包括乙酰氧基甲氧基和2,2-二甲基丙酰氧基甲氧基。用于羟基形成体内可水解酯的基团的选择包括烷酰基、苯甲酰基、苯基乙酰基、取代的苯甲酰基和苯基乙酰基、烷氧基羰基(产生碳酸烷基酯)、二烷基氨基甲酰基和N-(二烷基氨基乙基)-N-烷基氨基甲酰基(产生氨基甲酸酯)、二烷基氨基乙酰基和羧基乙酰基。
适宜的本发明化合物的药学上可接受的盐为例如碱性足够强的本发明化合物的酸加成盐,例如与例如以下无机或有机酸形成的酸加成盐:例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、三氟乙酸、柠檬酸或马来酸。此外,酸性足够强的本发明苯并嗪酮衍生物的适宜的药学上可接受的盐为碱金属盐,例如钠或钾盐;碱土金属盐,例如钙或镁盐;铵盐或与提供生理上可接受的阳离子的有机碱形成的盐,例如与甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、哌啶、吗啉或三-(2-羟乙基)胺形成的盐。
本发明的再一个特征为含以上定义的式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药以及药学上可接受的稀释剂或载体的药用组合物。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供用作药物的以上定义的式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物。
再按照本发明,提供式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物用于制备治疗通过GLK介导的疾病、尤其II型糖尿病的药物。
化合物适宜配制成以这种方式使用的药用组合物。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供通过给予需要这种治疗的哺乳动物有效量的式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药治疗GLK介导的疾病、尤其糖尿病的方法。
可通过本发明化合物或组合物治疗的具体疾病包括:在II型糖尿病中降低血糖而无严重低血糖风险(并潜在治疗I型糖尿病)、异常脂血症、肥胖症、抗胰岛素性、代谢综合征X、葡萄糖耐量减弱。
如上所述,因而可将GLK/GLKRP系统描述为潜在的″糖尿病-肥胖症″(糖尿病和肥胖症两者益处)靶。因此,按照本发明的另一方面,提供式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药在制备用于联合治疗或预防糖尿病和肥胖症的药物中的用途。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药在制备用于治疗或预防肥胖症的药物中的用途。
按照本发明的再一方面,提供通过给予需要这种治疗的哺乳动物有效量的式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药来联合治疗肥胖症和糖尿病的方法。
按照本发明的再一方面,提供通过给予需要这种治疗的哺乳动物有效量的式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药治疗肥胖症的方法。
本发明组合物可以为适用于口服使用的形式(例如作为片剂、锭剂、硬或软胶囊剂、水性或油性混悬剂、乳剂、可分散散剂或颗粒剂、糖浆或酏剂);适用于局部使用的形式(例如作为霜剂、软膏剂、凝胶剂或水性或油性溶液或混悬剂);适用于吸入给药形式(例如作为微粉或液体气雾剂);适用于吹入给药的形式(例如作为微粉散剂)或适用于肠胃外给药形式(例如用作静脉内、皮下、肌内或肌内给药的无菌水性或油性溶液,或作为直肠给药的栓剂)。
可通过常规方法,用本领域中熟知的常规药用赋形剂得到本发明组合物。因此,预定口服使用的组合物可含有例如一种或多种着色剂、甜味剂、矫味剂和/或防腐剂。
用于片剂的适宜的药学上可接受的赋形剂包括例如惰性稀释剂,例如乳糖、碳酸钠、磷酸钙或碳酸钙;造粒剂和崩解剂,例如玉米淀粉或藻酸(algenic acid);粘合剂,例如淀粉;润滑剂,例如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸或滑石粉;防腐剂,例如对-羟基苯甲酸乙酯或丙酯和抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸。片剂可未包衣或包衣,以改变其崩解度,使活性成分随后在胃肠道吸收,或改善其稳定性和/或外观,在任一情形中,使用常规包衣剂和本领域熟知的方法。
口服使用的组合物可以为硬明胶胶囊形式,其中活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂例如碳酸钙、磷酸钙或高岭土混合,或为软明胶胶囊形式,其中活性成分与水或油例如花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油混合。
水混悬剂通常含微粉形式的活性成分以及一种或多种悬浮剂,例如羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、藻酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、黄芪胶和阿拉伯胶;分散剂或湿润剂,例如卵磷脂或环氧烷与脂肪酸的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯),或环氧乙烷与长链脂族醇的缩合产物,例如十七烷亚乙氧基鲸蜡醇,或环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇的部分酯的缩合产物,例如聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇单油酸酯,或环氧乙烷与长链脂族醇的缩合产物,例如十七烷亚乙氧基鲸蜡醇,或环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇的部分酯的缩合产物,例如聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇单油酸酯,或环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇脱水物的部分酯的缩合产物,例如聚乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。水性混悬剂也可含有一种或多种防腐剂(例如对-羟基苯甲酸乙酯或丙酯、抗氧化剂(例如抗坏血酸)、着色剂、矫味剂和/或甜味剂(例如蔗糖、糖精或阿司帕坦)。
可通过将活性成分悬浮在植物油(例如落花生油、橄榄油、芝麻油或椰子油)或矿物油(例如液体石蜡)配制油性混悬剂。油性混悬剂还可含增稠剂,例如蜂蜡、硬石蜡或鲸蜡醇。可加入甜味剂例如上述那些和矫味剂,以提供爽口的口服制剂。可通过加入抗氧化剂例如抗坏血酸保存这些组合物。
适用于通过加水制备水混悬剂的可分散散剂和颗粒剂通常含活性成分以及分散剂或湿润剂、悬浮剂和一种或多种防腐剂。通过上述那些已举例说明了适宜的分散剂或湿润剂和悬浮剂。也可存在其它的赋形剂,例如甜味剂、矫味剂和着色剂。
本发明的药用组合物还可以为水包油乳剂形式。油相可以为植物油例如橄榄油或落花生油,或矿物油例如液体石蜡,或任何这些油的混合物。适宜的乳化剂可以为例如天然存在的胶,例如阿拉伯胶或黄芪胶;天然存在的磷脂,例如大豆、卵磷脂;由脂肪酸和己糖醇脱水物衍生的酯或部分酯(例如脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯)和所述部分酯与环氧乙烷的缩合产物,例如聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。乳剂也可含甜味剂、矫味剂和防腐剂。
可用甜味剂例如甘油、丙二醇、山梨醇、阿司帕坦或蔗糖配制糖浆和酏剂,也可含有缓和剂、防腐剂、矫味剂和/或着色剂。
药用组合物也可以为无菌注射水或油混悬剂形式,可按照已知方法,用上述一种或多种适宜的分散剂或湿润剂和悬浮剂配制。无菌注射制剂也可为无毒、肠胃外可接受的稀释剂或溶剂的无菌注射溶液或混悬剂,例如1,3-丁二醇溶液。
吸入给药的组合物可以为设计成将活性成分以含微粉固体或液滴的气雾分配的常规加压气雾剂形式。可使用常规气雾剂抛射剂,例如挥发性氟化烃或烃,可将气雾剂装置便利地设计成按计量活性成分分配。
有关制剂的进一步信息,读者可参考Comprehensive MedicinalChemistry(Corwin Hansch;编辑委员会主席),Pergamon Press 1990,第5卷,第25.2章。
与一种或多种赋形剂组合产生单一剂型的活性成分的量需根据治疗宿主和具体的给予途径而变化。例如,预定给予人口服的制剂通常含例如与适当和适宜量的赋形剂混合的0.5mg-2g活性药物,其可占总组合物约5%至约98%(重量)。单位剂型通常含约1mg至约500mg活性成分。有关给药途径和给药方案的进一步信息,读者可参考Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry(Corwin Hansch;编辑委员会主席),Pergamon Press 1990,第5卷,第25.3章。
治疗或预防目的的式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物的剂量大小自然根据病症的性质和严重程度、动物或患者的年龄和性别、给药途径;根据熟知的医学原理而变化。
在使用式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物用于治疗或预防目的时,通常给予日剂量例如0.5mg-75mg/kg体重,如果需要可按分剂量给药。一般而言,当使用肠胃外途径时,给药剂量较小。因此,例如静脉内给药,通常使用的剂量范围例如为0.5mg-30mg/kg体重。类似地,吸入给药使用的剂量范围例如为0.5mg-25mg/kg体重。但优选口服用药。
本文中所述增加GLK活性可作为单独疗法使用或与一种或多种其它物质和/或适应症治疗联合使用。可通过同时、序贯或分别给予治疗的各个成分实现这种联合治疗。同时治疗可以用同一片剂或独立片剂。例如治疗糖尿病时,化疗可包括以下主要治疗类别:
1)胰岛素和胰岛素类似物;
2)胰岛素促分泌素,包括磺酰脲类(例如格列本脲、格列吡嗪)、膳食葡萄糖调节剂(例如瑞格列奈、那格列奈);
3)改善内分泌作用的药物(例如二肽基肽酶IV抑制剂和GLP-1激动剂);
4)胰岛素增敏剂,包括PPARγ激动剂(例如吡格列酮和罗格列酮)和具有PPARα和γ组合活性的药物;
5)调节肝葡萄糖平衡的药物(例如甲福明、果糖1,6二磷酸酯酶抑制剂、糖原磷酸化酶抑制剂、糖原合成酶激酶抑制剂);
6)设计用于减少肠吸收葡萄糖的药物(例如阿卡波糖);
7)阻止肾重吸收葡萄糖的药物(SGLT抑制剂);
8)设计用于治疗慢性高血糖并发症的药物(例如醛糖还原酶抑制剂);
9)减肥药(例如西布曲明和奥利司他);
10)抗异常脂血症药物,例如HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂(例如他汀类药物);PPARα激动剂(贝特类药物(fibrates),例如吉非贝齐);胆汁酸螯合剂(考来烯胺);胆固醇吸收抑制剂(植物stanols,合成抑制剂);胆汁酸吸收抑制剂(IBATi)和烟酸及其类似物(烟酸和缓释制剂);
11)抗高血压药物,例如β阻滞剂(例如阿替洛尔、普萘洛尔);ACE抑制剂(例如赖诺普利);钙拮抗剂(例如硝苯地平);血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(例如坎地沙坦);α拮抗剂和利尿药(例如呋塞米、苄噻嗪);
12)淤血调节剂,例如抗血栓形成药、纤维蛋白溶解激活剂和抗血小板药物;凝血酶拮抗剂;Xa因子抑制剂;VIIa因子抑制剂);抗血小板药物(例如阿司匹林、氯吡格雷);抗凝血药(肝素和低分子量类似物、水蛭素)和华法林;
13)拮抗高血糖素作用的药物;和
14)抗炎药,例如非甾体抗炎药(例如阿司匹林)和甾体抗炎药(例如可的松)。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供作为下述实施例终产物制备的各化合物及其盐、溶剂合物和前药。
可通过适用于制备此类化合物或结构相关化合物的任何已知方法制备本发明化合物或其盐。可使用常规方法将官能团保护或去保护。
有关保护基团例如氨基和羧酸保护基团的实例(以及形成和最终去保护的方法),参见T.W.Greene和P.G.M.Wuts,″Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis″,第二版,John Wiley & Sons,New York,1991。
提供合成式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物的方法作为本发明的再一个特征。因此,按照本发明的再一方面,提供制备式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物的方法,该方法包括:
(a)使式(IIIa)酸或其活化衍生物与式(IIIb)化合物反应,
式(IIIa) 式(IIIb)
其中P1为H或保护基团例如C1-4烷基(优选甲基或乙基);或(b)使式(IIIc)化合物脱保护,
式(IIIc)
其中P1为保护基团;或
(c)使式(IIId)化合物与式(IIIe)化合物反应,
式(IIId) 式(IIIe)
其中X1为离去基团,且X2为羟基,或X1为羟基,且X2为离去基团,和其中P1为保护基团;或
(d)使式(IIIf)化合物与式(IIIg)化合物反应
式(IIIf) 式(IIIg)
其中X3为离去基团,且X4为羟基,或X3为羟基,且X4为离去基团;或
(e)使式(IIIh)化合物与式(IIIi)化合物反应,
式(IIIh) 式(IIIi)
其中X5为离去基团,且其中P1为H或保护基团,例如C1-4烷基(优选甲基或乙基);
然后,如果需要:
i)将一种式(I)化合物转化为另一种式(I)化合物;
ii)除去任何保护基团;
iii)形成其盐、前药或溶剂合物。
技术人员熟知方法a)-e)中适宜的离去基团,它们包括例如活化羟基离去基团(例如甲磺酸酯和甲苯磺酸酯基)和卤素离去基团,例如氟、氯或溴。
式(IIIa)至式(IIIi)化合物有市售,或可通过本领域已知的和/或本文实施例中举例说明的任何便利方法制备。一般而言,人们会认识到任选在适宜的碱的存在下,可通过亲核取代或金属催化方法形成任何芳基-O或烷基-O键。
以上反应的具体反应条件如下:
方法a)-在本领域中熟知使氨基与羧酸偶合反应形成酰胺。例如,
(i)使用适当的偶合反应,例如在DMAP的存在下,在适宜的溶剂例如DCM、氯仿或DMF中,在室温下使碳二亚胺与EDAC进行偶合反应;或
(ii)其中通过在适宜的溶剂例如二氯甲烷的存在下,与草酰氯反应将羧基活化为酰氯的反应。然后在碱例如三乙胺或吡啶的存在下,在适宜的溶剂,例如氯仿或DCM中,在0℃至室温下,使酰氯与式IIIb化合物反应。
方法b)-本领域中熟知的脱保护反应。P1的实例包括C1-6烷基和苄基。其中P1为C1-6烷基,可在氢氧化钠的存在下,在适宜的溶剂例如THF/水中进行反应。
方法c)-可使式(IIId)与式(IIIe)化合物一起在适宜的溶剂例如DMF或THF中,任选使用金属催化剂例如披钯碳或碘化亚铜,在0-100℃范围内,和碱例如氢化钠或叔丁醇钾反应;
或者,使式(IIId)和式(IIIe)化合物一起在适宜的溶剂例如THF或DCM中,和适宜的膦例如三苯膦和偶氮二羧酸酯例如偶氮二甲酸二乙酯反应;
方法d)-用以上方法c)中所述反应条件,可使式(IIIf)和式(IIIg)化合物进行反应。
方法e)-可在极性溶剂例如DMF或非极性溶剂例如THF中,在0-100℃下,任选使用金属催化剂例如披钯碳或碘化亚铜,使式(IIIh)和式(IIIi)化合物与强碱例如氢化钠或叔丁醇钾反应。
在制备过程中,对分子内的官能团使用保护基团可能最好。可通过文献中所述或化学技术人员已知的适宜除去所讨论保护基团的任何便利方法除去保护基团,选择此类方法以便在使分子内其它基团受到干扰最小的情况下除去保护基团。
以下给出保护基团的具体实例,为了方便,其中″低级″表示优选其采用的基团具有1-4个碳原子。应理解这些实例并非穷尽性。当以下给出除去保护基团方法的具体实例时,同样也不是穷尽性的。未具体提到的保护基团的用途和脱保护的方法自然在本发明范围内。
羧基保护基团可以是形成酯的脂族或芳脂族醇残基或形成酯的甲硅烷醇残基(优选所述醇或甲硅烷醇含1-20个碳原子)。羧基保护基团的实例包括直链或支链(1-12C)烷基(例如异丙基、叔丁基);低级烷氧基低级烷基(例如甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、异丁氧基甲基;低级脂族酰氧基低级烷基(例如乙酰氧基甲基、丙酰氧基甲基、丁酰氧基甲基、新戊酰氧基甲基);低级烷氧基羰基氧基低级烷基(例如1-甲氧基羰基氧基乙基、1-乙氧基羰基氧基乙基);芳基低级烷基(例如对甲氧基苄基、邻-硝基苄基、对-硝基苄基、二苯甲基和2-苯并[c]呋喃酮基);三(低级烷基)甲硅烷基(例如三甲基甲硅烷基和叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基);三(低级烷基)甲硅烷基低级烷基(例如三甲基甲硅烷基乙基);和(2-6C)烯基(例如烯丙基和乙烯基乙基)。
尤其适宜除去羧基保护基团的方法包括例如酸、金属或酶催化水解。
羟基保护基团的实例包括低级烯基(例如烯丙基);低级烷酰基(例如乙酰基);低级烷氧基羰基(例如叔丁氧基羰基);低级烯基氧基羰基(例如烯丙基氧基羰基);芳基低级烷氧基羰基(例如苯甲酰氧基羰基、对甲氧基苄氧基羰基、邻-硝基苄氧基羰基、对-硝基苄氧基羰基);三低级烷基/芳基甲硅烷基(例如三甲基甲硅烷基、叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基、叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基);芳基低级烷基(例如苄基);和三芳基低级烷基(例如三苯基甲基)。
氨基保护基团的实例包括甲酰基、芳烷基(例如苄基和取代的苄基,例如对甲氧基苄基、硝基苄基和2,4-二甲氧基苄基和三苯基甲基);二-对甲氧苯基甲基和呋喃基甲基;低级烷氧基羰基(例如叔丁氧基羰基);低级烯基氧基羰基(例如烯丙基氧基羰基);芳基低级烷氧基羰基(例如苄氧基羰基、对-甲氧基苄氧基羰基、邻-硝基苄氧基羰基、对-硝基苄氧基羰基;三烷基甲硅烷基(例如三甲基甲硅烷基和叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基);亚烷基(例如亚甲基);亚苄基和取代的亚苄基。
适宜除去羟基和氨基保护基团的方法包括例如酸、碱、金属或酶催化水解,或光解基团例如邻-硝基苄氧基羰基,或用氟离子除去甲硅烷基。
酰胺基保护基团的实例包括芳烷氧基甲基(例如苄氧基甲基和取代的苄氧基甲基);烷氧基甲基(例如甲氧基甲基和三甲基甲硅烷基乙氧基甲基);三烷基/芳基甲硅烷基(例如三甲基甲硅烷基、叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基、叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基);三烷基/芳基甲硅烷氧基甲基(例如叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷氧基甲基、叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷氧基甲基);4-烷氧基苯基(例如4-甲氧基苯基);2,4-二(烷氧基)苯基(例如2,4-二甲氧基苯基);4-烷氧基苄基(例如4-甲氧基苄基);2,4-二(烷氧基)苄基(例如2,4-二(甲氧基)苄基);和1-烯基(例如烯丙基、1-丁烯基和取代的乙烯基,例如2-苯乙烯基)。
可通过使酰胺基与适宜的芳烷氧基甲基氯反应将芳烷氧基甲基引入酰胺基,和通过催化氢化除去。可通过使酰胺与适宜的氯化物反应引入烷氧基甲基、三烷基/芳基甲硅烷基和三烷基/甲硅烷氧基甲基,和用酸除去;或在含甲硅烷基基团的情形中,用氟离子除去。可通过用适宜的卤化物进行芳基化或烷基化便利地引入烷氧基苯基和烷氧基苄基,和通过用硝酸铈铵氧化除去。最后,可通过使酰胺与适宜的醛反应引入1-烯基,和用酸除去。
以下实施例用于举例说明目的,并不限制本申请范围。每个例举化合物代表本发明的具体和独立方面。在以下非限定性实施例中,除非另有说明,否则:
(i)通过真空旋转蒸发进行蒸发,除去残余固体例如通过过滤除去干燥剂后进行后续处理;
(ii)操作在室温下即在18-25℃范围内,和在惰性气氛例如氩气或氮气下进行;
(iii)给出的收率仅用于说明,不一定是能得到的最大收率;
(iv)通过核(通常质子)磁共振(NMR)和质谱技术确证式(I)终产物的结构;按δ标度测量质子磁共振化学位移值,峰多重性表示如下:s,单峰;d,双峰;t,三重峰;m,多重峰;br,宽峰;q,四重峰,quin,五重峰;
(v)通常不完全表征中间体,通过薄层色谱(TLC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、红外(IR)或NMR分析评价纯度;
(vi)Isolute硅胶柱是指预装硅胶柱(从1g至最高达70g),得自IST(International Sorbent Technology),Hengoed,Mid Glamorgan,Wales UK,CF82 7RJ,用Flashmaster 2系统洗脱;Argonaut Technologies,Inc.,Hengoed,Mid Glamorgan,Wales UK CF82 8AU;
(vii)Biotage柱是指预装硅胶柱(从40g至最高达400g),用biotage泵和流份收集器系统洗脱;Biotage UK Ltd,Hertford,Herts,UK;和
(viii)Celite是指硅藻土。
缩写
DCM 二氯甲烷;
DEAD 二偶氮甲酸二乙酯;
DIAD 偶氮二甲酸二-异丙酯;
DMSO 二甲基亚砜;
DMF 二甲基甲酰胺;
EDAC 1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐;
HPMC 羟丙基甲基纤维素;
LCMS 液相色谱/质谱;
RT 室温;和
THF 四氢呋喃;
实施例1
6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸
向6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(180mg,0.376mmol)的THF溶液中加入蒸馏水(1.0ml)和氢氧化钠溶液(0.95ml,1M,0.95mmol,~2.5当量)。加入甲醇(2滴)助溶,将混合物在环境温度下搅拌2小时。将反应混合物用盐酸溶液(1ml,1M)中和,真空除去THF;再加入水,将得到的固体滤除,再用蒸馏水洗涤。部分干燥后,将固体悬浮于乙腈(2ml),温和搅拌~1h;将固体过滤,再用乙腈洗涤,干燥,得到6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸,为无色固体,
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.25(2d,6H),2.85-3.05(m,2H),3.35(s,3H),3.5(m,2H),4.75(m,1H),4.85(m,1H),6.65(s,1H),7.2(m,3H),7.3(m,4H),8.3(s,2H),8.9(s,1H),11.15(s,1H),13.2(br s,1H);
m/z 465(M+H)+,463(M+H)-,100% LC-MS。
按以下流程制备用于制备实施例1的中间体
描述如下
6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯
在氩气、搅拌下,向6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-羟基-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(1.0g,2.46mmol)、(R)-1-甲氧基-2-丙醇(0.34ml,3.47mmol,1.4当量)和聚合物载体上的三苯膦(约3mmol/g,2.5g,约3当量)的无水THF(20ml)溶液中加入偶氮二甲酸二叔丁酯(DTAD,1.13g,4.9mmol,2当量),将反应混合物在环境温度下搅拌过夜。将大多数有机溶剂真空除去,将乙酸乙酯加入残渣中;将悬浮液通过硅藻土过滤,再用乙酸乙酯彻底洗涤。将溶剂真空除去,将残渣层析(40gBiotage硅胶柱,用含10%增至20%乙酸乙酯的己烷洗脱),得到6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(740mg),为无色胶状物,
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.2(2d,6H),2.9-3.0(m,2H),3.3(s,3H),3.45(m,2H),3.85(s,3H),4.7(m,1H),4.8(m,1H),6.65(s,1H),7.2(m,3H),7.3(m,4H),8.3(s,2H),8.9(s,1H),11.1(br s,1H);
m/z 479(M+H)+,477(M-H)-。
6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-羟基-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯
向6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(6g,12.1mmol)的THF∶甲醇混合物(300ml 1∶1)的溶液中加入披钯碳催化剂(600mg 10%w/w),在氢气氛下,将得到的悬浮液在环境温度下搅拌过夜。将催化剂滤除,依次用甲醇和THF洗涤,将滤液蒸发,得到6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-羟基-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(5g),为无色固体:
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.25(d,3H),2.8-3.0(m,2H),3.9(s,3H),4.75(m,1H),6.55(s,1H),6.95(s,1H),7.1(s,1H),7.2(m,1H),7.3(m,4H),8.35(m,2H),8.9(s,1H),9.7(br s,1H),11.05,(s,1H);
m/z 407(M+H)+,405(M-H)-,97%LC-MS。
6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯
在氩气、搅拌下,将3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸(10g,27.6mmol)的DCM(150ml)溶液加入草酰氯(6.0ml,69.2mmol,2.5当量)的DCM(50ml)溶液中。加入催化量的DMF,将得到的溶液搅拌5小时。然后将溶液真空蒸发,再与DCM共沸,将残渣在高真空下干燥,得到酰氯,它不经表征直接使用。
将以上酰氯(约27.6mmol)溶于THF,在氩气、搅拌下,将它加入6-氨基烟酸甲酯(6.3g,41mmol,1.5当量)的含吡啶(25ml)的THF(75ml)溶液中。将反应化合物搅拌过夜,然后将大多数溶剂真空除去。将残渣溶于乙酸乙酯(300ml),依次用水(2份)、1M柠檬酸(2份,直至洗涤液为酸性)和盐水洗涤;将得到的溶液干燥(MgSO4),蒸发,得到粗产物,为淡棕色胶状物(约13g)。将该产物层析(200g Biotage硅胶柱,用含10%增至15%乙酸乙酯的己烷洗脱),得到6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(6.6g),为无色泡沫状物,
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.1(d,3H),2.8-3.05(m,2H),3.85(s,3H),4.8(m,1H),5.2(s,2H),6.75(s,1H),7.1-7.5(m,12H),8.35(s,2H),8.9(s,1H),11.10,(br s,1H),
由于残留乙酸乙酯(约25mol%),图谱还含有乙酸乙酯信号;m/z497(M+H)+。
3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸
将3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基)]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸甲酯(12.5g,33.2mmol)的THF和甲醇混合物(200ml 1∶1混合物)溶液用氢氧化钠(4g,100mmol,3当量)的蒸馏水(100ml)溶液处理,将反应混合物搅拌过夜。用柠檬酸溶液(110ml,1M)将得到的溶液酸化,将大多数有机溶剂真空除去。将残渣用水(约100ml)稀释,用乙酸乙酯(2×100)萃取;合并萃取液,依次用水和盐水洗涤,干燥(MgSO4),蒸发,得到3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸,为无色固体(10.5g)。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.2(d,3H),2.8-3.0(m,2H),4.7(m,1H),5.15(s,2H),6.8(m,1H),7.0(m,1H),7.1(m,1H),7.15-7.5(m,10H);
m/z 363(M+H)+,361(M-H)-
3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸甲酯
向3-羟基-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸甲酯(10.3g,40mmol)的THF溶液中加入三苯膦(15.7g,60mmol,1.5当量)和(R)-1-苯基-丙-2-醇。搅拌下,向溶液通入氩气,在冰浴中冷却;滴加偶氮二甲酸二乙酯溶液(DEAD,26ml,40%甲苯溶液,60mmol,1.5当量),保持内部温度<10℃。加入后,将溶液搅拌过夜,使温度升至环境温度。
将大多数溶剂真空蒸发,将残渣溶于己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物(150ml1∶1);将溶液在环境温度下静置过夜,将得到的不溶性物质过滤除去。将滤液蒸发,将残渣层析(400g Biotage硅胶柱,用含10%v/v乙酸乙酯的己烷洗脱),得到3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸甲酯(12.5g),为浅金黄色油状物。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.2(d,3H),2.8-3.0(m,2H),3.85(s,3H),4.75(m,1H),5.15(s,2H),6.85(m,1H),7.05(m,1H),7.1(m,1H),7.2-7.5(m,10H)
3-羟基-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸甲酯
搅拌下,向3,5-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(1000g,5.95mol)的DMF(6L)溶液中加入碳酸钾(1240g,9mol)。在氩气下将悬浮液在环境温度下搅拌。在1h内,向该悬浮液中缓慢加入苄基溴(1440g,8.42mol,1.42当量),溶液略微放热,将反应混合物在环境温度下搅拌过夜。然后将其小心用氯化铵溶液(5L)随后用水(35L)猝灭。将水悬浮液用DCM(1份3L和2份5L)萃取。将合并的萃取液用水(10L)洗涤,经MgSO4干燥过夜。将溶液真空蒸发,将粗产物分三批层析(闪柱,3×2kg硅胶,用含10%DCM的己烷-100%DCM-含50%乙酸乙酯的DCM组成的梯度洗脱)除去原料;然后将粗洗脱液按175g/批再层析(AmiconHPLC,5kg正相硅胶,用含20%v/v乙酸乙酯的异己烷洗脱),得到3-羟基-5-苄氧基-苯甲酸甲酯(325g),为极浅金黄色油状物。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):3.8(s,3H),5.1(s,2H),6.65(m,1H),7.0(m,1H),7.05(m,1H),7.3-7.5(m,5H),9.85(brs,1H)。
实施例2
6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸
用与制备实施例1类似的方法,由相应的6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯制备实施例2。
1H NMR δ(d6-DMSO):1.22(d,3H),1.27(d,3H),2.96(m,2H),3.26(s,3H),3.46(m,2H),4.70(m,1H),4.82(m,1H),6.19(d,1H),6.34(m,1H),6.65(s,1H),7.18(s,2H),7.52(m,1H),8.28(s,2H),8.85(s,1H),11.10(bs,1H),COOH未出现(M+H)+455
用与实施例2类似的方法,也用适当的手性醇制备实施例2.1-2.15。
$用柠檬酸(1.3ml,1M)中和这些实施例的反应物
按以下流程制备用于实施例2的中间体,
描述如下:
6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯
搅拌下,将6-[3-羟基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基]-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(900mg,2.5mmol)、(1R)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙醇(441mg,3.5mmol,1.4当量)和三苯膦(982mg,1.5当量)的无水THF(20ml)溶液在冰浴中冷却,滴加入偶氮二甲酸二异丙基酯(DIAD,714μl,3.75mmol,1.5当量)的THF(2.5ml)溶液。将反应混合物在环境温度下搅拌过夜,然后将大多数有机溶剂真空除去,将残渣层析(70g Isolute硅胶柱,用含0%增至50%乙酸乙酯的己烷洗脱),得到6-{[3(1S)-(1-甲基-2-呋喃基乙氧基)]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(527mg),为无色胶状物,
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.22(d,3H),1.29(d,3H),2.91(dd,1H),3.02(dd,1H),3.27(s,3H),3.46(m,2H),3.85(s,3H),4.75(m,2H),6.19(m,1H),6.35(m,1H),6.66(m,1H),7.17(m,2H),7.52(m,1H),8.31(d,2H),8.90(s,1H),11.78(bs,1H);
NMR还含N,N′-二-异丙氧基羰基肼的信号;
m/z 469(M+H)+;LC/MS测定为86%。
还制备用于制备实施例2.1-2.15的合适酯。
#这些实施例使用聚合物载体上的三苯膦(4.4当量)
合成以上酯所需醇有市售(实施例2.7和2.8),或用下述方法A或方法B制备。
方法A:(1R)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙醇
(所有操作均在氩气下进行)。将2-溴呋喃(3.65g,24.75mmol)溶于THF(10ml),加入镁屑(0.7g,28.75mmol,1.16当量)和催化量的碘,将混合物剧烈搅拌或小心升温至反应开始。然后将温度维持在约60℃直至大多数镁耗尽。然后将混合物冷却至-20℃,加入碘化亚铜(0.109g,0.575mmol),随后滴加入(R)-1,2-环氧丙烷(1.11g,19.17mmol)的THF(15ml)溶液,保持温度在-25℃至-20℃之间。加入后,将反应混合物再搅拌2h,使反应物升温至环境温度,用饱和氯化铵溶液(20ml)处理,用乙酸乙酯(2×75ml)萃取。然后将有机层用盐水洗涤,干燥(MgSO4),过滤,浓缩至棕色流动性液体。将该液体层析(50g Isolute硅胶柱,用含5%增至20%或30%乙酸乙酯的己烷洗脱),得到(1R)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙醇,为浅黄色流动性油状物。(2.03g,65%);
1H NMR δ(d6-DMSO):1.03(d,3H),2.56(dd,1H),2.72(dd,1H),3.84(m,1H),4.61(d,1H),6.08(m,1H),6.32(m,1H),7.45(s,1H)。
方法B:(1R)-1-甲基-2-(5-甲基噻吩)-2-基乙醇
在-78℃下,通过滴加正丁基锂的己烷溶液(10.7ml,1.6M)处理二异丙胺(2.4ml;17.05mmol)的无水THF(25mL)溶液,将反应混合物在-78℃下搅拌30分钟。然后通过导管将混合物引入盛有2-甲基噻吩(1.5ml,15.5mmol)的THF(25ml)溶液的烧瓶中,在-78℃下,将反应物搅拌1小时。然后使混合物升温至最高达-30℃,加入碘化亚铜(I)(1.48g;7.75mmol),在-30℃下维持20min,然后加入(R)-1,2-环氧丙烷(1.1ml;17.05mmol)。加入后,将反应混合物再搅拌2小时,升温至最高达环境温度,用饱和氯化铵溶液(20ml)处理,用乙酸乙酯(2×75ml)萃取。然后将有机层用盐水洗涤,干燥(MgSO4),过滤,真空浓缩,得到红/橙色残渣。将其层析(用含10%增至30%乙酸乙酯的己烷洗脱),得到(1R)-1-甲基-2-(5-甲基噻吩)-2-基乙醇,为黄色/橙色流动性油状物(870mg;36%);
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.0(d,3H),2.35(s,3H),2.7(m,2H),3.7(m,1H),4.6(d,1H),6.6(m,2H
还用与提出的方法A或方法B相似的方式制备以下手性醇。
*在这些实施例中用乙醚作反应溶剂
6-[3-羟基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基]-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯
搅拌下,向6-[3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基]-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(17g,0.038mol)的THF(85ml)溶液中加入甲醇(85ml)。在氩气氛下,加入披钯碳催化剂(1.7g,10%w/w),在氢气氛下,将得到的悬浮液在环境温度下搅拌过夜。使催化剂通过硅藻土滤除,用THF洗涤,蒸发滤液,得到浅棕色固体。将该固体用乙醚研磨,得到6-[3-羟基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基]-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(9.8g)。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.25(d,3H),3.3(s,3H),3.45(m,2H),3.85(s,3H),4.65(m,1H),6.55(m,1H),6.95(m,1H),7.1(m,1H),8.3(m,2H),8.9(m,1H),11.0,(s,1H);
m/z 361(M+H)+,359(M-H)-
6-[3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基]-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯
在氩气、搅拌下,向3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酸(24g,75.9mmol)的含DMF(1ml)的DCM(250ml)溶液中滴加草酰氯(12.4ml,151.7mmol,2.0当量),将得到的溶液搅拌4小时。然后将溶液真空蒸发,再与DCM(3×100ml)共沸,将残渣在高真空下干燥,得到酰氯,使用时未经表征。
将以上酰氯(约75.9mmol)溶于THF(100ml),在氩气、搅拌下,将其加入到6-氨基烟酸甲酯(13.9g,91.1mmol,1.2当量)的THF(100ml)和吡啶(100ml)混合物溶液中。将反应混合物搅拌过夜,然后将大多数溶剂真空除去。将残渣溶于乙酸乙酯(250ml),将悬浮液依次用1M柠檬酸(2份,直至洗涤液为酸性)和盐水洗涤;将得到的溶液用硫酸镁干燥,蒸发,得到粗产物,为棕色胶状物(约40g)。将该物质层析(400g Biotage硅胶柱,用含20%v/v乙酸乙酯的己烷洗脱),得到6-[3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基]-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(17.05g),为浅棕色固体,
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.21(d,3H),3.47(m,2H),3.86(s,3H),3.72(m,1H),5.16(s,2H),6.78(t,1H),7.23(s,1H),7.29(s,1H),7.31-7.49(m,5H),8.32(s,2H),8.90(app t,1H),11.15(s,1H)
m/z 451.47(M+H)+,449.48(M-H)-。
3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酸
将3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酸甲酯(得自前步反应的粗产物,77.4mmol)的THF和甲醇混合物(232ml 1∶1)溶液用氢氧化钠溶液(116ml 2M,232mmol,3当量)处理,将反应混合物在环境温度下搅拌4h。将得到的溶液用水(250ml)稀释,将大多数有机溶剂真空除去。将得到的悬浮液用乙醚(3×200ml)洗涤,弃去洗涤液。将得到的水溶液用2M HCl溶液酸化至pH 4,用乙酸乙酯(2×200ml)萃取;合并萃取液,用盐水洗涤,干燥(MgSO4),蒸发,得到3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酸(24.5g),为浅黄色油状物,其静置固化,
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.20(d,3H),3.46(m,2H),4.64(m,1H),5.15(s,2H),6.83(app t,1H),7.06(s,1H),7.13(s,1H),7.30-7.49(m,5H),12.67(s br,1H)。
3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酸甲酯
向3-苄氧基-5-羟基-苯甲酸甲酯(20g,77.4mmol)的THF溶液中加入聚合物载体上的三苯膦(51.7g,3mmol/g载荷,155mmol,2.0当量)和(R)-1-甲氧基-丙-2-醇(10ml,102mmol,1.3当量)。搅拌下,向溶液通入氩气并在冰浴中冷却;在10min内,用注射器滴加入偶氮二甲酸二异丙基酯(DIAD,22.8ml 116mmol,1.5当量)。加入后,将溶液搅拌20min,然后过滤,将残渣用THF(500ml)洗涤;合并滤液和洗涤液,蒸发得到粗3-苄氧基-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酸甲酯,它在下一步使用时无需再纯化,
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):3.26(s,3H),3.44(m,2H),3.82(s,3H),4.63(m,1H),5.14(s,2H),6.85(s,1H),7.05(s,1H),7.11(s,1H),7.30-7.47(m,5H);
图谱还含有与少量N,N’-二(异丙氧基羰基肼)相一致的信号。
3-苄氧基-5-羟基-苯甲酸甲酯
按上述实施例1中间体制备方法制备该物质。
实施例3
6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-氯-呋喃-2-基)乙氧基)]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸
在70℃下,将6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(1000mg,2.14mmol)、N-氯琥珀酰亚胺(428mg,3.20mmol,1.5当量)的四氯化碳(10ml)溶液搅拌5.5h。加入二氯乙烷(50ml),将得到的反应混合物用水(2×25ml)、盐水(1×25ml)洗涤,经硫酸镁干燥。通过LCMS监测反应,当指示有65%产物时,进行后处理。然后将滤液浓缩,得到6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-氯-呋喃-2-基乙氧基)]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯粗品,为红色油状物(1030mg)。将该油状物溶于THF(25ml)、蒸馏水(6.0ml)和氢氧化钠溶液(6ml,1M,6mmol,~3.0当量)。加入甲醇(1.25ml)助溶,将混合物在环境温度下搅拌4小时。将反应混合物用盐酸溶液(6ml,1M)中和,真空除去THF;再加入水,将得到的固体滤除,再用蒸馏水洗涤。通过制备LC-MS完成最后纯化,用含0.1%甲酸的5-100%乙腈/水在Phenonemex LUNA 10μm C18柱上洗脱,流速25ml/min,得到白色固体(176mg)。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO):1.21(d,3H),1.27(d,3H),2.93(t,2H),3.27(s,3H),3.44(m,2H),4.71(m,1H),4.80(m,1H),6.27(m,1H),6.32(m,1H),6.65(m,1H),7.16(m,2H),8.18(d,2H),8.86(m,1H),11.50(bs,1H),COOH not seen。(M+H)+489/491。
生物学试验:
可按以下方法测试式(Ia)、(Ib)、(Ic)、(Id)或(Ie)化合物的生物作用:
(1)可通过温育GLK、ATP和葡萄糖测量GLK的酶活性。可通过将该测定与G-6-P脱氢酶、NADP/NADPH系统结合测定产物形成的速率,和测量340nm处光密度随时间线性增加(Matschinsky等1993)。可按Brocklehurst等(Diabetes 2004,53,535-541)中所述,有或无GLKRP,用该测定法评价化合物激活GLK的能力。
(2)用于测量GLK与GLKRP间结合相互作用的GLK/GLKRP结合测定法。可用该方法鉴别通过调节GLK和GLKRP间相互作用来调节GLK的化合物。任选在测试化合物的存在下,将GLKRP和GLK与抑制浓度的F-6-P一起温育,测量GLK与GLKRP间相互作用的程度。通过测定形成的GLK/GLKRP复合物减少量,检测置换F-6-P或以某些其它方式减少GLK/GLKRP相互作用的化合物。通过测量形成GLK/GLKRP复合物的增加量检测促进F-6-P结合或以某些其它方式增强GLK/GLKRP相互作用的化合物。这种结合测定的具体实例描述如下。
GLK/GLKRP闪烁亲近测定法
按WO 01/20327(其内容通过引用结合到本文中)中所述,用重组人GLK和GLKRP开发″混合和测定″96孔SPA(闪烁亲近测定法)。在抑制浓度的放射性标记的[3H]F-6-P(Amersham Custom SynthesisTRQ8689)的存在下,将GLK(生物素化的)和GLKRP与连接SPA株的链霉抗生物素(Amersham)一起温育,发出信号。置换F-6-P或以某些其它方式破坏GLK/GLKRP结合相互作用的化合物会导致该信号消失。
在室温下,使结合测定进行2小时。反应混合物含50mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)、2mM ATP、5mM MgCl2、0.5mM DTT、重组生物素化GLK(0.1mg)、重组GLKRP(0.1mg)、0.05mCi[3H]F-6-P(Amersham),得到终体积100ml。温育后,通过加入0.1mg/孔连接SPA珠的抗生物素蛋白(Amersham)和在Packard TopCount NXT上进行闪烁计数,测定GLK/GLKRP复合物形成的程度。
(3)用于测量GLKRP和F-6-P间结合相互作用的F-6-P/GLKRP结合测定法。可用该方法提供有关化合物作用机理的进一步信息。在GLK/GLKRP结合测定中鉴定的化合物可通过置换F-6-P或通过以某些其它方式调节GLK/GLKRP相互作用,来调节GLK和GLKRP的相互作用。例如,已知通常通过多个结合位点相互作用发生蛋白-蛋白相互作用。因此,调节GLK和GLKRP间相互作用的化合物可通过与一个或多个不同的结合位点结合而起作用是可能的。
F-6-P/GLKRP结合测定只鉴别通过从其在GLKRP上的结合位点置换F-6-P来调节GLK和GLKRP相互作用的那些化合物。
无GLK存在下,将GLKRP与测试化合物和抑制浓度的F-6-P一起温育,测量F-6-P和GLKRP间相互作用的程度。可通过形成的GLKRP/F-6-P复合物量的变化检测置换F-6-P与GLKRP结合的化合物。这种结合测定的具体实例描述如下。
F-6-P/GLKRP闪烁亲近测定法
按WO 01/20327(其内容通过引用结合到本文中)中所述,用重组人GLKRP开发″混合和测定″96孔闪烁亲近测定法)。在抑制浓度的放射性标记的[3H]F-6-P的存在下,将FLAG标记的GLKRP与涂覆蛋白A的SPA珠(Amersham)和抗FLAG抗体一起温育。产生信号。置换F-6-P的化合物会导致该信号消失。该测定与GLK/GLKRP结合测定的结合使观察者鉴别通过置换F-6-P破坏GLK/GLKRP结合相互作用的化合物。
在室温下,使结合测定进行2小时。反应混合物含50mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)、2mM ATP、5mM MgCl2、0.5mM DTT、FLAG标记的GLKRP(0.1mg)、抗-Flag M2抗体(0.2mg)(IBI Kodak)、0.05mCi[3H]F-6-P(Amersham),得到终体积100ml。温育后,通过加入0.1mg/孔连接SPA珠的蛋白A(Amersham)和在Packard TopCount NXT进行闪烁计数,测定F-6-P/GLKRP复合物形成的程度。
制备重组GLK和GLKRP:
制备mRNA
按Sambrook J,Fritsch EF & Maniatis T,1989中所述,通过在4M异硫氰酸胍、2.5mM柠檬酸盐、0.5%Sarkosyl、100mM b-巯基乙醇中polytron匀化制备人肝脏总mRNA,随后通过加入5.7M CsCl、25mM乙酸钠,在135,000g(最大)下离心。
用FastTrackTM mRNA分离试剂盒(Invitrogen)直接制备聚A+mRNA。
PCR扩增GLK和GLKRP cDNA序列
通过用Sambrook,Fritsch & Maniatis,1989中所述公认技术,通过PCR从人肝脏mRNA得到人GLK和GLKRP cDNA。按Tanizawa等1991和Bonthron,D.T.等1994(后来在Warner,J.P.1995中校正)中所示GLK和GLKRP cDNA序列设计PCR引物。
在Bluescript II载体中克隆
在大肠杆菌(E.coli)中用pBluescript II克隆GLK和GLKRPcDNA,pBluescript II(Short等1998)是类似于Yanisch-Perron C等(1985)应用的重组克隆载体系统,它包含基于colEI的具有含多个独特限制位点的多连接DNA片段的复制子,位于噬菌体T3和T7启动子序列的侧面;是丝状噬菌体复制起点和氨苄青霉素药物耐药标记基因。
转化
通常通过电穿孔进行大肠杆菌(E.Coli)转化。将400ml DH5a或BL21(DE3)株培养液在L-肉汤中生长至0.5 OD 600,通过在2,000g下离心收获。将细胞在冰冷却去离子水中漂洗两次,再悬浮于1ml 10%甘油中,按等份试样在-70℃下储存。用Millipore V系列TM膜(0.0025mm)孔径)使连接混合物脱盐。在0.2cm电穿孔杯中,将40ml细胞与1ml连接混合物或质粒DNA在冰上温育10分钟,然后在0.5kVcm-1、250mF下,用Gene PulserTM仪(BioRad)脉冲。在补充四环素的L-琼脂上以10mg/ml或在补充氨苄青霉素的L-琼脂上以100mg/ml选择转化物。
表达
在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21细胞中,由载体pTB375NBSE表达GLK,产生含紧邻蛋氨酸N末端的6-His标记的重组蛋白。或者,另一个合适的载体是pET21(+)DNA,Novagen,目录编号697703。使用该6-His标记,可在购自Qiagen(目录编号30250)的装有镍-次氮基三乙酸琼脂糖的柱上纯化该重组蛋白。
在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21细胞中,由载体pFLAG CTC(IBI Kodak)表达GLKRP,产生含C末端FLAG标记的重组蛋白。将该蛋白开始通过DEAE Sepharose离子交换纯化,随后在购自Sigma-Aldrich(目录编号A1205)的M2抗FLAG免疫亲和性柱上利用FLAG标记进行最后纯化。
使GLK生物素化:
通过与购自Sigma-Aldrich(目录编号B2643)的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺生物素酰胺己酸酯(biotinamidocaproate)反应使GLK生物素化。简而言之,在形成导致含共价结合生物素产物的稳定酰胺键的限定摩尔比率下,使靶蛋白(GLK)的游离氨基与生物素-NHS反应。通过透析除去产物中的过量非缀合生物素-NHS。具体地说,将7.5mg GLK加入0.31mg生物素-NHS的4mL 25mM HEPES pH 7.3、0.15M KCl、1mM二硫苏糖醇、1mM EDTA、1mM MgCl2(缓冲液A)的溶液中。在含另外22mg生物素-NHS的100mL缓冲液A中透析该反应混合物。4小时后,通过在缓冲液A中大量透析除去过量的生物素-NHS。
测量经口给予大鼠后血浆水平和血浆蛋白结合水平
给予大鼠化合物和取血浆样品
将行星式研磨的化合物[15min,500rpm 5锆球,在Puluerisette 7研磨机中(Glen Creston Ltd,Stanmore Middlesex,UK)]悬浮于0.5%HPMC吐温中,并按5ml/kg比例,剂量0.3-10mg/kg,经口灌饲给予高脂肪食物饲养的(Research Diets,D12451,无限制喂养14天)雌性Alderley Park Zucker或Alderley Park Wistar大鼠。
通过如下方法清醒采血样或终末采血样得到血浆样品:
清醒取血样(用于化合物水平或血化学)-用600μl StarstedtMultivette(EDTA)和22G针头,在需要的时间点从尾静脉采集静脉血样。将样品保存在冰上,在3000rpm下离心10分钟,停止离心15-30分钟。吸出血浆,在-20℃下储存
用于化合物水平或血化学的终末采血样-在实验结束时,通过暴露于CO2/O2处死动物。通过心脏穿刺采集血样。将样品保存在冰上,在3000rpm下离心10分钟,停止离心15-30分钟。吸出血浆,在-20℃下储存。
测量大鼠血浆中化合物水平
将25μl大鼠血浆加入96孔蛋白沉淀板(Varian inc.Palo Alto,California,USA)的各孔中。向各孔中加入含用作内标的1μg/ml(3-异丙氧基-5-苄氧基-苯甲酰基)氨基吡啶3-甲酸的500μl乙腈,将血浆蛋白沉淀。然后在真空下通过沉淀板吸出其中的血浆/溶剂混合物,收集洗脱液。用离心蒸发仪将洗脱液蒸发至干,再溶于200μl甲醇∶水∶甲酸(60∶40∶0.1)。
然后用并联质谱检测器的高效液相色谱(HPLC-MS-MS)”分析再溶解样品。用Phenomenex Prodigy C8,50×4.6,5μm柱(Phenomenex,Macclesfield,UK),流速1ml/分钟,进样体积10μl,用以下梯度洗脱方案运行HPLC:
流动相A 0.1%甲酸/水
流动相B 0.1%甲酸/甲醇
流动相梯度 0min 50%A
0.5min 5%A
2.5min 5%A
2.6min 50%A
3.0min 50%A。
用Applied Biosystems API3000质谱仪(Applied Biosystems,FosterCity,California,USA)进行质谱。进样前,对测试化合物结构进行质谱仪测试条件优化。
由测试样品的峰高与内标的峰高之比确定测试样品浓度。参照比率浓度相关标准曲线计算测试样品的浓度,按上述处理方法,用(3-异丙氧基-5-苄氧基-苯甲酰基)氨基吡啶3-甲酸作内标,用加入到大鼠血浆样品中的已知测试样品的浓度制备该标准曲线。
测量化合物的血浆蛋白结合
用平衡透析技术(W.Lindner等,J.Chromatography,1996,677,1-28)测量化合物的血浆蛋白结合。在37℃下,将含血浆和pH 7.4等渗磷酸盐缓冲液的20μM浓度的化合物(每个透析池1ml)透析18小时。与Teflon、半微量透析池和47mm的分子量12-14000道尔顿的Spectra/Por2膜圆片(由PerBio Science UK Ltd提供,Tattenhall,Cheshire)一起使用Spectrum20-池平衡透析仪。透析后,除去血浆和缓冲液样品,用HPLCUV/MS(带UV和质谱检测器的高效液相色谱)分析,得到血浆中游离水平百分比。
按归一化的1mg化合物/kg大鼠体重剂量计,本发明化合物激活葡糖激酶的EC50小于约150nM,血浆中游离百分比为约0.05%至约1%,峰血水平(包括结合和游离两者)为约1μM至约10μM。
例如,实施例2.1具有以下值:
EC50 | 血浆中游离百分比 | 峰血水平 |
70nM | 0.42% | 1.29μM |
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Claims (17)
2.权利要求1的式(I)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物,其中R1为甲基。
3.权利要求1或权利要求2的式(I)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物,所述化合物为式(Ia)化合物,其中A和R2定义同权利要求1
式(Ia)
4.权利要求3的式(Ia)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物,所述化合物为式(Ib)化合物
式(Ib)
5.权利要求3的式(Ia)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物,所述化合物为式(Ic)化合物;
式(Ic)
其中:
A′为杂芳基。
6.权利要求1-5中任一项的式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)或(Ic)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物,其中R2为氢。
8.权利要求1的式(I)化合物或其盐、前药或溶剂合物,所述化合物选自:
1)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
2)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-呋喃-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
3)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(2-甲氧基苯基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
4)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-噻吩-2-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
5)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-氯噻吩-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
6)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-噻吩-3-基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
7)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-甲基呋喃-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
8)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{4-氟苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
9)6-{3-[(2S)-2-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
10)6-{3-[(2R)-2-甲基-2-苯基乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;和
11)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{2-氯苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
12)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{3,5-二氟苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
13)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{3-氟苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
14)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-甲基噻吩-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
15)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{3-甲氧基苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
16)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{2-甲基苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
17)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-{4-甲氧基苯基}乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸;
18)6-{3-[(1S)-1-甲基-2-(5-氯呋喃-2-基)乙氧基]-5-[(1S)-2-甲氧基-1-甲基乙氧基]-苯甲酰氨基}-3-吡啶甲酸。
9.一种药用组合物,所述组合物包含权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药以及药学上可接受的稀释剂或载体。
10.用作药物的权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药。
11.权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药,所述化合物用于制备药物,所述药物用于治疗通过GLK介导的疾病、尤其II型糖尿病。
12.一种治疗GLK介导的疾病、尤其糖尿病的方法,所述方法通过给予需要这种治疗的哺乳动物有效量的权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药。
13.权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于联合治疗或预防糖尿病和肥胖症。
14.权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于治疗或预防肥胖症。
15.一种联合治疗肥胖症和糖尿病的方法,所述方法通过给予需要这种治疗的哺乳动物有效量的权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药来治疗。
16.一种治疗肥胖症的方法,所述方法通过给予需要这种治疗的哺乳动物有效量的权利要求1-8中任一项的式(I)化合物或其盐、溶剂合物或前药来治疗。
17.一种制备权利要求1的式(I)化合物、其盐、前药或溶剂合物的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)使式(IIIa)酸或其活化衍生物与式(IIIb)化合物反应,
式(IIIa) 式(IIIb)
其中P1为H或保护基团;或
(b)使式(IIIc)化合物脱保护,
式(IIIc)
其中P1为保护基团;或
(c)使式(IIId)化合物与式(IIIe)化合物反应,
式(IIId) 式(IIIe)
其中X1为离去基团,且X2为羟基,或X1为羟基,且X2为离去基团,和其中P1为保护基团;或
(d)使式(IIIf)化合物与式(IIIg)化合物反应
式(IIIf) 式(IIIg)
其中X3为离去基团,且X4为羟基,或X3为羟基,且X4为离去基团;或
(e)使式(IIIh)化合物与式(IIIi)化合物反应,
式(IIIh) 式(IIIi)
其中X5为离去基团,且其中P1为H或保护基团;
然后,如果需要:
i)将一种式(I)化合物转化为另一种式(I)化合物;
ii)除去任何保护基团;
iii)形成其盐、前药或溶剂合物。
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2003
- 2003-10-31 GB GBGB0325402.6A patent/GB0325402D0/en not_active Ceased
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2004
- 2004-10-28 WO PCT/GB2004/004579 patent/WO2005044801A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-10-28 CN CNA2004800390651A patent/CN1898209A/zh active Pending
- 2004-10-28 US US10/578,021 patent/US20070078168A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-10-28 JP JP2006537425A patent/JP2007509917A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-10-28 BR BRPI0416004-5A patent/BRPI0416004A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-10-28 AU AU2004286899A patent/AU2004286899A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-10-28 KR KR1020067010684A patent/KR20060123228A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-10-28 EP EP04791616A patent/EP1682509A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-10-28 CA CA002543643A patent/CA2543643A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2006
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- 2006-04-28 ZA ZA200603412A patent/ZA200603412B/en unknown
- 2006-05-19 NO NO20062269A patent/NO20062269L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102015637B (zh) * | 2008-02-06 | 2014-05-21 | 第一三共株式会社 | 苯基吡咯衍生物 |
CN102105451B (zh) * | 2008-05-16 | 2013-11-13 | 塔克达加利福尼亚股份有限公司 | 葡糖激酶活化剂 |
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NO20062269L (no) | 2006-05-24 |
BRPI0416004A (pt) | 2007-01-02 |
AU2004286899A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
CA2543643A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
IL175199A0 (en) | 2006-09-05 |
EP1682509A1 (en) | 2006-07-26 |
US20070078168A1 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
JP2007509917A (ja) | 2007-04-19 |
ZA200603412B (en) | 2007-07-25 |
GB0325402D0 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
KR20060123228A (ko) | 2006-12-01 |
WO2005044801A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
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