CN1780724A - 熔化和均匀化多峰形和双峰形的聚烯烃的方法 - Google Patents

熔化和均匀化多峰形和双峰形的聚烯烃的方法 Download PDF

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CN1780724A
CN1780724A CNA2004800116159A CN200480011615A CN1780724A CN 1780724 A CN1780724 A CN 1780724A CN A2004800116159 A CNA2004800116159 A CN A2004800116159A CN 200480011615 A CN200480011615 A CN 200480011615A CN 1780724 A CN1780724 A CN 1780724A
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U·布克哈特
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Coperion GmbH
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    • B29B7/483—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws provided with screw parts in addition to other mixing parts, e.g. paddles, gears, discs the other mixing parts being discs perpendicular to the screw axis
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    • B29B7/487—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws with consecutive casings or screws, e.g. for feeding, discharging, mixing
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29C48/365—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using pumps, e.g. piston pumps
    • B29C48/37—Gear pumps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/375—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages
    • B29C48/387—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages using a screw extruder and a gear pump
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
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    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/402—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders the screws having intermeshing parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/404—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders the screws having non-intermeshing parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种熔化和均匀化多峰形和双峰形的聚烯烃的方法，该方法使用了一多轴形式的第一挤出机(1)和一第二挤出机(2)，该第二挤出机(2)沿传输方向布置在第一挤出机(1)的下游并且也是多轴形式的。第一挤出机(1)的第一蜗杆轴(14、15)的外径比第二挤出机(2)的第二蜗杆轴(29、30)的外径小。第一挤出机(1)被以比第二挤出机(2)的转速高的转速驱动。第一挤出机(1)内的剪切速率比第二挤出机(2)内的剪切速率高。

Description

熔化和均匀化多峰形和双峰形的聚烯烃的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的方法。
背景技术
双峰形或多峰形的聚烯烃具有单个颗粒之间的分子量分布变化非常大的特性，从而具有非常不同的熔体粘度和弹性特性。大颗粒可由小颗粒聚集而成。通常，所述微观的不均匀性在加工成作为最终产品的均匀聚烯烃时会带来一些问题。
在制备上述粉末混合物的过程中，使单个颗粒熔化，但高分子量以及由此高粘性和高弹性的颗粒留在低粘度的熔融基体中，从而在剪切场内不能充分变形或分开，或者局部根本不变形或分开，这导致在微观结构中存在不均匀的基体。当由这种制备得不好的用于制造管件的黑色聚烯烃剪切成颗粒作为最终产品时，这些颗粒呈现出不均匀性，甚至是在视觉上呈现小白点形式的不均匀性。关于这个问题可以从Peter Heidemeyer和JoergPheiffer的文章“Macromol.Symp.181，167-176(2002)”中获知。
WO 98/15591说明了一种所述类型的方法，其中，在第一双轴挤出机中进行塑化，在下游的第二挤出机中进行均匀化。第一挤出机在低剪切速率下工作，而第二挤出机在高剪切速率下工作。该方法不能令人满意地解决文章开头所述的问题。
DE 43 01 431 C2、美国专利3 261 056和德国公开的专利申请23 04 088(对应于US专利3 860 220)教导，使用两个前后顺序连接的单轴挤出机来熔化和均匀化塑料，第一挤出机具有直径较小、转速较高的蜗杆轴，而第二挤出机具有直径较大、转速较低的蜗杆轴。已经证明，这种类型的制备设备不适于制备开头所述的聚烯烃。
EP 1 005 411 B1还公开了一种制造氨基塑料和/或酚塑料的方法，其中，在第一挤出机中形成预浓缩溶液，然后将该预浓缩的溶液连同添加剂和填充物提供给第二挤出机。这里，使用了蜗杆可沿相同方向转动的双蜗杆挤出机。第一挤出机被以12～20转/分的非常低的转速驱动，第二挤出机被以20～300转/分的较高转速-优选以80～150转/分的转速-驱动。这种挤出机级联不可用在所述类型的方法中以解决开头所述的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，以在所述类型的方法中这样对聚烯烃进行加工，以得到完全均匀的熔融基体。
根据本发明，该目的可以通过权利要求1的特征部分的特征实现。本发明的核心在于，通过输入略大于熔融焓的能量，在构成第一阶段的第一挤出机中熔化多峰形或双峰形的聚烯烃。该熔化作业在高剪切速率下进行，这确保了能够真正在任何需要的位置输入能量。可能仍然存在的能量输入的局部差异由从已经形成的熔化聚烯烃向还未熔融的聚烯烃的热流补偿，从而在构成第一阶段的第一挤出机的排出端可获得基本上熔融的聚烯烃。另外，如果挤出机的几何形状不变，则高剪切速率由高转速形成。然后，在构成第二阶段的第二挤出机中以低得多的剪切速率对聚烯烃进行均匀化。较低的剪切速率由相应较低的速度形成。低剪切速率避免了局部的高能量输入。因此，熔点也很低，从而变形和破碎所必须的剪切力可以作用在造成不均匀性的微观结构上。经验表明，在这些方法中，嵌有高分子颗粒的基体由于的颗粒熔点低而具有比高剪切速率较高的情况下高的粘度。为了完整起见，应注意剪切速率定义为剪切体积元的速率，即两个流过的层的速度差与它们之间在垂直于流动方向上的距离的比。在一次粗略近似中，蜗杆内的平均剪切速率可以用蜗杆的圆周速度与通道的平均深度的比描述。使用多轴、尤其是双轴挤出机有助于获得高的传输稳定性，从而获得非常均匀的加工过程。这些出人意料的优点尤其在采用粉末状的、颗粒状的多峰形或双峰形的聚烯烃以及颗粒和粉末混合物时变得非常明显。
从属权利要求说明了根据本发明的教导的有利且部分具有创造性的改进。
附图说明
从下面结合附图对示例性实施例的说明中，可以发现本发明的其它特征、优点和细节，其中：
图1是用于实施根据本发明的方法的制备设备的俯视图，其中示出剖开的挤出机；
图2是根据图1中的箭头II的制备设备的侧视图，其中示出剖开的挤出机；
图3是沿图2中线III-III的第一挤出机的横向剖视图；以及
图4是沿图1中线IV-IV的第二挤出机的纵向剖视图。
具体实施方式
附图中所示的制备设备包括第一挤出机1和第二挤出机2。第一挤出机1位于第二挤出机2的上方。第一挤出机1经由第一联轴器4和第一传动装置5由第一马达3驱动。第二挤出机2经由第二联轴器7和第二传动装置8由第二马达6驱动。马达3和6由控制装置9控制。
第一挤出机1包括设有加热系统10的壳体11，所述壳体中形成两个相互平行延伸并以近似“8”字形地互相接合的第一壳体孔12、13。两根联接到第一传动装置5的第一蜗杆轴14、15布置在所述壳体孔12、13内。沿相同方向、即沿相同旋转方向16驱动蜗杆轴14、15。它们是所谓的紧密接合的自清洁式蜗杆轴14、15。第一挤出机1包括沿传输方向17设置在第一传动装置5下游的进料斗18，它后面是入口区19，在所述入口区内蜗杆轴14、15具有螺纹部分20。入口区19的后面是熔化区21，在所述熔化区内蜗杆轴14、15上配有塑化部分-例如捏合部分22。然后是进给区23，在所述进给区内轴14、15上又配有螺纹部分24。部分20、22、24具有第一内径Di和第一外径Da。紧接着该进给区的是排料区25。除了两个壳体孔和相应的两个蜗杆轴，也可以采用三个或更多孔和相应数量的蜗杆轴。可能存在不能自清洁的局部部分。
第二挤出机2也具有壳体26，所述壳体中形成两个彼此平行并互相接合的第二壳体孔27、28，所述壳体孔同样围成“8”字形的截面形状。两个与第二传动装置8联接的蜗杆轴29、30布置在第二壳体孔27、28内；它们也可沿相同方向、即沿相同旋转方向31驱动旋转。第二蜗杆轴29、30也是所谓的紧密接合的，并从而也是自清洁式的蜗杆轴29、30。与第二传动装置8相连，第二挤出机2包括进料连接件32，该连接件通过构成输送区33的管状弯头34连接到第一挤出机1的排料区25。在输送区33中，布置滤板、筛网等作为保持装置35。滤板上具有1～4mm的孔径。筛网的筛孔尺寸明显较小，例如约0.2mm。同样地，第二挤出机2也可以具有多于两个壳体孔和相应地多于两个蜗杆轴，并且在所述蜗杆轴上也可布置非自清洁式的局部部分。此外，在第二挤出机2中，也可以沿相反方向驱动蜗杆轴，这样可以形成比沿相同方向驱动蜗杆轴高的压力。
在进料连接件32的上游-沿朝向第二传动装置8的方向-设置有一所谓的逆向排气装置形式的排放区36。当然，也可以在认为必要的位置设置任何其它适当形式的排气系统。沿传输方向17，进料连接件32后面是入口区37，在所述入口区内第二蜗杆轴29、30上具有螺纹部分38。其后是细长的均匀化区39，在所述均匀化区中，混合和捏合部分40和螺纹部分41交替布置在蜗杆轴29、30上。然后是压力形成区42，在压力形成区中蜗杆轴29、30上设有螺纹部分43。
在压力形成区42的下游设置有可调限制器(Drossel)44，通过该限制器可在蜗杆轴29、30转速度不变的情况下改变能量输入。设置有熔体泵45，以形成特别高的压力；该熔体泵是由带有传动装置47的泵马达46驱动的齿轮泵。
部分38、40、43的第二内径为di，第二外径为da。
在上述制备设备中制备多峰形、尤其是双峰形的聚烯烃。在通过进料斗18供给塑料的第一挤出机1内，通过输入机械能和必要时经由加热系统10从外部输入热能，在熔化区21内发生熔化。熔化过程在高剪切速率和第一蜗杆轴14、15相应的高转速下进行。该转速在200～1200转/分的范围内，优选在300～900转/分，特别优选在400～600转/分的范围内。
熔融的塑料材料在输送区33离开第一挤出机1，并几乎无压力即压力很低地被送到第二挤出机2。在第二挤出机2中对熔融的塑料进行均匀化；然后直接排出或者由熔体泵45送出以进一步加工。
第二挤出机2中的均匀化在与第一挤出机1相比低得多的剪切速率以及由此第二蜗杆轴29、30的低转速下进行。所述转速在50～250转/分的范围内，优选在60～190转/分的范围内，更优选在80～150转/分的范围内。在任何情况下，第二蜗杆轴29、30的转速都比第一蜗杆轴14、15的转速低。这里，如果在运行中第一蜗杆轴14、15的速度恒定而第二蜗杆轴29、30的速度可调，可以获得特别高的效率。
由于挤出机1、2的通过量(Durchsatz)必须相同，因此第二轴29、30的输送横截面大于第一轴14、15的输送横截面。外径Da与da的比满足：0.3≤Da/da≤0.8，优选为0.5≤Da/da≤0.8。第一蜗杆轴的直径比Da/Di满足：1.4≤Da/Di≤2.1。相应地，第二蜗杆轴29、30的直径比da/di满足：1.4≤da/di≤2.1。通过所述尺寸和所述运行方式可以实现，在第一挤出机1内的熔化快速进行，而在第二挤出机2内的均匀化却进行较长时间。由于所使用的挤出机1、2为双轴或多轴机器，因此与有抽吸(抽气)倾向的单轴挤出机相比可以确保持续地输送稳定的运行。
所使用的多峰形或双峰形的聚烯烃以粉末、颗粒或粉末和颗粒混合的形式供给。如果所供给的聚烯烃趋向聚集或烧结，则在熔化区21形成大的粉末或颗粒聚集体，在包围它们的熔化材料中，它们的特性与固体相似并与熔化的材料一起被第一挤出机1排出。它们由设计成大网眼的筛网或滤板的保持装置35收集，并在这里熔化，直到颗粒的直径降低到滤板的孔径或筛网的网孔尺寸。这种颗粒在包围它们的热熔化材料中由于热传导而较快地熔化，因此可以确保到进入均匀化区39时所有颗粒已完全熔化。

Claims (16)

1.一种在第一挤出机(1)和沿传输方向(17)布置在第一挤出机(1)下游的第二挤出机(2)内熔化和均匀化多峰形或双峰形的聚烯烃的方法；其中，第一挤出机(1)是具有多个可驱动旋转的第一蜗杆轴(14、15)的多轴挤出机；其特征在于，
第二挤出机(2)是具有多个可驱动旋转的第二蜗杆轴(29、30)的多轴挤出机；
第一蜗杆轴(14、15)的外径(Da)比第二蜗杆轴(29、30)的外径(da)小；
第一蜗杆轴(14、15)被以比第二蜗杆轴(29、30)的转速高的转速驱动；以及
第一挤出机(1)内的剪切速率比第二挤出机(2)内的剪切速率高。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，第一挤出机(1)内的剪切速率是第二挤出机(2)内的剪切速率的至少两倍，优选为四到五倍，更优选为六到十倍。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，第二蜗杆轴(29、30)的转速是可调的。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第一蜗杆轴(14、15)被以200～1200转/分、优选为300～900转/分、更优选为400～600转/分的转速驱动。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第二蜗杆轴(29、30)被以50～250转/分、优选为60～190转/分、更优选为70～150转/分的转速驱动。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第一蜗杆轴(14、15)的外径(Da)与第二蜗杆轴(29、30)的外径(da)的比为0.3≤Da/da≤0.8，优选为0.5≤Da/da≤0.8。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第一蜗杆轴(14、15)的外径(Da)与内径(Di)的比为1.4≤Da/Di≤2.1。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第二蜗杆轴(29、30)的外径(da)与内径(di)的比为1.4≤da/di≤2.1。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，第一蜗杆轴(14、15)的转速是恒定的。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，采用双轴挤出机作为第一挤出机(1)和/或第二挤出机(2)。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，以粉末形式向第一挤出机(1)供给聚烯烃。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，沿相同的方向驱动第一蜗杆轴(14、15)和/或第二蜗杆轴(29、30)旋转。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，采用紧密接合的蜗杆轴作为第一蜗杆轴(14、15)和/或第二蜗杆轴(29、30)。
14.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，基本上无压力地将熔融的聚烯烃从第一挤出机(1)输送到第二挤出机(2)。
15.根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在进入第二挤出机(2)之前对熔融的聚烯烃进行过滤或过筛。
16.根据权利要求1至15中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在第二挤出机(2)的排出区和/或在第二挤出机(2)的下游形成压力。
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