CN1867854A - 有角度选择性漫射器的显示装置 - Google Patents
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- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
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- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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- G02B27/017—Head mounted
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Abstract
本发明给出一种光学装置,包括:显示源;成像光学组件;和该光学装置的输出孔径,特征是,该光漫射器是与角度有关的、非均匀的光漫射器,用于增加一部分显示源通过输出孔径发出的光。还给出一种改进光学显示器亮度的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种光学显示系统和方法,具体说,是涉及透视显示应用的显示系统和方法。
本发明的实现,对成像的大量应用有利,诸如头戴显示器(head-mounted display,HMD)和平视显示器(head-up display,HUD),手持显示器,以及双目镜(binocular),单目镜(monocular),和双接目镜(biocular)。此外,能够把同样设备用于像投影系统,如会议厅的前投影和背投影TV屏幕。
背景技术
小型光学单元的重要应用之一,是在HMD中的应用,在HMD中,一种光学组件既用作成像透镜,也用作组合器,使两维的显示成像在无穷远并反射进观察者的眼睛。要显示的像可以直接从空间光调制器(SLM),如阴极射线管(CRT)、液晶显示器(LCD)、有机发光二极管阵列(OLED)、或扫描源及类似装置获得,也可以间接地,通过中继透镜或光纤束获得。显示包括的单元(象素)的阵列,通过准直透镜成像在无穷远,然后通过反射表面或部分反射表面的传输,送进观看者的眼睛,该反射表面或部分反射表面,分别充当非透视和透视的相应应用的组合器。一般说,在设计HMD时要解决的最重要问题之一,是光学系统的亮度。这个问题对透视的应用最为重要,因为需要显示的亮度能比得上外界景物的亮度。
对高亮度的努力已经导致若干不同复杂性的光学方案,所有这些方案,一方面对许多实际应用仍然不够亮,另一方面,在制作过程和操作条件上,存在重大缺点。
发明内容
本发明除其他应用外,尤其对HMD的应用,可使非常高亮度的显示源的结构和制作变得容易。本发明能使照明源可用的光有效地使用,就是说,能获得有相对低功耗和相对高亮度的系统。本发明给出的光学系统有特别的优点,因为它比现有技术的实施方案显著更亮,而且它还能容易地被哪怕有专门配置的光学系统所采用。
本发明还能实现改进的HUD的结构,HUD已经普及,现在,它们不但在最现代的战斗机中,而且在民航机中起重要作用,在这些飞机中,HUD系统已成为低能见度着陆操作的关键部件。此外,对HUD在汽车中的应用已经有许多建议,在该种应用中,它们可能在驾驶和导航任务上帮助驾驶员。然而,现有技术的HUD存在若干显著的缺点。所有目前结构的HUD,要求显示源必须把外界景物的亮度偏置,以保证即使在非常亮的环境光中,被投影的数据仍能阅读。结果是,目前的HUD系统通常需要复杂的高亮度显示源,使它不便于安装,有时用起来甚至不安全。
本发明一个重要的应用,涉及它在小型HUD中实施的方案,以此减轻前述的缺点。在本发明的HUD结构中,组合器被高亮度和低功耗的显示源照射。因此,整个系统非常小型并容易安装在各种配置内,便于广泛应用。
本发明再一个应用,是提供一种有宽FOV的小型显示器,供移动的、手持的例如蜂窝电话使用。今天的无线互联网接入市场,有足够的带宽可供完全视频的传输。限制因素仍然是终端用户装置中显示的质量。可移动性的要求,限制了显示器的物理大小,结果,直接显示的像的观看质量不良。本发明能实现大的和亮的虚像但物理上小型的显示器。这是移动通信中关键的特征,特别是对移动互联网接入,解决了它实际实施方案的主要限制之一。因此,本发明能在小的手持装置,如蜂窝电话内,实现全部格式互联网页的数字内容的观看。
此外,本发明还适合用于前投影和背投影装置的照明结构。本发明的设计取代了有准确对准要求的三个复杂的二向色偏振光束分束器。
在所有可能的应用中,本发明特别有利于使用基片模式的配置,就是说,一种包括至少有两个主要表面及边缘的光传输基片的配置:用全内反射,把成像组件的光耦合进所述基片的光学装置;和位于基片内,把光耦合到观看者眼睛的至少一个部分反射表面。本发明与基片模式配置的组合,得到高亮度和低功耗的小型和方便的光学系统。
因此,本发明的总的目标,是减轻现有技术虚像显示装置的缺点,和提供一种有改进性能的光学系统和方法。
按照本发明,是提供一种光学装置,包括:显示源;光漫射器;成像光学组件;和该光学装置的输出孔径,特征是,所述光漫射器是与角度有关的、不均匀的光漫射器,用于增加发自显示源的通过所述输出孔径的光部分。
本发明还提供一种改进光学显示器的亮度的方法,包括提供一种光学显示系统,该光学显示系统有包括显示源及有输出孔径的成像组件,和用光学方法,增加发自显示源的通过所述输出孔径的光部分。
附图说明
本发明将参照下面画出的图,结合一些优选实施例来说明,便于更完整的了解。
对专门详细参照的图,应当强调,具体画出的图,是以举例方式并只为说明本发明优选实施例的目的,并且提供认为是最有用的内容和容易了解本发明原理及概念的说明。就此而言,除对本发明的基本理解必需之外,不试图更详尽表明本发明的结构细节。结合图所作的说明,作用是引导本领域熟练人员,了解本发明的若干种形式如何实际实施。
附图有:
图1是按照本发明的显示系统的侧视图;
图2是简图,按照本发明,画出准直透镜前表面上耦合进系统光瞳的光的足迹;
图3是按照本发明利用LCD光源的装置的侧视图;
图4是按照本发明的光漫射器示意图,该光漫射器包括光源象素阵列和透镜阵列;
图5按照本发明一个实施例,画出光学系统显示源和第一透镜的放大视图;
图6画出按照本发明的显示系统,其中的成像系统是远心透镜;和
图7画出按照本发明的显示系统,其中的光波被耦合进基片模式单元。
具体实施方式
图1画出一种光学显示系统,其中显示源4发出的光波2,被光漫射器6漫射,使显示源中单个点发出的每一光波,被发散为一有限的立体角,该光漫射器可以是显示源整体的一部分。通常,Lambert光漫射机理是可取的,就是说,一种无论从哪一角度观看,其中的亮度总是恒定的漫射器。然后,光波被成像组件8成像,并照射光学系统的输出孔径10。对直接观看的光学系统,该输出孔径可以分别对双目镜或单目镜,定义为头运动箱或眼运动箱,就是说,定义为观看者能够同时看见整个像的位置。或者,对通过光学组合器把像投影进观看者眼睛的透视光学系统,输出孔径定义为组合器平面的外表面上的有效面积。
在设计显示系统时,要解决的主要问题之一,是观看者看到的像的亮度。这个问题对透视应用也适用,在透视应用中,需要的显示亮度可比得上外界景物亮度,以便有可接受的对比度和便于通过组合器观察。对大多数光学系统,不可能保证系统的插入损耗是小的。例如,有些系统的外界景物的透射率超过η(这里η<1),且不允许原来外界景物有任何颜色改变。因此,像的亮度通过组合器降低到原来的1/(1-η)分之一。从原理上说,高亮度的显示源能够克服这一困难,诚然,有些显示源,如CRT和虚视网膜显示(VRD)能够产生非常高的亮度。然而,这些途径必然受实际的限制。高亮度显示源不仅非常昂贵,还带来与高电流有关的高的功耗。此外,高亮度装置的大小、体积、和制作成本通常也高。而且,即使这种高亮度显示器,也要达到能获得的最大亮度的固有极限。作为例子,VRD的亮度受激光器源的最大输出功率的限制,对二极管激光器,该最大输出功率一般小于100mW。对其他显示源4,例如目前小的显示器中最有潜力的源是透射式LCD,对其背照明光功率的限制,是为避免不想要的效应如降低显示器分辨率和对比度的闪烁。其他的途径则要求对源的可用光的使用进行优化。
有鉴于此,本发明通过不改变输入功率而控制显示源的亮度,给出另一种改进整个系统亮度的方法。如图1所示,为使可达到的亮度最大,最好把绝大部分显示源发出的光,耦合进系统的输出孔径10。图1画出成像系统的光学布局,同时图2画出透镜14前表面12上耦合进输出孔径10的光的足迹。通常,大多数显示源发射的光呈现近似Lambert分布。就是说,光功率在整个2π立体弧度的角谱上,基本上是均匀分布的。但是,从图1和2可见,显示源只有小部分角照明分布被实际耦合进输出孔径10。来自显示表面每一点源的光,只有~20-30°小的光圆锥照射前表面12上的足迹,从而被耦合进输出孔径10。因此,如果把显示发出的光集中进该圆锥,就能获得亮度的显著增加。
在源的照明中顺这个方向取得进展的一种方法,是对LCD使用角度选择性的漫射器6,就是说,使用一种有不均匀漫射机理的漫射器,即一种其中的亮度取决于观看角度的漫射器。图3画出显示源4采用透射式LCD的显示系统的一个例子。从光源16发出的光被透镜18准直后,照射LCD显示源20。来自LCD的像,被光学部件22准直并引导到输出孔径24上。一般说,常规的漫射器6把光均匀散射到所有方向。与角度有关的选择性漫射器,能够按一定方式把光扩展,使显示源表面每一点的光,发散为需要的圆锥角。在此情形下,LCD照射的功率仍然相同。对20-30°的圆锥,每一点的光的发散角,与Lambert源的2π立体弧度相比,降低到原来的50分之一还小,从而使光的亮度增加相同的倍数。因此,能够以最小的结构上和制作上的努力,不必增加系统的功耗,获得系统亮度显著的改进。这对开发能高精度控制散射光波发散角的全息漫射器特别有帮助,而且还能比常规漫射器获得更高的光学效率。
照明光源16的空间相干性通常十分有限,就是说,光源不是点光源,而是有有限的大小。常规的LED的典型值,约为1mm。结果是,准直透镜18的输出波,不可能是纯平面波,而是有近10°角扩展的连续的平面波。因此,如果要求显示源扩展的圆锥的发散度是30°,那么需要的选择性漫射器6的发散角,约应为20°。
图4画出一个不同的实施例,它不仅可用于LCD,还可用于其他显示源。这里使用的是微透镜阵列181到18n,这些微透镜与显示源象素161到16n对准。对每一象素,微透镜使象素发出的发散光束变窄,成为要求的圆锥角。事实上,当象素的填充因子是小的数值时,或当显示源可得到的分辨率实际上大于需要分辨率时,这个方案更为有效。图上画出的是光源n个象素161到16n的阵列,其中与这些象素光源161到16n对准的微透镜阵列181到18n,使象素发出的发散光束变窄。这个方案的改进版本,是设计象素阵列中象素的发射分布函数,使每一象素发散为需要的角度。例如,在OLED阵列中,一般是努力增加单个LED的发散角,以便能从宽角度观看。但是,对目前的显示应用,保持约20-30°的小发散角是有利的,便于使系统亮度优化。
图5画出图1光学系统的显示源4和第一透镜14的放大视图。如图所示,从显示源每一点,照射出瞳的确实只发散成~30°的小的光锥,但是,每一圆锥的传播方向实际上是不同的。尽管对源的中央点,光束的主光线26垂直于显示平面,圆锥本身围绕法线对称,但边界点的主光线28对法线倾斜~20°角。在这种情形下,有三种方法可以保证整个显示源的光线将照射出瞳。据此,本发明利用一种非均匀光漫射器6,该非均匀光漫射器能够用角选择性漫射器实施,也能够用微透镜阵列实施,其中的角选择性漫射器,其漫射方向取决于漫射器表面的准确位置,而该微透镜阵列,其周期与显示象素阵列周期略有不同。这种阵列的制作是困难的,因此,建议的替代方法是,利用发散角覆盖整个显示源的光线扩展的漫射器6。虽然该方法的实施是简单的,但显然它降低系统的亮度。在上面举出的例子中,要求的发散角约70°,因此,输出亮度降低到原来的~5.5分之一。
解决这些困难的不同途径,是利用远心透镜作为成像组件,就是说,使用孔径光阑位于前焦点的透镜,在显示空间中得到平行于光轴的主光线。一般说,远心透镜的像,在与同一f数工作的常规透镜的景深相同的景深上,仍保持清晰。远心透镜在任何物距上都给出恒定的放大率,使它能比常规透镜在更大的物距范围上,提供精确的大小测量。这一性质对三维物体的测定,或对不精确了解离透镜距离的物体的测定,是重要的。
图6画出与图1所示系统相当的修改过的显示系统。主要的修改是,成像组件8的表面,具体说,是现在构造的表面12,可以提供远心系统。从图可见,中央波的主光线26及发自显示边缘的主光线28,都垂直于显示平面。均匀的~30°的发散角,足以保证整个显示的波将覆盖出瞳。这是用均匀的角选择性漫射器6或用微透镜阵列获得的,所以能实现亮度的优化。
远心度一般用视场拐角的主光线角度测量。在机器视觉中,标准的商品透镜有20度或更大的主光线角度,其中,远心透镜有小于0.5度的主光线角度,且一些远心透镜甚至有小于0.1度的主光线角度。有大远心度的透镜的制作是复杂的,需要高的制作努力。但是,就本发明而言,不要求精确测量所用的远心性,所以远心度不是关键的。因此,具有几度远心性的简单透镜,已经足够获得需要的优化亮度。
还有一种方式可在投影组件的入瞳上获得需要的照明,它主要应用在基于LCD的光学系统。如图3所示,源16的光被透镜18准直成平面波,或成为连续的平面波。但是,代替使光的源准直,也可以使它聚焦在不同的焦平面。如从图5可见,边界点的主光线28对法线倾斜~20°角。假定显示源的横向尺寸是10mm,来自显示象素的主光线,全都会聚于离显示源约15mm的虚点。因此,利用透镜18使光16会聚于该点,能够从显示源获得需要的光的发散度。在这个特定例子中,为了获得需要的照明,透镜18要有宽的孔径,同时光源16和透镜14两者要有非常大的数值孔径。但是,通过改变透镜12的设计,使边界点的主光线对法线倾斜~10°角而不是20°角,能够在显示源20上获得需要的光的发散度。因此,在本例中,能够构建更为简单的照明装置,无需复杂的远心透镜。实际上,按照本发明的光学系统的结构,能够在结构及制作努力,与光学系统具体要求的具体亮度之间折衷。
因此,本发明除其他应用外,尤其对光学系统非常高亮度的显示源的结构和制作有利,这些光学系统具有透视能力,所以投影像的亮度是关键的,诸如显示源的光分别到达观察者单只眼睛和两只眼睛的HMD和HUD。此外,本发明还能用于前投影和背投影装置的照明,这些装置需要高的亮度,以方便观察。因为系统的光子效率可以是高的,就是说,几乎所有从显示源发出的光子到达系统的输出孔径,所以本发明能实现相对高的亮度和相对低的功耗的系统。本发明通过利用光波导的光学配置,对HMD和HUD的应用特别有利。
图7画出按照本发明的光学系统30,其中的投影组件是光波导光学单元(LOE),它包括:至少有两个主要平行表面34的光传输基片32;通过全内反射把光从成像组件8经过光进入表面40耦合进基片32的光学耦合器36;和至少一个位于所述基片中的部分反射表面38,用于把光耦合到观看者的眼运动箱42。本发明与LOE配置的组合,产生非常小型和方便的光学系统,同时又有非常高的亮度和低的功耗。
上述光学装置36是把输入光波耦合进基片的方法的例子。但是,输入光波也可以用其他光学装置耦合进基片,其他装置包括,但不限于,折叠式棱镜、光纤光学束、衍射光栅、等等。
还有,在图7的实施例中,输入光波和像波都位于基片相同侧,但是,输入光波和像波完全可以位于基片相反侧。还可以预见其他的应用,其中通过基片的侧向边缘,把输入光波耦合进基片。
显然,对本领域熟练人员,本发明不受前面说明实施例的细节的限制,并且在不偏离本发明的精神或本质属性下,可以按其他形式实施。因此,应当认为,本发明的实施例在所有方面都是说明性的,而不是限制性的,本发明的范围,由后面所附权利要求书指出,而不是由前面的说明指出,且所有在权利要求书意义内和与权利要求书等价范围内的变化,都应当认为包含在权利要求书之中。
Claims (19)
1.一种光学装置,包括:
显示源;
光漫射器;
成像光学组件;和
该光学装置的输出孔径
特征是
所述光漫射器是与角度有关的、非均匀的光漫射器,用于增加一部分显示源通过输出孔径发出的光。
2.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述光漫射器的亮度,取决于观看的角度。
3.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中从所述显示发出的光,集中在有限的圆锥内。
4.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述显示源是LCD。
5.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述光漫射器,是角度选择性漫射器。
6.按照权利要求5的光学装置,其中所述角度选择性漫射器,是全息漫射器。
7.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述光显示源,是光象素阵列,而所述光漫射器,是与显示源象素对准的微透镜阵列。
8.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述显示源是OLED。
9.按照权利要求8的光学装置,其中在所述OLED内象素发射的分布函数,可使每一象素发散成预定的角度。
10.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述成像光学组件,是远心透镜。
11.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中选择所述非均匀光漫射器,使在它的输出孔径上给出预定的亮度。
12.按照权利要求11的光学装置,其中设置所述成像光学组件的远心性,以便至少得到所述预定的亮度。
13.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述成像光学组件,是光会聚透镜。
14.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中设置所述成像光学组件的焦距,以便至少得到所述预定的亮度。
15.按照权利要求1的光学装置,其中所述光漫射器,把所述显示源发出的光,漫射进预定的到达观察者眼运动箱的方向。
16.按照权利要求1的光学装置,还包括:
有光进入表面和至少一个部分偏折表面的光传输基片,该至少一个部分偏折表面位于所述基片内,用于把光耦合出所述基片,其中所述输出孔径附在所述基片上,紧邻光进入表面。
17.按照权利要求16的光学装置,还包括用全内反射,把光从显示源耦合进所述基片的光学装置。
18.一种改进光学显示亮度的方法,包括:
提供一种光学显示系统,该光学显示系统包括显示源和有输出孔径的成像组件,和
用光学办法,增加发自显示源的通过所述输出孔径的光部分。
19.按照权利要求18的方法,还包括:
在所述显示源与所述孔径之间,引入光漫射器,和
使从所述显示源发出的光,产生与角度有关的、非均匀的漫射。
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CN100516974C (zh) | 2009-07-22 |
JP4696066B2 (ja) | 2011-06-08 |
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JP2007505354A (ja) | 2007-03-08 |
EP1515177A1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
HK1097916A1 (en) | 2007-07-06 |
WO2005024492A1 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
US7339742B2 (en) | 2008-03-04 |
US7884985B2 (en) | 2011-02-08 |
US20080106775A1 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
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