CN1738620B - 作为半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的藤黄酸衍生物及其类似物 - Google Patents
作为半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的藤黄酸衍生物及其类似物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1738620B CN1738620B CN038156288A CN03815628A CN1738620B CN 1738620 B CN1738620 B CN 1738620B CN 038156288 A CN038156288 A CN 038156288A CN 03815628 A CN03815628 A CN 03815628A CN 1738620 B CN1738620 B CN 1738620B
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- dihydro
- gamlogic acid
- morpholinyl
- ethyoxyl
- resina garciniae
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Abstract
本发明涉及藤黄酸衍生物及其类似物。本发明的藤黄酸衍生物的例子包括在藤黄酸的C10和C28位被取代的衍生物。本发明还涉及本发明的某些优选的化合物是半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的发现。因此,本发明的半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂可以用于在其中发生生长失控和异常细胞扩散的各种临床病症中诱导细胞死亡。
Description
关于联邦赞助的研究和开发的声明
本发明部分利用根据由国家癌症研究所(the National CancerInstitute)授予的DHHS授权号为1R43 CA91811-01的政府援助完成。美国政府对本发明有某些权利。
发明背景
发明领域
本发明属于药物化学领域。具体来说,本发明涉及藤黄酸衍生物和类似物,以及这些化合物是半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的发现。本发明还涉及这些化合物作为治疗上有效的抗癌剂的应用。
背景技术描述
生物体通过称为细胞调控死亡、细胞程序死亡或细胞调亡的过程来消除不需要的细胞。这样的细胞死亡作为动物发育的正常方面以及在组织体内平衡和老化中发生(Glucksmann,A.,Biol.Rev.Cambridge Philos.Soc.26:59-86(1951);Glucksmann,A.,Archives de Biologie 76:419-437(1965);Ellis,等人,Dev.112:591-603(1991);Vaux,等人,Cell 76:777-779(1994))。细胞调亡调控细胞数目,促进形态形成,除去有害的或异常细胞,并消除已经履行完其功能的细胞。此外,细胞调亡作为对各种不同的生理应力例如低氧或局部缺血的反应而发生(PCT出版的申请WO96/20721)。
经历细胞调控死亡的细胞会共同发生很多形态学上的改变,包括胞浆和核膜起泡,细胞收缩(核质和细胞质浓缩),细胞器再定位和压缩。染色质浓缩和生成细胞凋亡体(含有细胞内材料的膜封闭颗粒)(Orrenius,S.,J.Internal Medicine 237:529-536(1995))。
细胞凋亡是通过内源性细胞自杀机制来实现的(Wyllie,A.H.,Cell Death in Biology and Pathology,Bowen和Lockshin,eds.,Chapman和Hall(1981),pp.9-34)。细胞激活其内部编码的自杀程序以作为内部或外来信号的结果。自杀程序是通过激活小心调控的基因程序来进行的(Wyllie等人,Int.Rev.Cyt.68:251(1980);Ellis等人,Ann.Rev.Cell Bio.7:663(1991))。在溶解之前,凋亡的细胞和凋亡体通常被邻近细胞或巨噬细胞识别和清除。由于该清除机制,尽管清除了大量细胞,也没有引起炎症(Orrenius,S.,J.Internal Medicine 237:529-536(1995))。
已经发现,有一组蛋白酶是细胞调亡中的关键成分(参见例如Thornberry,Chemistry和Biology 5:R97-R103(1998);Thornberry,British Med.Bull.53:478-490(1996))。在线虫Caenorhabditiselegans中进行的基因研究表明,细胞程序死亡涉及至少14个基因,其中有2个是原调亡(死亡促进)ced(关于异常细胞死亡)基因ced-3和ced-4。CED-3与白介素1β转化酶-一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶,现在称为半胱天冬酶-1有同源性。当把这些数据最终应用于哺乳动物,并进一步广泛研究时,发现哺乳动物细胞凋亡系统似乎涉及半胱天冬酶级联或类似于半胱天冬酶级联的系统。目前,半胱氨酸蛋白酶的半胱天冬酶家族包括14个不同成员,并且在将来可能发现更多。所有已知的半胱天冬酶都是作为酶原合成的,在形成活性酶之前,酶原需要在天冬氨酸残基上裂解。因此,半胱天冬酸能够以放大级联的方式激活其它半胱天冬酶。
据认为,细胞凋亡和半胱天冬酶在癌症的发展中是至关重要的(Apoptosis and Cancer Chemotherapy,Hickman和Dive,eds.,Humana PRess(1999))。有标本证据表明,癌细胞虽然含有半胱天冬酶,但是缺少激活半胱天冬酶级联的分子机制部分。这使得癌细胞失去了进行细胞自杀的能力,并且细胞变成不死亡和癌性的。对于细胞调亡过程,已知存在着控制点,控制点代表干预导致激活的点。这些控制点包括CED-9-BCL-样和CED-3-ICE-样基因家族产物,这些产物是分别调控细胞自杀或死亡决定和实施自身细胞死亡部分过程的固有蛋白(Schmitt等人,Biochem.Cell.Biol.75:301-314(1997))。BCL-样蛋白包括BCL-xL和BAX-α,BAX-α似乎起着上游半胱天冬酶激活的作用。BCL-xL似乎阻止细胞凋亡蛋白酶级联的激活,而BAX-α促进细胞凋亡蛋白酶级联的激活。
已表明化疗(抗癌)药物可通过激活静止的半胱天冬酶级联来引发癌细胞经历自杀。这可能是已知的抗癌药物的最主要-如果不是全部的话-作用方式的关键方面(Los等人,Blood,90(8):3118-3129(1997);Friesen等人,Nat.Med.2:574(1996))。当前的抗肿瘤药物的作用机制经常涉及在细胞周期的特定阶段进行攻击。简言之,细胞周期是指细胞在其生命中正常发展的阶段。在正常情况下,细胞处于称为G0的休止期。在倍增期间,细胞进行至称为S的发生DNA合成的时期。随后,在称为M的时期发生细胞分裂或有丝分裂。抗肿瘤药物例如阿糖胞苷、羟基脲、6-巯基嘌呤和甲氨蝶呤是S期特异性的,而抗肿瘤药物例如长春新碱、长春碱和紫杉醇是M期特异性的。许多生长缓慢的肿瘤,例如结肠癌主要存在于G0期,而迅速增殖的正常组织例如骨髓主要存在于S或M期。因此,药物例如6-巯基嘌呤可引起骨髓毒性,同时对生长缓慢的肿瘤无效。肿瘤疾病化疗的其它方面是本领域技术人员已知的(参见例如Hardman,等人,eds,Goodman和Gilman′s The PharmacologicalBasis of Therapeutics,Ninth Edition,McGraw-Hill,NewYork(1996),pp.1225-1287)。因此,很清楚的是,存在激活半胱天冬酶级联的可能性,虽然关于此的确切机制尚不清楚。同样清楚的是,在各种类型的癌症中涉及不足的半胱天冬酶级联活性以及由此所致的细胞凋亡事件不足。开发半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂是开发治疗上有效的抗肿瘤药物的高度可取的目标。此外,因为自身免疫性疾病和一些变性疾病也涉及异常细胞增殖,所以对这些疾病的治疗可能也涉及通过施用适当的半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂来增强细胞调亡过程。
从藤黄中分离藤黄酸,由1H NMR光谱并与藤黄素进行比较来推断其结构,藤黄素也如同藤黄酸具有呫吨酮结构(Ahmad,S.A.,等人J:Chem.Soc.(C)772-779(1966);Ollis,W.D.,等人Tetrahedron,21:1453-1470(1965))。
Asano J.,等人,Phytochemistry,41:815-820(1996),报道多种呫吨酮的分离,包括从藤黄中分离藤黄酸。他们报道藤黄酸对HeLa和HEL细胞有细胞毒性。
Lin,L.-J.,等人,Magn.Reson.Chem.31:340-347(1993),报道藤黄酸以及异藤黄酸和异莫林醇的分离。据报道,所有化合物对KB和KB-V1细胞系有细胞毒性。
WO00/44216公开作为半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的藤黄酸、类似物和衍生物。
发明概述
本发明涉及式I和II代表的藤黄酸衍生物和类似物是半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的发现。因此,本发明的第一方面涉及式I和II的化合物作为细胞凋亡诱导剂的用途。
本发明的第二方面涉及一种在患病动物中治疗、预防或改善对细胞凋亡的诱导有反应的病症的方法,包括给需要这种治疗的哺乳动物施用有效量的具有式I-II之一的化合物:
或其可药用盐或前药,
其中:
虚线是单键、双键或环氧基;
X与连接的碳一起为亚甲基、羰基、羟基甲二磺酰、烷氧基甲二磺酰、氨基甲二磺酰、肟、腙、芳基腙或缩氨基脲;
Y与连接的碳一起为亚甲基、羰基、羟基甲二磺酰、烷氧基甲二磺酰、氨基甲二磺酰、肟、腙、芳基腙或缩氨基脲;
R1为甲酰基、亚甲基羟基、羧基、酰基(RaCO)、任选取代的烷氧基羰基(RaOCO)、任选取代的烷硫基羰基、任选取代的氨基羰基(氨基甲酰基、RbRcNCO)或羟基氨基羰基,其中Ra为氢、任选取代的低级烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的低级芳烷基;Rb和Rc独立地为氢、任选取代的低级烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的低级芳烷基;或者Ra为基团-(CH2CH2O)nRm,其中n=1-10,而Rm为氢或C1-10烷基;或者Rb和Rc可以与连接的N一起形成杂环,包括哌啶、吗啉和哌嗪;
R2为氢、任选取代的烷基、酰基(RaCO)、氨基甲酰基(RbRcNCO)或磺酰基(RdSO2),其中Ra、Rb和Rc如以上定义;Rd为氢、任选取代的低级烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的低级芳烷基;
R3为氢或异戊二烯基;
R4为氢、卤素、羟基、任选取代的烷基、环烷基、烷氧基、芳基烷氧基、芳氧基、杂芳氧基、烷硫基、芳基烷硫基、芳硫基、杂芳硫基、氨基、氨基烷氧基、任选取代的饱和或部分饱和的杂环基、杂环基烷氧基或杂环基烷基氨基;和
R5为氢、任选取代的烷基或酰基(RaCO)、氨基甲酰基(RbRcNCO)或磺酰基(RdSO2),其中Ra、Rb、Rc和Rd如以上定义;其中该化合物没有造成由于施用该化合物产生的副作用而导致的组织损害或细胞死亡。
本发明的第三方面是提供一种通过给需要治疗的哺乳动物施用式I和II的化合物来治疗、预防或改善瘤形成和癌症的方法。
本发明的第四方面是提供式I和II的新化合物,并还提供这些新化合物用于治疗、预防或改善瘤形成和癌症的用途。
本发明的第五方面是提供一种用于治疗对细胞凋亡的诱导有反应的病症的药物组合物,它包含有效量的式I和II的化合物与一种或多种可药用的载体或稀释剂的混合物。
本发明的第六方面涉及式I和II的新化合物的制备方法。
发明详述
本发明来自藤黄酸衍生物是有力和高度有效的半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的发现。因此,这些化合物用于治疗对细胞凋亡的诱导有反应的病症。
在藤黄酸结构中存在许多可以修饰的官能团。这些包括但不限于羧基,它可以转化成酯、酯胺、酮或醇和其它官能团。酯和酰胺还可以包含其它官能团,例如氨基酸中的羧基,用于进一步的修饰;羟基,它可以转化成醚或酯和其它官能团;α,β-不饱和酮的碳-碳双键,它可以与亲核试剂反应,或者还原成碳-碳单键,或者转化成环氧化物,并经历其它反应;α,β-不饱和羧基上的碳-碳双键,它还可以与亲核试剂反应,或者还原成碳-碳单键,或者转化成环丙烷环,并经历其它反应;二个异戊二烯碳-碳双键,它可以还原成碳-碳单键,或者转化成环氧化物,然后可以经历其它反应,或者裂解形成醛或羧基,它还可以被修饰成为其它官能团;左环中的碳-碳双键还可以还原成碳-碳单键,或者转化成环氧化物,并经历其它反应;右环中的酮基可以还原成醇,或者转化成肟或缩氨基脲,或者转化成氨基;其它酮基还可以还原或者转化成其它官能团。因此,可以制备许多藤黄酸衍生物。
此外,藤黄酸的类似物,包括异莫里林、莫里林酸、去氧莫里林、gambogin、莫里林二甲基缩醛、异莫里林B、Moreollinc acid、藤黄酸、gambogenin、isogambogenin、desoxygambogenin、gambogenin二甲基缩醛、gambogellic acid、hanburin(Asano,J.,等人,Phytochemistry 41:815-820(1996))、异藤黄酸、异莫林醇(Lin,L.-J.,等人,Magn.Reson.Chem.31:340-347(1993))和新藤黄酸(Lu,G.B.,等人,Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 19:636-639(1984))可以从藤黄中分离。其它藤黄酸类似物,包括莫里林、去氧莫里林、二氢异莫里林(Bhat等人Indian J.Chem.2:405-409(1964))和moreollin(Rao等人Proc.Indian Acad.Sci.87A.75-86(1978))可以从印度藤黄(Garcinia morella)的种子分离。莫林醇可以从印度藤黄(Garcinia morella)的树皮中分离(Adawadkar等人,IndianJ.Chem.14B:19-21(1976))。Gaudichaudiones(A-H)和gaudichaudiic acid(A-E)可以从garciniaGaudichaudii(Guttiferae)的叶中分离(Cao,S.G.,等人,Tetrahedron 54(36):10915-10924(1998),Cao,S.G.,等人,Tetrahedron Lett.39(20):3353-3356(1998)和Wu,X.等人,Planta Med.68:198-203,(2002))。For besione可以从Garciniaforbesii中分离(Leong,Y.W.,等人,J.Chem.Res.,Synop.392-393(1996))。Bractatin、isobractatin、1-O-甲基bractatin、1-0-甲基isobractatin、1-0-甲基-8-甲氧基-8,8a-二氢bractatin和1-0-甲基neobractatin可以从G.bracteata的叶提取物中分离(Thoison,O.等人,J Nat.Prod.63:441-446(2000))。新的gaudichalldiic酸(F-I)可从印度尼西亚Garcinia gaudichaudil中分离(Xu,Y.,等人,Organic Lett.2(24):3945-3948(2000))Scortechinones(A-C)可以从Garcinia scortechinii的小枝中分离(Rukachaisirkul,V.等人,Tetrahedron 56:8539-8543(2000))。新的gaudichaudiic酸(F-I)可从印度尼西亚Garciniagaudichaudil中分离(Xu,Y.,等人,Organic Lett.2(24):3945-3948(2000))Gaudispirolactone可以从Garcinia gaudichaudii的树皮中分离(Wu,J.等人,Tetrahedron Lett.42:727-729(2001))。这些藤黄酸类似物还可以用于制备类似于藤黄酸的衍生物。
因此,本发明还来自新的藤黄酸衍生物类似物是半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂的发现。因此,藤黄酸的这些衍生物和类似物用于治疗对诱导细胞凋亡有反应的病症。
本发明还来自发现藤黄酸的9-10位的双键是活性的关键和此双键与某些亲核试剂的迈克尔加成是可逆的。这种可逆性可以探究用于减少藤黄酸和它的类似物和衍生物的毒性。
具体而言,用于本发明的这方面的化合物是由式I和II代表的藤黄酸衍生物和它的类似物:
或其可药用盐或前药,其中:
虚线是单键、双键或环氧基;
X与连接的碳一起为亚甲基、羰基、羟基甲二磺酰、烷氧基甲二磺酰、氨基甲二磺酰、肟、腙、芳基腙或缩氨基脲;
Y与连接的碳一起为亚甲基、羰基、羟基甲二磺酰、烷氧基甲二磺酰、氨基甲二磺酰、肟、腙、芳基腙或缩氨基脲;
R1为甲酰基、亚甲基羟基、羧基、酰基(RaCO)、任选取代的烷氧基羰基(RaOCO)、任选取代的烷硫基羰基、任选取代的氨基羰基(氨基甲酰基、RbRcNCO)或羟基氨基羰基,其中Ra为氢、任选取代的低级烷基、任选取代的低级烷氧基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的低级芳烷基;Rb和Rc独立地为氢、任选取代的低级烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的低级芳烷基;或者Ra为基团-(CH2CH2O)nRm,其中n=1-10,而Rm为氢或C1-10烷基;或者Rb和Rc可以与连接的N一起形成杂环,包括哌啶、吗啉和哌嗪;
R2为氢、任选取代的烷基、酰基(RaCO)、氨基甲酰基(RbRcNCO)或磺酰基(RdSO2),其中Ra、Rb和Rc如以上定义;Rd为氢、任选取代的低级烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的低级芳烷基;
R3为氢或异戊二烯基;
R4为氢、卤素、羟基、任选取代的烷基、环烷基、烷氧基、芳基烷氧基、芳氧基、杂芳氧基、烷硫基、芳基烷硫基、芳硫基、杂芳硫基、氨基、氨基烷氧基、任选取代的饱和或部分饱和的杂环基、杂环基烷氧基或杂环基烷基氨基;和
R5为氢、任选取代的烷基或酰基(RaCO)、氨基甲酰基(RbRcNCO)或磺酰基(RdSO2),其中Ra、Rb、Rc和Rd如以上定义。
落在式I和II的范围之内的优选的化合物包括这样的化合物,其中R1为甲酰基、乙酰基、丙酰基、羧基、甲氧基羰基、乙氧基羰基、丙氧基羰基、丁氧基羰基、异丁氧基羰基、2-羟基乙氧基羰基、2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)-乙氧基]乙氧基}乙氧基羰基、2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基羰基、2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙氧基羰基、甲硫基羰基、乙硫基羰基、丁硫基羰基、二甲基氨基甲酰基、二乙基氨基甲酰基、N-哌啶基羰基、N-甲基-N-哌嗪基羰基、2-(二甲基氨基)乙基羧基或N-吗啉基羰基;R2为氢、甲酰基、乙酰基、二甲基氨基甲酰基、二乙基氨基甲酰基、2-(二甲基氨基)乙基氨基甲酰基、1-哌啶基羰基、N-甲基-N-哌嗪基羰基、N-吗啉基羰基、甲基磺酰基、乙基磺酰基、苯基磺酰基、甲基、乙基、2-哌啶基乙基、2-吗啉基乙基、2-(二甲基氨基)乙基或2-(二乙基氨基)乙基;R4为氯、溴、羟基、氢、甲氧基、乙氧基、苯氧基、苄氧基、甲硫基、乙硫基、丁硫基、苯硫基、二甲基氨基、二乙基氨基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、吡咯烷基、咪唑基、吡唑基、N-甲基哌嗪基、2-(二甲基氨基)乙基氨基、吗啉基、苯氨基、4-乙酰基哌嗪基、2-(吗啉基)-乙基氨基、4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基、2-(吗啉基)乙氧基或2-二甲基-氨基乙氧基;X和Y为0;R3为异戊二烯基;而虚线为双键。如果双键在C27-28,优选它具有Z构型。
可以用于本发明的方法的优选的化合物的实例包括但不限于:
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-哌啶基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙基氨基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙氧基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-(2-二甲基氨基乙氧基)-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基吗啉;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基哌啶;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(二甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-苄氧基-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-(吗啉基)-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
甲基-9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸酯;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯;和
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯。
藤黄酸中的位置根据Asano,J.等人,Phytochemistry 41:815-820(1996)和Lin,L.-J.,等人,Magn.Reson.Chem.31:340-347(1993)编号。
可以用于本发明的其它优选的化合物包括但不限于:
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基吗啉;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基哌啶;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄基哌啶;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄基吗啉;
9,10-二氢-10-哌啶基-藤黄基哌啶;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄基(4-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-甲氧基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-丁基硫基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-吡咯烷基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-哌啶基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基)藤黄基(4-(2-吡啶基)-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-(4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基)藤黄酸;和
9,10-二氢-10-甲氧基-藤黄基哌啶。
可以用于本发明的其它优选的化合物包括但不限于:
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基藤黄酸酯;
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
藤黄酸丙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丙酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸酯;
藤黄酸2-羟基乙基酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸2-羟基乙基酯;
9,10-二氢-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸甲酯;
32,33-环氧-37,38-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯;
37,38-环氧藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯;
藤黄酸丁酯;
藤黄酸异丁酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丁酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸异丁酯;
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸;
3,4,9,10,32,3 3,37,38-八氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;
3,4,32,33,37,38-六氢-藤黄酸乙酯;
12-氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸乙酯;
3,4,9,10,27,28,32,33,37,38-十氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;和
3,4,27,28,32,33,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸乙酯。
本发明还涉及式I和II范围内的新化合物。可以用于本发明的优选的化合物例子包括但不限于:
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-哌啶基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙基氨基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙氧基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-(2-二甲基氨基乙氧基)-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基吗啉;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基哌啶;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(二甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-苄氧基-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-(吗啉基)-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
甲基-9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸酯;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯;和
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯。
可以用于本发明的其它新的优选的化合物包括但不限于:
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丙酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸2-羟基乙基酯;
9,10-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丁酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸异丁酯;
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;
3,4,9,10,27,28,32,33,37,38-十氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;和9,10-二氢-10-(吗啉基)-藤黄基甲基胺。
可以用于本发明的其它新的优选的化合物包括但不限于:
藤黄酸乙酯;和
藤黄基甲基胺。
可以用于本发明的其它新的优选的化合物包括但不限于:
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯;
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基藤黄酸酯;
藤黄酸丙酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯;
藤黄酸2-羟基乙基酯;
9,10-二氢-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸甲酯;
32,33-环氧-37,38-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯;
37,38-环氧藤黄酸甲酯;
藤黄酸丁酯;
藤黄酸异丁酯;
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸;
3,4,32,33,37,38-六氢-藤黄酸乙酯;
12-氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸乙酯;和
3,4,27,28,32,3 3,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸乙酯。
有用的烷基包括直链和支链C1-10烷基,更优选C1-6烷基。典型的C1-10烷基包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、3-戊基、己基和辛基,所述基团可以任选被取代。
有用的烷氧基包括被上述C1-10烷基之一取代的氧,所述基团可以任选被取代。
有用的烷硫基包括被上述C1-10烷基之一取代的硫,所述基团可以任选被取代。还包括这种烷硫基的亚砜和砜。
有用的氨基包括-NH2、-NHR11和-NR11R12,其中R11和R12为C1-10烷基或环烷基,芳基或杂芳基,或者芳基烷基或杂芳基烷基,或者R11和R12与N结合形成环氨基结构,例如哌啶,或者R11和R12与N和其它基团结合形成环氨基结构,例如哌嗪。烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂芳基、环氨基可以任选被取代。
烷基上任选的取代基包括一个或多个卤素、羟基、羧基、氨基、硝基、氰基、C1-C6酰基氨基、C1-C6酰氧基、C1-C6烷氧基、芳氧基、烷硫基、C6-C10芳基、C4-C7环烷基、C2-C6链烯基、C2-C6炔基、C6-C10芳基(C2-C6)链烯基、C6-C10芳基(C2-C6)炔基、饱和和不饱和杂环或杂芳基。芳基、芳烷基和杂芳基上任选的取代基包括一个或多个卤素、C1-C6卤代烷基、C6-C10芳基、C4-C7环烷基、C1-C6烷基、C2-C6链烯基、C2-C6炔基、C6-C10芳基(C1-C6)烷基、C6-C10芳基(C2-C6)链烯基、C6-C10芳基(C2-C6)炔基、C1-C6羟基烷基、硝基、氨基、脲基、氰基、C1-C6酰基氨基、羟基、硫醇、C1-C6酰氧基、叠氮基、C1-C6烷氧基或羧基。
有用的芳基为C6-14芳基,特别是C6-10芳基。典型的C6-14芳基包括苯基、萘基、菲基、蒽基、茚基、薁基、联苯、亚联苯基和芴基。
有用的环烷基为C3-8环烷基。典型的环烷基包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基和环庚基。
有用的饱和或部分饱和的碳环基为以上定义的环烷基以及环链烯基,例如环戊烯基、环庚烯基和环辛烯基。
有用的卤素或卤代基团包括氟、氯、溴和碘。
有用的芳基烷基包括被任何上述C6-14芳基取代的任何上述C1-10烷基。有用的值包括苄基、苯乙基和萘基甲基。
有用的卤代烷基包括被一个或多个氟、氯、溴或碘原子取代的C1-10烷基,例如氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基、1,1-二氟乙基、氯甲基,氯氟甲基和三氯甲基。
有用的酰基氨基是与氨基氮连接的任何C1-6酰基(烷酰基),例如乙酰氨基、丙酰氨基、丁酰氨基、戊酰氨基、己酰氨基和芳基取代的C2-6取代的酰基。
有用的酰氧基是与氧(-O-)基连接的任何C1-6酰基(烷酰基),例如甲酰氧基、乙酰氧基、丙酰氧基、丁酰氧基、戊酰氧基、己酰氧基等。
有用的饱和或部分饱和的杂环基包括四氢呋喃基、吡喃基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、吡咯烷基、咪唑烷基、咪唑啉基、二氢吲哚基、异二氢氮杂茚基、奎宁环基、吗啉基、异色满基、色满基、吡唑烷基吡唑啉基、特窗酰基和tetramoyl。
有用的杂芳基包括以下任一基团:噻吩基、苯并[b]噻吩基、萘并[2,3-b]噻吩基、噻蒽基、呋喃基、吡喃基、异苯并呋喃基、色烯基、呫吨基、吩氧硫杂环己二烯基(phenoxanthiinyl)、2H-吡咯基、吡咯基、咪唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、吲嗪基、异吲哚基、3H-吲哚基、吲哚基、吲唑基、嘌呤基、4H-喹嗪基、异喹啉基、喹啉基、酞嗪基(phthalzinyl)、萘啶基、quinozalinyl、噌啉基、蝶啶基、咔唑基、β-咔啉基、菲啶基、吖啶基、萘嵌二氮杂苯基、菲咯啉基、吩嗪基、异噻唑基、吩噻嗪基、异恶唑基、呋咱基、吩噁嗪基、1,4-二氢喹喔啉-2,3-二酮、7-氨基异香豆素、吡啶并[1,2-a]嘧啶-4-酮、1,2-苯并异噁唑-3-基、苯并咪唑基、2-羟吲哚基和2-羟苯并咪唑基。如果杂芳基包含环上的氮原子,则这种氮原子可以是N-氧化物的形式,例如吡啶基N-氧化物、吡嗪基N-氧化物、嘧啶基N-氧化物等。
优选的本发明的化合物的例子包括具有聚醚取代基的化合物。用于本发明的优选的聚醚包括但不限于任选取代的聚乙二醇,已知为PEG。PEG是水溶性聚醚,它赋予化合物和聚合物独特的生理-化学性能,从而扩展了化合物和聚合物的潜在应用。例如,PEG修饰的蛋白比非PEG修饰的蛋白表现出生理性能的改善。例如,参见Delgado,C.等人,Crit.Rev.Ther.Drug Carrier Syst.9:249-304(1992)。PEG修饰的脂质体还表现出独立的性能如渗透性的改善。Sriwongsitanont,S.和Ueno,M.,Chem.Pharm.Bull.50:1238-1244(2002)。用PEG修饰本发明的化合物增加了溶解度,从而降低它们的系统毒性和它们在给药部位的毒性。用于本发明的特定PEG具有式-(CH2CH2O)nRm,其中n=1-10,而Rm为氢或C1-10烷基。优选的PEG包括但不限于HOCH2CH2OH、CH3CH2(OCH2CH2)3OH、CH3(OCH2CH2)4OH和CH3(CH2)7(OCH2CH2)4OH。
本发明的某些化合物可以作为立体异构体,包括光学异构体存在。本发明包括所有的立体异构体和这些立体异构体的外消旋混合物和可以根据本领域技术人员已知的方法分离的单独的对映异构体。
可药用的加成盐的实例包括无机和有机酸加成盐,例如盐酸盐、氢溴化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、柠檬酸盐、乳酸盐、酒石酸盐、马来酸盐、富马酸盐、扁桃酸盐和草酸盐;和碱的无机和有机碱加成盐,例如氢氧化钠、三(羟基甲基)氨基甲烷(TRIS,Tromethane)和N-甲基-葡糖胺。
本发明化合物的前药的实例包括含化合物的简单羧酸酯(例如根据本技术中已知的方法用C1-4醇缩合得到的含化合物的简单羧酸酯);含化合物的羟基酯(例如用C1-4羧酸、C3-6二酸或其酸酐(例如根据本技术中已知的方法得到的琥珀酸和富马酸酐)缩合得到的含化合物的羟基酯);含化合物的氨基亚胺(例如根据本技术中已知的方法用C1-4醛或酮缩合得到的含化合物的氨基亚胺);和含化合物的醇的缩醛和缩酮(例如根据本技术中已知的方法用氯甲基甲基醚或氯甲基乙基醚缩合得到的含化合物的醇的缩醛和缩酮)。
本发明的化合物可以用本领域技术人员已知的方法或本发明的新方法制备。具体而言,藤黄酸可以通过以下方法纯化:(1)制备藤黄粗提取物的吡啶盐(Garcinia hanburyi Hook的树脂);(2)在乙醇中重复地重结晶盐;和(3)将盐转化成游离酸。使用这种方法,可以由粗提取物得到大约10%wt的纯度>99%(HPLC)的藤黄酸。具有式I和II的藤黄酸和类似物还可以通过重复的柱色谱法(SiO2,己烷-EtOAc梯度)并应用Sg100分离系统(Isco,Inc.Lincoln,NE)从藤黄中分离和纯化。
具有式I和II的藤黄酸衍生物可以如方案1-2的例示性反应所示制备。藤黄基哌啶与吗啉反应产生酰胺的吗啉基加成产物(方案1)。类似地,藤黄基哌啶与取代的醇如N-(2-羟基乙基)吗啉在碱如氢化钠存在下反应产生吗啉基乙氧基加合物(方案2)。
作为可替代的选择,藤黄酸与过量的胺如吗啉在偶合剂如1-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和4-(N,N-二甲基氨基)吡啶(DMAP)存在下反应一步产生吗啉酰胺加成产物(方案3)。同样,式II的羧酸衍生物与过量的N-甲基哌嗪在类似条件下反应一步产生N-甲基哌嗪酰胺加成产物(方案4)。
具有式I和II的藤黄酸衍生物可以如方案5的例示性反应所示来制备。藤黄酸与碘乙烷在碱如1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)存在下,在溶剂如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中反应产生藤黄酸乙酯产物(方案5),然后将其用于和亲核试剂反应以制备式I和II的化合物。
本发明的一个重要方面是发现了具有式I和II的化合物是半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂。因此,这些化合物可用于多种其中存在失控的细胞生长和异常细胞扩散的临床病症,例如癌症。
本发明的另一个重要方面是发现产生式I和II的化合物的藤黄酸和衍生物的9-10位的双键的Michael加成是可逆的。例如,如方案6所示,发现9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯与生物介质中的藤黄酸甲酯相逆。此外,在细胞的细胞凋亡诱导和半胱天冬酶活化试验中,发现9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯在24小时试验中具有活性,但在5小时试验中不具有活性,这表明9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯是一种缓慢作用的化合物,因为它需要转化成藤黄酸甲酯。可以利用这种可逆性降低藤黄酸衍生物和类似物对动物的毒性,并使它们更适于作为药物。
因此,本发明的另一个重要方面是下述发现:式I-II定义的化合物意外地降低毒性。本文所述的化合物导致在给药部位对正常组织的损害降低,从而降低副作用。特定类型的组织损害包括但不限于坏死、腐烂、出疹、烧伤、炎症、刺激、瘙痒、肿胀、胃不安、酸逆流、恶心、呕吐、肠炎和痔。而且,本文所述的化合物导致对组织和器官,例如皮肤、血管、动脉、肌肉和脂肪组织、口的衬里、咽喉、食道、胃、小肠、大肠和直肠的系统毒性降低或基本上降低。式I-II的化合物毒性降低使这些化合物能够施用于动物以产生理想的疗效。对给药部位的正常组织的损害降低意味着可以对相同的部位进行多次给药。这在用可能在给药部位造成严重反应的非衍生化合物时是不可能的。优选所述化合物可以在相同给药部位的给药多于一次,更优选在相同的给药部位给药3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20或更多次。
本文所用的短语“系统毒性降低”意指本发明的化合物的治疗指数为至少1.1,优选至少1.5。本文所用的短语“系统毒性基本上降低”意指本发明的化合物的治疗指数为至少1.5,优选至少2.0。
本发明的另一个重要的方面是以下发现:在耐药性癌细胞,例如乳腺癌和前列腺癌细胞中,本文所述的化合物是有效、高效力的半胱天冬酶激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂,这使得这些化合物能够杀死这些耐药性癌细胞。与之相比,在相同条件下,大部分标准抗癌药物不能有效地杀死耐药性癌细胞。因此,藤黄酸、它的衍生物和类似物预期可用于在动物中治疗耐药性癌症。
本发明包括用于在体内调节细胞凋亡或者在体内控制瘤形成疾病的治疗方法,包括给需要这种治疗的受治疗者施用有效量的起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药。
本发明还包括治疗方法,包括给动物施用有效量的式I和II的化合物或其可药用盐或前药,其中所述治疗方法是用于治疗癌症-特征是失控的细胞生长或异常细胞扩散的一组疾病。这样的疾病包括但不限于霍奇金病、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、急性和慢性淋巴白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、成神经细胞瘤、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、维尔姆斯瘤、子宫颈癌、睾丸癌、软组织肉瘤、慢性淋巴白血病、原发性巨球蛋白血症、膀胱癌、慢性粒细胞白血病、原发性脑癌、恶性黑素瘤、小细胞肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、恶性胰腺胰岛瘤、恶性类癌性癌症、恶性黑素瘤、绒毛膜癌、覃样霉菌病、头和颈癌、骨原性肉瘤、胰腺癌、急性粒细胞白血病、毛细胞白血病、成神经细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、泌尿生殖器癌、甲状腺癌、食管癌、恶性高钙血症、子宫颈增生、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、真性红细胞增多症、特发性血小板增多、肾上腺皮质癌、皮肤癌或前列腺癌。
在实施本发明治疗方法时,给表现出一种或多种这些病症的症状的个体施用有效量的组合物,所述组合物含有治疗有效浓度的化合物,被配制成用于口服、静脉内、局限区域和局部给药的形式(用于治疗瘤形成疾病和其中涉及半胱天冬酶级联介导的生理反应的其它疾病)。给药量是有效地改善或消除病症的一个或多个症状的量。对于特定疾病的治疗,化合物的有效量是足以改善或以某些方式减轻与疾病有关的症状的量。这样的量可作为单一剂量施用,或者可依据有效的治疗方案给药。给药量可治愈疾病,但是给药通常是为了改善疾病。一般需要反复给药来实现所需的症状改善。
在另一个实施方案中提供了药物组合物,其中含有起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐和可药用载体。
本发明另一个实施方案涉及能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,其中包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药和与其联合使用的至少一种已知的癌症化疗剂或所述化疗剂的可药用盐。可用于联合治疗的已知抗癌剂的实例包括但不限于烷化剂,例如白消安、顺铂、丝裂霉素C和卡铂;抗有丝分裂剂例如秋水仙碱、长春碱、紫杉醇和多西他赛;拓扑异构酶I抑制剂,例如喜树碱和托泊替康;拓扑异构酶II抑制剂,例如阿霉素和依托泊苷;RNA/DNA抗代谢物,例如5-氨杂胞苷、5-氟尿嘧啶和甲氨蝶呤;DNA抗代谢物,例如5-氟-2′-去氧-尿苷、ara-C、羟基脲和硫鸟嘌呤;和抗体例如和可用于联合治疗的其它已知抗癌剂包括三氧化二砷、gamcitabine、美法仑、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、长春新碱、米托胍腙、表柔比星,阿柔比星、博来霉素、米托蒽醌、依利醋铵、氟达拉滨、奥曲肽、视黄酸、他莫昔芬和阿拉诺新。
在实施本发明方法时,可就本发明化合物与至少一种已知化疗剂作为单一药物组合物的部分一起给药。或者,可将本发明化合物与至少一种已知化疗剂分开给药。在一个实施方案中,将本发明化合物与至少一种已知化疗剂基本上同时给药,即化合物同时给药或相继给药,只要化合物在血液中同时达到治疗水平即可。
已报道α-1-肾上腺受体拮抗剂,例如多沙唑嗪、特拉唑嗪和坦洛新可以通过诱导细胞凋亡来抑制前列腺癌细胞的生长(Kyprianou,N.,等人,Cancer Res 60:4550-4555,(2000))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的α-1-肾上腺受体拮抗剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知α-1-肾上腺受体拮抗剂的实例包括但不限于多沙唑嗪、特拉唑嗪和坦洛新。
已报道σ-2受体在多种肿瘤细胞类型中高密度地表达(Vilner,B.J.,等人,Cancer Res.55:408-413(1995)),且σ-2受体激动剂,例如CB-64D、CB-184和氟吡啶酚(flavopiridol)激活新的细胞凋亡途径并强化乳房肿瘤细胞系中的抗肿瘤药(Kyprianou,N.,等人,Cancer Res.62:313-322(2002))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的σ-2受体激动剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知σ-2受体激动剂的实例包括但不限于CB-64D、CB-184和氟吡啶酚。
已报道与洛伐他汀,一种HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂,和丁酸酯,一种小鼠Lewis肺癌模型中细胞凋亡的诱导剂的联合治疗,表现出增强抗肿瘤效果(Giermasz,A等人,Int.J.Cancer97:746-750(2002))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀和西立伐他汀。
已报道HIV蛋白酶抑制剂,例如茚地那韦或沙奎那韦,具有抗血管生成活性,并促进卡波西肉瘤的恢复(Sgadari,C等人,Nat.Med.8:225-232(2002))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的HIV蛋白酶抑制剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知HIV蛋白酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于安普那韦、阿巴卡韦、CGP-73547、CGP-61755、DMP-450、茚地那韦、奈非那韦、替拉那韦、利托那韦、沙奎那韦、ABT-378、AG 1776和BMS-232,632。
已报道合成类视黄醇,例如芬维A胺(N-(4-羟基苯基)视黄酰胺,4HPR)与其它化学治疗剂,例如顺铂、依托泊苷或紫杉醇组合对小细胞肺癌细胞系有良好的活性(Kalemkerian,G.P.等人,CancerChemother.Pharmacol.43:145-150(1999))。还报道4HPR与γ-射线联合对膀胱癌细胞系具有良好的活性(Zou,C.等人,Int.J.Oncol.13:1037-1041(1998))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的类视黄醇和合成类视黄醇或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知类视黄醇和合成类视黄醇的实例包括但不限于bexarotene、全反维生素A酸、13-顺式-视黄酸、9-顺式-视黄酸、α-二氟甲基鸟氨酸、ILX23-7553、芬维A胺和N-4-羧基苯基视黄酰胺。
已报道蛋白酶体抑制剂,例如lactacystin在体内和在体外肿瘤细胞,包括对常规化学治疗剂耐受的体外肿瘤细胞中发挥抗肿瘤活性。通过抑制NF-kappaB转录活性,蛋白酶体抑制剂还可以防止体内血管生成和转移,并进一步增加癌细胞对细胞凋亡的敏感性(Almond,J.B.等人,Leukemia 16:433-443(2002))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的蛋白酶体抑制剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知蛋白酶体抑制剂的实例包括但不限于lactacystin、MG-132和PS-341。
已报道酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,例如STI 571(Imatinib mesilate,格列卫)与其它抗白血病药,例如依托泊苷具有有力的协同作用(Liu,W.M.等人,Br.J.Cancer 86:1472-1478(2002))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于格列卫、ZD1839(IRessa)、SH268、金雀异黄素、CEP2563、SU6668、SU11248和EMD12194。
已报道异戊烯基-蛋白转移酶抑制剂,例如法呢基蛋白转移酶抑制剂R115777具有抗人乳房癌的临床前抗肿瘤活性(Kelland,L.R.等人,Clin Cancer Res.7:3544-3550(2001))。还报道了蛋白法呢基转移酶抑制剂SCH66336和顺铂对人癌细胞的协同作用(Adjei,A.A.等人,Clin.Cancer.Res.7:1438-1445(2001))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的异戊烯基-蛋白转移酶抑制剂,包括法呢基蛋白转移酶抑制剂、I型香叶草基香叶草基-蛋白转移酶(GGPTase-I)抑制剂和II型香叶草基香叶草基-蛋白转移酶(GGPTase-II)抑制剂,或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知异戊烯基-蛋白转移酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于R115777、SCH66336、L-778,123、BAL9611和TAN-1813。
已报道细胞周期素依赖性激酶(CDK)抑制剂,例如黄酮吡啶酚(flavopiridol)与其它抗癌药如CPT-11、DNA拓朴异构酶I抑制剂对人结肠癌细胞有有力的协同作用(Motwani,M.等人,Clin.Cancer Res.7:4209-4219,(2001))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于黄酮吡啶酚、UCN-01、roscovitine和olomoucine。
已报道在临床前研究中发现COX-2抑制剂阻断血管生成,抑制实体瘤转移和减缓移植的胃肠癌细胞的生长(Blanke,C.D.,Oncology(Huntingt)16(No.4 Suppl.3):17-21(2002))。因此,本发明的另一实施方案涉及一种能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药与至少一种已知的COX-2抑制剂或该试剂的可药用盐。可以用于联合治疗的已知COX-2抑制剂的实例包括但不限于塞内昔布、valecoxib和罗非昔布。
本发明另一个实施方案涉及能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包合起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物与至少一种已知在治疗上有用的抗体例如或生长因子例如DGF、NGF,细胞因子例如IL-2、IL-4或与细胞表面结合的任何分子生物缀合的生物缀合物。抗体和其它分子将把本文所述的化合物递送到其靶位点中,并让它们成为有效的抗癌剂。所述生物缀合物还能提高在治疗上有用的抗体例如或的抗癌作用。
类似地,本发明另一个实施方案涉及能有效地抑制瘤形成的组合物,所述组合物包含联合使用放射治疗的起半胱天冬酸级联激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药。在此实施方案中,可将本发明化合物与放射治疗同时或在不同时间施用。
本发明另一个实施方案涉及用于在手术后有效地治疗癌症的组合物,所述组合物包含起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药。本发明还涉及治疗癌症的方法,包括手术除去癌,然后用一种本文所述的药物组合物治疗动物。
在经受感染物质之后,有多种免疫机制迅速起作用。根据感染类型,T和B淋巴细胞会迅速克隆扩充以对抗感染。在感染后,消除效应细胞是维持免疫体内稳定的主要机制当中的一种。已经表明这种反应性细胞的缺失是由称为细胞调亡的现象调控的。最近,自身免疫性疾病已鉴定为失调细胞死亡的后果。在一些自身免疫性疾病中,免疫系统指导起强大的细胞毒害效应器机制来对抗专门的细胞例如多发性硬化中的少突神经胶质细胞、糖尿病中胰腺里的β细胞和Hashimoto’s甲状腺炎中的甲状腺细胞(Ohsako,S.等人,CellDeath Differ.6(1):13-21(1999))。据报道,编码淋巴细胞凋亡受体Fas/APO-1/CD95的基因突变与缺陷的淋巴细胞凋亡和自身免疫性淋巴增殖综合症(ALPS)有关,其中ALPS的特征是慢性、组织学良性脾大以及泛化淋巴结病、血丙球蛋白过多和自身抗体形成(Infante,A.J.等人,J.Pediatr.133(5):629-633(1998)和Vaishnaw,A.K.等人,J.Clin.Invest.103(3):355-363(1999))。据报道,在转基因小鼠的发育性B细胞中,在T细胞依赖性共刺激信号存在下,Bcl-2-具有细胞凋亡活性的编程性细胞死亡调节器的Bcl-2基因家族的一个成员的过表达导致生成修饰的B细胞所有组成部分和产生病原性自身抗体(Lopez-Hoyos,M.等人,Int. J.Mol.Med.1(2):475-483(1998))。因此很明显,有多种类型的自身免疫性疾病是由于缺乏细胞凋亡过程所致,并且一种治疗策略是在引起自身免疫性疾病的淋巴细胞中开始细胞凋亡(0’Redly,L.A.&Strasser,A.,Inflamm.Res.48(1):5-21(1999))。
已知Fas-Fas配体(FasL)相互作用是保持免疫体内稳定所必需的。特征是自身反应性T和B细胞反应和显著的甲状腺淋巴细胞浸润的实验性自身免疫性甲状腺炎(EAT)是研究FasL的治疗作用的良好模型。Batteux,F,等人,J Immunol 162(1):603-608(1999))报道,通过将编码FasL的DNA表达载体直接注射到发炎的甲状腺中,观察到甲状腺淋巴细胞渗入的发展受到了抑制,并且诱导了渗入性T细胞死亡。这些结果表明,FasL在甲状腺细胞上的表达可能通过诱导病原性自身反应性渗入性T淋巴细胞的死亡而对发展的EAT有治愈作用。
已知二吲哚基马来酰亚胺VIII能在人星形细胞瘤1321N1细胞和Molt-4T细胞中增强Fas介导的细胞调亡,其中在没有二吲哚基马来酰亚胺VIII存在下,人星形细胞瘤1321N1细胞和Molt-4T细胞都对抗-Fas抗体诱导的细胞调亡作用有抗性。据报道,二吲哚基马来酰亚胺VIII增强Fas-介导的细胞凋亡的作用对于激活的的T细胞、而不是未激活的T细胞有选择性,并且是Fas-依赖性的。ZhouT,等人(Nat.bed 5(1):42-48(1999)报道了在两个模型-实验性变应性脑炎Lewis大鼠模型和Lewis助剂关节炎模型中,在自身抗原刺激期间,施用二吲哚基马来酰亚胺VIII阻止了T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病的症状发展。因此,施用Fas-依赖性细胞凋亡增强剂例如二吲哚基马来酰亚胺VIII可在治疗上用于更有效地消除有害细胞和抑制T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病。因此,有效量的起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药应可有效地治疗自身免疫性疾病。
牛皮癣是一种特征为鳞状红斑的慢性皮肤病。补骨脂素加紫外线A(PUVA)是广泛使用的治疗寻常牛皮癣的有效手段,并且Coven,TR等人在Photodermatol.Photoimmunol Photomed.15(1):22-27(1999)中报道,用补骨脂素8-MOP或TMP加UVA治疗的淋巴细胞表现出的DNA降解模式的细胞调亡。Ozawa,M.等人在J.Exp.Med.189(4):711-718(1999)中报道,诱导T细胞调亡可能是312-nmUVB消除牛皮癣皮肤损伤的主要机制。低剂量的甲氨蝶呤可用于治疗牛皮癣以恢复临床上正常的皮肤。Heenen,M.,等人,Arch.Dermatol.Res.290(5):240-245(1998)报道,低剂量的甲氨蝶呤可诱导细胞调亡,并且该作用方式可解释用甲氨蝶呤治疗牛皮癣期间表皮增生减轻的原因。因此,有效量的起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药应可有效地治疗高增殖性疾病例如牛皮癣。
滑液细胞增生是类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者的特征。RA滑液细胞的过度增殖以及滑液细胞死亡的缺乏可能是滑液细胞增生的原因。Wakisaka,S.等人,Clin.Exp.Immunol.114(1):119-28(1998)中报道了下述发现:虽然RA滑液细胞可通过经由Fas/FasL途径的细胞凋亡来死亡,但是存在于滑膜内的促炎性细胞因子抑制了滑液细胞的凋亡,并提出,在RA患者中,促炎性细胞团子的细胞调亡抑制作用可导致滑液细胞过度生长,并且导致关节翳形成和关节破坏。因此,有效量的起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药应可有效地治疗类风湿性关节炎。
已经有令人信服的证据表明细胞凋亡在促进急性炎性反应的消除中起主要作用。中性白细胞在组成上程序化地经历细胞凋亡,由此限制了其促炎性可能和导致被巨噬细胞与半专门吞噬细胞迅速、特异性和非炎性识别(Savill,J.,J Leukoc.Biol.61(4):375-80(1997))。Boirivant,M.,等人,Gastroenterology116(3):557-65(1999)报道了从局限性回肠炎、溃疡性结肠炎和表现出CD2途径诱导的细胞调亡下降的其它炎性病症中的发炎区域内分离出了lamina propria T细胞,并且对从发炎的局限性回肠炎组织中分离出的细胞进行的研究表明,这种缺陷是由于Bcl-2水平增高所致。因此,有效量的起半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂作用的本文所述的化合物或其可药用盐或前药应可有效地治疗炎症和炎性肠病。
半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂也可能是除去病原体,例如HIV、丙型肝炎和其它病毒性病原体的理想治疗。长期保持静止,然后疾病发展,可以由形成病毒颗粒的持久性细胞贮主的这些病原体的抗细胞凋亡机制来解释。已报道,HIV-1感染的T白血病细胞或外周血液单核细胞(PBMCs)在半胱天冬酶抑制剂Z-VAD-fmk存在下经历增强的病毒复制。而且,Z-VAD-fmk还刺激源自HIV-1感染的无症状个体的激活的PBMC中内源性病毒产生(Chinnaiyan,A.,等人,Nat.Med.3:333(1997))。因此,细胞凋亡可以用作一种有益的宿主机制,用于限制HIV的扩散,而使用半胱天冬酶/细胞凋亡激活剂的新治疗剂可以用于从被感染的个体中清除病毒贮主。类似地,HCV感染还引发抗细胞凋亡机制,用于逃避宿主免疫监视,导致病毒存留和肝癌发生(Tai,D.I.等人Hepatology 3:656-64(2000))。因此,细胞凋亡诱导剂可以用作HIV和其它传染性疾病的治疗剂。
支架置入已成为新的标准血管成形方法。但是,在支架内的再狭窄仍是冠脉支架的主要局限。已提出新的方法用于通过局部给药来使局部血管生物药理调节作用靶向化。这允许在血管损伤的准确部位和时间施用药物。多种具有抗增殖性能的药理学试剂目前被进行临床研究,包括放线菌素D、纳巴霉素或紫杉醇包被的支架(Regar E.,等人,Br.Med.Bull.59:227-248(2001))。因此,抗增殖的细胞凋亡诱导剂可以用作支架内再狭窄的治疗剂。
在本发明范围内的组合物包括其中本发明化合物以有效地实现其预期目的的量包含在内的所有组合物。虽然个体需要不同,但是每一组分的有效量的最佳范围的确定在本领域技术人员的能力范围内。一般可将本发明化合物以每天0.0025-100mg化合物或等价量其可药用盐/kg所治疗哺乳动物体重的剂量对哺乳动物例如人口服给药,来治疗细胞凋亡介导的病症。可将本发明化合物以每天0.025-200mg化合物或等价量其可药用盐/kg所治疗哺乳动物体重的剂量对哺乳动物例如人静脉内给药,来治疗细胞凋亡介导的病症。优选口服施用约0.01至约50mg/kg来治疗或预防这样的病症。对于肌内注射,该剂量一般为口服剂量的大约一半。例如,合适的肌内剂量是约0.0025至约50mg/kg,最优选为约0.01至约10mg/kg。如果已经施用了已知的癌症化疗剂,则以能有效地实现其预期目的的量进行给药。有效地治疗癌症的这样的已知癌症化疗剂的量是本领域技术众所周知的。
单位口服剂量可由约0.01至约50mg,优选约0.1至约10mg本发明化合物组成。单位剂量可作为一个或多个片剂每天给药一次或多次,其中每个片剂含有约0.1至约10,适宜地约0.25至约50mg本发明化合物或其溶剂化物。
在局部给药用制剂中,本发明化合物可以约0.01-100mg/g载体的浓度存在。
本发明化合物除了作为未加工化学药品给药以外,还可以作为含有合适的可药用载体的药物制剂的一部分给药。所述可药用载体包括有助于将化合物加工成可药用制剂的赋形剂和辅助剂。优选地,制剂,特别是可口服给药的制剂,和可用于优选给药剂型例如片剂、糖锭剂和胶囊的制剂,以及可直肠给药的制剂例如栓剂,和用于注射或口服给药的适当溶液剂含有约0.01-99%,优选约0.25-75%的活性化合物,和赋形剂。
本发明化合物的无毒可药用盐也在本发明范围内。酸加成盐可通过将特定的本发明细胞凋亡诱导剂的溶液与可药用无毒酸的溶液混和来形成,其中所述酸有例如盐酸、富马骏、马来酸、琥珀酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、碳酸、磷酸、草酸等。碱盐是通过将特定的本发明细胞凋亡诱导剂的溶液与可药用无毒碱的溶液混和而形成的,所述碱有例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、胆碱氢氧化物、碳酸钠、Tris、N-甲基-葡糖胺等。
可将本发明药物组合物施用给其中能表现出本发明化合物有益作用的任意动物。在这样的动物当中,最重要的是哺乳动物,例如人和兽医动物,但是本发明不限于此。
本发明药物化合物可通过能实现其预期目的的任意途径给药。例如,可通过非胃肠道、皮下、静脉内、肌内、腹膜内、透皮、颊、鞘内、颅内、鼻内或局部途径进行给药。另外或并行地,可通过口服途径给药。给药剂量取决于受治疗者的年龄、健康状况和体重,如果有的话并行治疗的类型,治疗频率以及所需效果的性质。
本发明药物制剂可通过自身已知的方式,例如常规混合、制粒、糖锭剂制备、溶解或冷冻干燥方法制得。因此,口服使用的药物制剂可这样制得:将活性化合物与固体赋形剂混合,任选将所得混合物磨碎,如果需要或必需的话,加入合适的辅助剂,将颗粒混合物加工以获得片剂或糖锭剂核芯。
合适的赋形剂特别是填充剂,例如糖类如乳糖或蔗糖、甘露醇或山梨醇;纤维素制备物和/或磷酸钙例如磷酸三钙或磷酸氢钙;以及粘合剂例如使用如玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、大米淀粉、土豆淀粉的淀粉糊,明胶、黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠,和/或聚乙烯吡略烷酮。如果需要的话,可加入崩解剂例如上述淀粉以及羧甲基淀粉钠、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、琼脂或藻酸或其盐如藻酸钠。辅助剂特别是流动调节剂和润滑剂,例如二氧化硅、滑石粉、硬脂酸或其盐例如硬脂酸镁或硬脂酸钙,和/或聚乙二醇。可给糖锭剂核芯提供合适的包衣,如果需要的话,这样的包衣是抗胃液的。对于此,可使用浓的糖溶液,其中可任选含有阿拉伯胶、滑石粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇和/或二氧化钛,漆溶液和适当的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物。为了制备抗胃液的包衣,使用合适的纤维素制备物例如醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素或邻苯二甲酸羟丙基甲基纤维素。可向片剂或糖锭剂包衣中加入染料或色素以例如鉴别或表明活性化合物剂量的特征。
可口服使用的其它药物制剂包括用明胶制成的推入配合型胶囊,以及用明胶和增塑剂例如甘油或山梨醇制成的软的密封胶囊。推入配合型胶囊可含有颗粒形式的活性化合物,活性化合物颗粒可以与下述组分混和:填充剂例如乳糖;粘合剂例如淀粉;和/或润滑剂例如滑石粉或硬脂酸镁,和任选地稳定剂。在软胶囊中,优选将活性化合物溶解或悬浮在合适的液体例如脂肪油或液体石蜡中。此外,可加入稳定剂。
可直肠使用的可能药物制剂包括例如由一种或多种活性化合物与栓剂基质组成的栓剂。合适的栓剂基质是例如天然或合成甘油三酯或石蜡烃。此外,还能够使用由活性化合物与基质的混合物组成的直肠用明胶胶囊。可能的基质材料包括例如液体甘油三酯、聚乙二醇或石蜡烃。
合适的非胃肠道给药用制剂包括水溶形式例如水溶性盐形式的活性化合物的水溶液和碱性溶液。此外,可以施用作为适当油注射悬浮液的活性化合物的悬浮液。合适的亲脂性溶剂或载体包括脂肪油例如芝麻油或合成脂肪酸酯例如油酸乙酯或甘油三酯或聚乙二醇-400(活性化合物溶于PEG-400中)。水注射悬浮液可含有能提高悬浮液浓度的物质,包括例如羧甲基纤维素钠、山梨醇和/或葡聚糖。悬浮液还任选含有稳定剂。
依据本发明一个方面,本发明化合物在局部且非胃肠道给药用制剂中使用,并且可用于治疗皮肤癌。
本发明局部给药用组合物优选通过选择合适的载体来配制成油性制剂、霜剂、洗剂、软膏剂等。合适的裁作包括植物油或矿物油、白凡士林(白软石蜡)、支链脂肪或油、动物脂肪和高分子量醇(大于C12)。优选的载体是活性组分溶于其中的载体。还可以包含乳化剂、稳定剂、湿润剂和抗氧化剂,以及如果需要的话着色剂或香料。此外,可在这些局部给药用制剂中使用透皮促进剂。这样的促进剂的合适的实例可参见US.专利3,989,816和4,444,762。
霜剂可优选用矿物油、自乳化蜂蜡和水的混合物配制,其中将溶解在少量油例如杏仁油中的活性组分与该混合物混和在一起。这样的霜剂的典型实例是包括约40份水、约20份蜂蜡、约40份矿物油和约1份杏仁油的霜剂。
软膏剂可通过将活性组分在植物油例如杏仁油中的溶液与温热的软石蜡混和,让该混合物冷却来配制而成。这样的软膏剂的典型石蜡是含有约30%重量的杏仁油和约70%重量的白软石蜡的软膏剂。
本发明的范围内还包括由式I-II之一定义的化合物的剂型,其中口服药物制剂包括肠衣。本文所用的术语“肠衣”指抑制酸性介质中活性成分溶解,但在中性至碱性介质中溶解迅速并具有长期储存的良好稳定性的口服药物剂型的任何包衣。作为可替代的选择,具有肠衣的剂型还包括在肠衣和核芯之间的水溶性分离层。
包肠衣的剂型的核芯包括式I-II定义的化合物。任选地,核芯还包括药物添加剂和/或赋形剂。分离层可以是水溶性惰性化合物或聚合物,用于膜包衣应用。这些分离层以本领域技术人员已知的任何常规包衣技术应用于核芯。分离层的实例包括但不限于糖、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯基缩醛二乙基氨基乙酸酯和羟丙基甲基纤维素。通过任何常规包衣技术将肠衣应用于分离层。肠衣的实例包括但不限于纤维素乙酸酯邻苯二甲酸酯、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、聚乙烯基乙酸酯邻苯二甲酸酯、羧基甲基乙基纤维素、甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物如L 12,5或L100(Parma)、基于水的分散剂如(FMC Corporation)、L100-55和Coating CE 5142(BASF)和包含水溶性增塑剂如(Pfizer)的分散剂。最终的剂型为包肠衣的片剂、胶囊或丸剂。
下列实施例近是举例说明,而不是限制本发明的方法和组合物。对于在临床治疗中通常会遇见的各种病症和参数所作的对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的其它适当改变和改进在本发明实质和范围内。
实施例1
藤黄酸的分离
方法1:
步骤A.室温下用MeOH(3×600mL)提取干燥的藤黄粉末(140g)大约1周。将混合物过滤,并在减压下除去溶剂得到一种粗提取物(122g),为一种黄色粉末。
步骤B.藤黄酸吡啶盐。将以上粗提取物(120g)溶于吡啶(120mL),然后将温水(30mL)加到搅拌的溶液。在冷却至室温后,观察到一些沉淀。将己烷(120mL)加到混合物,将混合物过滤,用己烷洗涤固体,并干燥。用乙醇进行重复的重结晶来纯化盐,得到藤黄酸吡啶盐(7.5g)。
步骤C.藤黄酸。将藤黄酸吡啶盐(0.4g)溶于醚(25mL),并与HCl水溶液(1N,25mL)一起振荡1小时。然后用水洗涤醚溶液(2×10mL),干燥并蒸发得到标题化合物(345mg)。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.66(s,1H),7.43(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.48(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.97(t,J=7.5 Hz,1H),5.26(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),4.91(m,2H),3.37(m,1H),3.24-2.98(m,2H),2.81(d,J=6.6Hz,1H),2.41(d,J=9Hz,1H),2.20(m,J=8.4,5.1Hz,1H),1.88(m,1H),1.63(s,3H),1.60(s,3H),1.58(s,3H),1.53(s,3H),1.51(s,3H),1.43(s,3H),1.26(s,3H),1.18(s,3H).MS:627(M-H)。
实施例2
藤黄酸的分离
如实施例1,方法2所述纯化藤黄(300mg)的粗提取物,得到3mg藤黄酸;HPLC:84%,MS.629(M-H)。
实施例3
gambogenin的分离
如实施例1,方法2所述纯化藤黄的粗提取物(300mg),得到2mggambogenin,HPLC:71%.MS.613(M-H)。
实施例4
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)
a)藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪).将在无水THF(50mL)中的藤黄酸吡啶盐(4g,5.65mmol)、4-(N,N-二甲基氨基)吡啶(137mg,1.13mmol)、1-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(1.41g,7.35mmol)和1-羟基苯并三唑水合物(762mg,5.65mmol)的混合物于室温下搅拌大约0.5小时。往溶液加入N-甲基哌嗪(735mg,7.35mmol),并将其在室温下搅拌过夜。将溶液倾入水(50mL),并用乙酸乙酯萃取(3×50mL)。用MgSO4干燥合并的有机层,并浓缩得到粗产物,用色谱法(SiO2,EtOAc∶MeOH梯度,20∶1-7∶1)纯化得到一种橙色泡沫(2.68g,64%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.85(s,1H),7.52(d,J=6.6Hz,1H),6.66(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),5.42(d,J=10.25Hz,1H),5.05(m,2H),3.62(m,1H),3.40(m,2H),3.28-3.17(m,4H),2.50-1.98(m,7H),2.23(s,3H),1.72(brs,6H),1.63(brs,6H),1.53(brs,6H),1.41(s,3H),1.23(s,3H)。
b)9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪).将在无水THF(15mL)中的藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)(234mg,0.38mmol)和吗啉(3mL)的溶液在室温下搅拌大约18小时。将溶液真空浓缩。将剩余物溶于乙酸乙酯(50mL),并用盐水洗涤(3×40mL),用MgSO4干燥,并真空浓缩得到标题化合物,为一种浅黄色固体(245mg,81%)。1HNMR(CDCl3):12.00(s),6.68(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.97(t,J=6.60Hz,1H),5.46(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.18-5.00(m,2H),3.82(m,1H),3.61(s,3H),3.60-3.20(m,6H),2.32(s,3H),1.88(s,3H),1.75(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.65(s,3H),1.34(s,3H),1.31(s,3H),1.11(s,3H)。
实施例5
9,10-二氢-10-哌啶基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)
标题化合物由藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)和哌啶采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.00(s,1H),6.67(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.0(t,1H),5.44(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.47-5.09(m,2H),3.59-3.19(m,7H),2.84-1.16(m,51H)。
实施例6
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙基氨基]-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)
标题化合物由藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)和4-(2-氨基乙基)吗啉采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.00(s,1H),6.67(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.97(t,1H),5.46(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.11(m,2H),3.83-3.08(m,12H),2.82-1.12(m,48H)。
实施例7
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)
标题化合物由藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)和1-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.00(s,1H),8.11(s,1H),7.4(t,1H),6.67(m,3H),5.97(t,1H),5.46(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.11(m,2H),3.82-3.12(m,12H),2.92-1.13(m,44H)。
实施例8
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙氧基]-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)
将在无水THF(6mL)中的藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)(0.100g;0.140mmol)、N-(2-羟基乙基)吗啉(1.4mL,14.1mmol)和氢化钠(6.7mg,0.281mmol)的混合物于室温下搅拌18小时。将溶液倾入水(50mL)并用乙酸乙酯(25mL)萃取。用盐水(3×15mL)洗涤合并的有机层,用MgSO4干燥,并在真空下除去溶剂。用柱色谱法(二氯甲烷∶甲醇梯度,40∶1-10∶1)纯化粗产物得到一种橙色油。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.00(s,1H),6.67(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.97(t,1H),5.46(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.11(m,2H),3.98-3.21(m,12H),2.64-1.13(m,48H)。
实施例9
9,10-二氢-10-(2-二甲基氨基乙氧基)-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)
标题化合物由藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪)和2-二甲基氨基乙醇采用类似于实施例8的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.00(s,1H),6.67(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.97(t,1H),5.46(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.11(m,2H),3.81-3.28(m,12H),2.81-0.84(m,46H)。
实施例10
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基吗啉
将在THF(20mL)中的藤黄酸吡啶盐(2.48g,3.5mmol)、吗啉(3mL,34.4mmol)、4-(N,N-二甲基氨基)吡啶(85mg,0.7mmol)、1-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(869mg,4.55mmol)的混合物于室温下搅拌24小时。将溶液倾入水(50mL),并用乙酸乙酯(3×50mL)萃取。用水(3×30mL)洗涤合并的有机层,干燥,并浓缩得到粗产物(2.83g)。用柱色谱法纯化粗产物得到标题化合物(649mg,47%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.00(s,1H),6.68(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.00(t,J=6.60Hz,1H),5.48(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.18-5.00(m,2H),3.82-2.40(m,22H),2.20-1.15(m,32H)。
实施例11
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基哌啶
a)藤黄基哌啶.标题化合物由藤黄酸吡啶盐(1.50g,2.11mmol)和哌啶(0.209mL,2.11mmol)采用类似于实施例4a的方法制备。1HNMR(CDCl3):12.85(s,1H),7.56(d,J=6.6Hz,1H),6.71(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.47(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.1-5.2(m,2H),3.14-3.6(m,4H),2.13-2.51(m,5H),1.28-1.71(m,38H)。
b)9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基哌啶.标题化合物由藤黄基哌啶和乙醇采用类似于实施例8的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.01(s,1H), 6.72(d,=6.6Hz,1H),5.97(s,1H),5.52(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.11(m,2H),3.98-3.30(m,12H),1.28-1.71(m,41H)。
实施例12
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(二甲基胺)
a)藤黄基(二甲基胺).标题化合物由藤黄酸吡啶盐(0.200g,0.285mmol)和二甲基胺(0.141mL,0.282mmol)采用类似于实施例4a的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.95(s,1H),7.52(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.63(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.42(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.32(m,1H),5.04(m,2H),3.24-3.6(m,4H),2.01-2.62(m,8H),1.22-1.61(m,30H)。
b)9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(二甲基胺).标题化合物由藤黄基(二甲基胺)和吗啉采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1HNMR(CDCl3):11.98(s,1H),6.74(d,J=6.6Hz,1H),5.97(t,1H),5.48(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.15(m,2H),3.69-2.21(m,13H),1.28-1.71(m,3 9H)。
实施例13
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯
a)藤黄酸乙酯。将在0.5 mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的碘乙烷(31.6μL,0.398mmol)的溶液加到在0.2mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的藤黄酸吡啶盐(0.250g,0.398mmol)和1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(59pL,0.398mmol)的混合物,并将混合物于室温下搅拌大约3小时。将混合物倾入盐水(30mL),并用二氯甲烷萃取。用盐水(2×30mL)洗涤有机层,用MgSO4干燥并浓缩得到粗产物,用柱色谱法(EtOAc∶己烷,1∶5)将其纯化得到150mg(90%)标题化合物,为一种橙色固体。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.95(s,1H),7.6(d,J=6.6Hz,1H),6.76(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.12(t,1H),5.53(d,J=9.9Hz,2H),3.01-3.54(m,5H),2.5(d,J=2.7Hz,1H),2.35(m,1H),2.05(m,2H),1.28-1.72(m,33H)。
b)9,1 0-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯。标题化合物由藤黄酸乙酯和吗啉采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.0(s,1H),6.74(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.6(t,1H),5.46(d,J=5.48Hz,1H),5.15(m,2H),3.71(m,4H),3.4-3.12(m,6H),2.4-2.8(m,6H),1.28-1.98(m,35H)。
实施例14
9,10-二氢-10-苄氧基-藤黄酸甲酯
a)藤黄酸甲酯.标题化合物由藤黄酸吡啶盐(0.200g,0.318mmol)和碘甲烷(29.7μL,0.318mmol)采用类似于实施例13a的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.95(s,1H),7.55(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.69(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.95(t,1H),5.45(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.07(m,2H),3.44-2.98(m,8H),1.36-2.55(m,31H)。
b)9,10-二氢-10-苄氧基-藤黄酸甲酯.标题化合物由甲基藤黄酸酯和苄基醇采用类似于实施例8的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.95(s,1H),7.36(m,6H),6.67(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.58(t,1H),5.48(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.07(m,2H),4.73(d,J=5.7Hz,1H),3.22-3.60(m,6H),2.51(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),1.44-2.12(m,34H)。
实施例15
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸甲酯和4-乙酰基哌嗪采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.97(s,1H),6.64(m,2H),5.47(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.07(d,J=27Hz,2H),3.19-3.66(m,11H),2.42-2.76(m,4H),1.16-2.11(m,37H)。
实施例16
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸甲酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸甲酯和哌啶采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.97(s,1H),6.74(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.49(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.02(m,2H),3.67(m,3H),3.26(m,4H),2.81(m,3H),2.35(m,5H),1.25-1.85(m,37H)。
实施例17
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(二乙基胺)
标题化合物由藤黄基(二乙基胺)和1-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.05(s,1H),8.21(m,2H),7.52(m,2H),6.72(m,2H),5.98(m,1H),5.50(d,J=9.0Hz,2H),5.13(m,4H),3.48(m,11H),2.31-2.85(m,9H),1.25-2.21(m,32H)。
实施例18
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(甲基胺)
标题化合物由藤黄基(甲基胺)和1-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.98(s,1H),8.11(m,2H),7.45(m,2H),6.65(m,2H),5.93(m,1H),5.44(d,J=9.0Hz,2H),5.04(m,4H),4.69(m,4H),2.49-3.42(m,9H),1.23-2.01(m,35H)。
实施例19
9,10-二氢-10-(吗啉基)-藤黄基(二乙基胺)
标题化合物由藤黄基(二乙基胺)和吗啉采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.02(s,1H),6.69(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.92(m,1H),5.46(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),5.46(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.09(m,2H),3.30-3.61(m,13H),2.46-2.70(m,7H),1.13-1.90(m,36H)。
实施例20
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸甲酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸甲酯和乙醇采用类似于实施例8的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.98(s,1H),6.67(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.58(m,1H),5.12(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.04(m,2H),4.47(s,1H),3.52(m,4H),3.25(m,4H),2.81(m,1H),2.49(m,1H),1.00-2.12(m,35H)。
实施例21
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸
标题化合物由藤黄酸和乙醇采用类似于实施例8的方法制备。1HNMR(CDCl3):11.95(s,1H),6.65(m,2H),5.48(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.11(m,2H),4.46(s,2H),3.17-3.61(m,7H),2.82(s,1H),2.52(d,J=8.7Hz,1H),1.35-2.07(m,33H)。
实施例22
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基(二乙基胺)
标题化合物由藤黄基(二乙基胺)和乙醇采用类似于实施例8的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.98(s,1H),6.66(d,J=10.8Hz,1H),5.47(m,1H),5.44(d,J=10.8Hz,1H),5.10(m,2H),4.45(m,1H),3.48-3.58(m,3H),3.20-3.26(m,4H),2.80-2.08(m,5H),1.13-1.96(m,36H)。
实施例23
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸乙酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸乙酯和乙醇采用类似于实施例8的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.02(s,1H),6.73(d,J=10.2,1H),6.61(m,1H),5.52(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.08(m,2H),4.50(s,1H),4.21(m,3H),3.23-4.18(m,8H),2.87(s,1H),2.52(m,1H),1.22-2.13(m,34H)。
实施例24
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸甲酯和N-甲基哌嗪采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.01(s,1H),6.72(d,J=9.9Hz,2H),5.51(d,J=9.6Hz,1H),5.15(m,2H),3.77(m,4H),3.31(m,9H),1.19-2.55(m,40H)。
实施例25
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸乙酯和N-甲基哌嗪采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.06(s,1H),6.71(m,2H),5.51(d,J=11.1Hz,1H),5.16(m,2H),3.32-3.35(m,6H),1.20-2.84(m,48H)。
实施例26
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸乙酯和4-乙酰基哌嗪采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.01(s,1H),6.72(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),6.64(m,1H),5.52(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.15(m,2H),3.23-3.59(m,8H),2.49-2.59(m,4H),1.20-2.13(m,42H)。
实施例27
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸乙酯
标题化合物由藤黄酸乙酯和哌啶采用类似于实施例4b的方法制备。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.90(s,1H),6.51(m,2H),5.34(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),4.97(m,2H),4.06(m,2H),3.06-3.12(m,5H),2.68(m,2H),1.83-2.42(m,5H),1.00-1.61(m,39H)。
实施例28
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯
a)2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基甲苯-4-磺酸酯.往在二氯甲烷(10mL)中的2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙醇(615mg,2.34mmol)、N,N-二甲基吡啶(12mg,0.1mmol)和三乙基胺(0.83mL)的溶液加入对甲苯磺酰氯(410mg,2.15mmol)。将溶液在室温下搅拌19小时。用EtOAc(50mL)稀释反应混合物,用饱和NaHCO3(10mL)、盐水(10mL)洗涤,并用MgSO4干燥。蒸发溶剂,并用柱色谱法(SiO2,EtOAc∶己烷)纯化粗产物得到一种澄清的稠油(634mg,71%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):7.80(m,2H),7.34(d,J=7.8Hz,2H),4.15(m,2H),3.68(m,2H),3.65-3.55(m,12H),3.44(t,J=6.9Hz,2H),2.44(s,3H),1.57(m,2H),1.27(m,10H),0.88(t,J=6.9Hz,3H)。
b)2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯.
将在无水丙酮(25mL)中的藤黄酸(630mg,1.00mmol)、2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基-乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基甲苯-4-磺酸酯(634mg,1.38mmol)、碘化钠(340mg,2.27mmol)和碳酸钾(280mg,2.03mmol)的混合物于50℃和氩气氛下搅拌24小时。蒸发溶剂,并将剩余物与EtOAc(50mL)混合。用水(2×10mL)、盐水(10mL)洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,并蒸发得到一种深褐色剩余物。用柱色谱法(SiO2,EtOAc∶己烷/25-50%)纯化粗产物得到一种浅黄色油(398mg,43%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.84(s,1H),7.53(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),6.66(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),6.01(m 1H),5.43(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.05(m 2H),3.98(m,2H),3.67-3.52(m,14H),3.47(m,1H),3.44(t,J=6.6Hz,2H),3.30(dd,J=8.1,14.7Hz,1H),3.20-2.90(m,3H),2.51(d,J=9.3Hz,1H),2.31(dd,J=4.8,13.2Hz,1H),2.02(m,2H),1.78(m,1H),1.73(s,3H),1.69(s,6H),1.65(s,3H),1.64(s,3H),1.60(m,1H),1.55(s,3H),1.44(s,3H),1.38(dd,J=8.2,12.0Hz,1H),1.28(m,15H),0.88(t,J=6.9Hz,3H)。
实施例29
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗
啉基藤黄酸酯
在氩气氛和室温下,往在二氯甲烷(10mL)中的2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯(274mg,0.30mmol)的溶液加入吗啉(80mg,0.92mmol)。将溶液搅拌过夜。薄层色谱(TLC)分析表明存在原料。加入附加的吗啉(180mg,2.06mmol),并将溶液搅拌1小时。蒸发溶剂和用柱色谱法纯化粗产物(SiO2,EtOAc∶己烷10-50%)得到产物,为一种澄清的油(254mg,85%)。1H NMR H NMR(CDCl3):11.97(s,1H),6.66(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.62(m,111),5.45(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.09(m,1H),5.01(m,1H),4.21(dd,J=4.8,6.0Hz,2H),3.69(t,J 5.1Hz,2H),3.65-3.55(m,15H),3.44(t,J=6.9Hz,2H),3.33-3.10(m,6H),2.80(dd,J=4.2,5.7Hz,1H),2.6-2.4(m,4H),2.08(m,2H),2.00-1.93(m,4H),1.78(m,1H),1.74(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.63(5,3H),1.58(s,3H),1.57(s,3H),1.50(m,1H),1.36(s,3H),1.34(s,3H),1.27(m,12H),1.14(s,3H),0.88(t,J=6.9Hz,3H)。
实施例30
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基藤黄酸酯
a)2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基甲苯-4-磺酸酯.标题化合物由2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙醇(358mg,2.0mmol)和对甲苯磺酰氯(400mg,2.1mmol)采用类似于实施例28(a)的方法制备,为一种澄清的稠油(507mg,73%)。1H NMR(CDC l3):7.79(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.34(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),4.26(m,2H),3.68(m,2H),3.63-3.48(m,10H),2.44(s,3H),1.20(d t,J=0.9,8.0Hz,3H)。
b)2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基藤黄酸酯.标题化合物由藤黄酸(126mg,0.20mmol)和2-[2-(2-乙氧基-乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基甲苯-4-磺酸酯(68mg,0.20mmol)采用类似于实施例28(b)的方法制备,为一种浅黄色油(76mg,48%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.84(s,1H),7.54(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.66(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),6.01(dt,J=1.2,7.2Hz,1H),5.43(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.04(m,2H),3,97(m,2H),3.64-3.46(m,13H),3.31(dd,J=8.1,14.7Hz,1H),3.20-2.90(m,3H),2.51(d,J=9.3Hz,1H),2.31(dd,J=4.8,13.2Hz,1H),2.02(m,2H),1.78(m,1H),1.73(s,3H),1.69(s,6H),1.65(s,3H),1.64(s,3H),1.60(m,1H),1.55(s,3H),1.44(s,3H),1.38(dd,J=8.2,12.0Hz,1H),1.28(s,3H),1.20(t,6.9Hz,3H)。
实施例31
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯
标题化合物由2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]-乙基藤黄酸酯(59mg,0.0745mmol)和吗啉(65mg,0.75mmol)采用类似于实施例29的方法制备,为一种澄清的油(35mg,54%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.97(s,1H),6.65(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.1(m,1H),5.45(d,J=10.2Hz 1H),5.09(m,1H),5.01(m,1H),4.21(t,J=4.9Hz,2H),3.69(t,J=5.1Hz,2H),3.64-3.55(m,11H),3.51(q,6.9Hz,2H),3.40-3.12(m,6H),2.75(m,1H),2.56(m,4H),2.08(dd,J=8.4,10.5Hz,2H),1.96(m,4H),1.77(m,1H),1.73(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.63(s,3H),1.58(s,3H),1.56(s,3H),1.49(m,1H),1.36(s,3H),1.34(s,3H),1.96(t,J=7.2Hz,3H),1.13(s,3H)。
实施例32
藤黄酸丙酯
以大约73%的产率,由藤黄酸和碘丙烷采用类似于实施例13(a)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.84(s,1H),7.53(d,J=6.6Hz,1H),6.67(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),6.01(t,J=7.2Hz,1H),5.42(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.07-5.02(m,2H),3.79(m,2H),3.47(m,1H),3.38-3.20(m,2H),3.18-2.80(m,2H),2.51(d,J=9.00Hz,1H),2.34-2.28(m,1H),2.10-1.95(m,1H),1.78(s,3H),1.69(s,6H),1.65(s,3H),1.64(s,3H),1.52(m,3H),1.42(s,3H),1.31(S,3H),1.28(s,3H),1.24(s,3H),0.88(s,3H)。
实施例33
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丙酯
以大约85%的产率,由藤黄酸丙酯和吗啉采用类似于实施例13(b)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDC l3):11.98(s,3H),6.66(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),6.60(t,J=6.6Hz,1H),5.45(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.09(m,1H),5.01(m,1H),4.03(t,J=6.6Hz,2H),3.70-3.50(m,4H),3.40-3.10(m,5H),2.78(m,1H),2.60-2.40(m,5H),1.95(s,3H),1.74(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.63(s,3H),1.57(s,3H),1.36(s,3H),1.35(s,3H),1.14(s,3H),0.93(t,J=6.90Hz,3H)。
实施例34
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯
将在丙酮(15mL)中的藤黄酸(251.2mg,0.4mmo l)、1-氯-2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙烷(127.2mg,0.4mmol)和碳酸钾(80mg,0.57mmol)的混合物于50℃下搅拌16小时。将其蒸发至干,用水(40mL)稀释剩余物,并用乙酸乙酯(3×20mL)萃取。干燥有机层,浓缩,并用柱色谱法(SiO2,CH2Cl2/MeOH=50∶1)纯化剩余物得到大约157mg(48%)的标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.85(s,1H),7.54(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.66(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),6.01(t,J=6.9Hz,1H),5.43(d,J=10.5Hz,1H),5.05(m,2H),3.98(m,2H),3.75-3.45(m,16H),3.38(s,3H),2.51(d,J=9Hz,1H),2.31(m,1H),1.74(s,3H),1.69(b s,6H),1.64(s,3H),1.62(s,3H),1.59(s,6H),1.55(s,3H),1.44(s,3H),1.26(s,3H)。
实施例35
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗
啉基-藤黄酸酯
以大约84%的产率由2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基-乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯和吗啉采用类似于实施例13(b)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.91(s),6.58(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.55(t,J=6.60Hz,1H),5.40(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.05(m,1H),4.92(m,1H),4.18(m,2H),3.70-3.45(m,14H),3.30(s,3H),1.90(s,3H),1.68(s,3H),1.60(s,3H),1.50(s,3H),1.38(s,3H),1.30(s,3H),1.08(s,3H)。
实施例36
藤黄酸2-羟基乙基酯
以大约41%的产率由藤黄酸和2-碘乙醇采用类似于实施例13(a)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.86(s,1H),7.54(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.68(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),6.00(t,J=7.5Hz,1H),5.46(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.07-5.02(m,2H),3.79(m,2H),3.47(m,1H),3.38-3.20(m,2H),3.18-2.80(m,2H),2.51(d,J=9.00Hz,1H),4.20-3.90(m,2H),3.70(q,2H),3.48(m,1H),3.40-3.20(m,2H),2.98(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),2.53(d,J=9.60Hz,1H),2.34-2.28(q,′1H),2.10(t,J=6.60Hz,1H),2.05-1.95(m,2H),1.74(s,3H),1.72(s,3H),1.69(s,H),1.65(bs,6H),1.53(s,3H),1.45(s,3H),1.29(s,3H)。
实施例37
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸2-羟基乙基酯
以大约65%产率由(2-羟基乙基)藤黄酸酯和吗啉采用类似于实施例13(b)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.96(s,1H),6.66(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),6.59(t,J=7.5Hz,1H),5.46(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),5.09(t,J=7.20Hz,1H),5.01(t,J=7.20Hz,1H),4.34-4.18(m,2H),3.88-3.80(m,2H),3.70-3.55(m,4H),2.78(m,H),2.60-2.38(m,5H),2.31(t,J=6.60Hz,1H),2.18-1.90(m,5H),1.74(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.64(s,3H),1.57(s,3H),1.55(s,3H),1.35(s,3H),1.33(s,3H),1.13(s,3H)。
实施例38
9,10-二氢-藤黄酸甲酯和9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸甲酯
-78℃下往在二氯甲烷(30mL)中的藤黄酸甲酯(1g,1.59mmol)的溶液加入在THF(2.5mL,2.5mmol)中的L-selectride。将溶液在-78℃下搅拌5分钟,将其加热至室温,并搅拌30分钟。用冰-水(30ml)终止反应,并用大约2N盐酸盐水溶液(10mL)中和。用水(3×20mL)洗涤有机层,用Na2SO4干燥,并真空浓缩。用柱色谱法(SiO2,己烷/EtOAc 10∶1)纯化剩余物得到大约201mg 9,10-二氢-藤黄酸甲酯(20%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.95(s,1H),6.66(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),6.46(t,J=7.20Hz,1H),5.45(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),5.10(m,1H),5.04(m,1H),3.68(s,3H),3.36-3.12(m,5H),2.84(m,1H),2.58(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),2.42(b s,1H),1.84(s,3H),1.76(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.64(s,3H),1.59(s,3H),1.36(s,3H),1.34(s,3H),1.13(s,3H);和大约10mg 9,10-二氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸甲酯(1%),为固体,1H NMR(CDCl3):12.03(s,1H),6.66(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),6.28(t,J=7.20Hz,1H),5.35(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),5.12-5.08(m,2H),3.72(s,3H),3.66(d,J=5.70Hz,1H),3.34-3.18(m,5H),2.50(m,1H),2.31(d,J=9.60Hz,1H),2.07(m,2H),1.84(s,3H),1.96(s,3H),1.73(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.65(s,3H),1.56(s,3H),1.40(s,3H),1.38(s,3H),1.36(s,3H)。
实施例39
32,33-环氧-37,38-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯和37,38-环氧藤黄酸甲酯
往在二氯甲烷(15mL)中的藤黄酸甲酯(256.8mg,0.4mmol)溶液加入3-氯过氧苯甲酸(98.57mg,70%纯度,0.4mmol)。将溶液在室温下搅拌30分钟,真空浓缩并用柱色谱法(SiO2,己烷/EtOAc 8∶1)纯化剩余物得到大约88mg 32,33-环氧-37,38-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯(33%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.90和12.84(s,1H),7.58-7.54(m,1H),6.74-6.68(m,1H),6.02-5.78(m,1H),5.48-5.42(m,1H),3.50(t,J=4.2Hz,1H),3.43和3.42(s,3H),3.20-2.80(m,5H),2.54(t,J=10.2Hz,1H),2.32(q,J=14.1,4.8Hz,1H),1.77(s,3H),1.76(s,3H),1.66(bs,6H),1.48(s,3H),1.42(s,3H),1.30(s,3H),1.25和1.24(s,3H);和大约112mg(42%)37,38-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯,为一种固体。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.95和12.92(s,1H),7.58-7.53(m,1H),6.71-6.69(m,1H),6.02-5.90(m,1H),5.50-5.40(m,1H),5.06-4.98(m,1H),3.49(m,1H),3.43(s,3H),3.38-3.10(m,1H),2.99(t,J=6.30Hz,1H),2.53(d,J=9.30Hz,1H),2.32(q,J=14.1,4.8Hz,1H),1.74(s,3H),1.69(s,3H),1.67(s,3H),1.65(s,3H),1.49(s,3H),1.29(s,3H),1.28(s,3H),1.23和1.204(s,3H)。
实施例40
9,10-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯
往在二氯甲烷(10ml)中的藤黄酸甲酯(193mg,0.3mmol)和碳酸钾水合物(495.7mg,3mmol)的混合物加入过氧化氢(102mg,3mmol)。将反应物于室温下搅拌过夜,用乙酸乙酯(35ml)稀释,并用盐水(3×50ml)洗涤。用Na2SO4干燥有机层,真空浓缩,并用柱色谱法(SiO2,己烷/EtOAc=3∶1)纯化剩余物得到标题化合物(134mg,68%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.21(s,1H),6.66(d,J=10.5Hz,1H),6.54(t,J=6.30Hz,1H),5.48(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.09(t,J=7.20Hz,1H),4.99(t,J=6.60Hz,1H),4.31(d,J=4.80Hz,1H),3.64(s,3H),3.28(t,J=6.90Hz,2H),3.19(d,J=6.30Hz,2H),3.08(t,J=4.20Hz,1H),2.54(d,J=8.70Hz,1H),2.18(q,J=14.1,4.8Hz,1H),2.09(s,2H),1.93(s,3H),1.73(s,3H),1.69(s,3H),1.66(s,3H),1.64(s,3H),1.54(s,3H),1.41(s,3H),1.21(s,3H)。
实施例41
藤黄酸丁酯
以大约64%的产率由藤黄酸和碘丁烷采用类似于实施例13(a)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.85(s,1H),7.53(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.67(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),6.01(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),5.43(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),5.05(br s,2H),3.90-3.79(m,2H),3.49-3.45(m,1H),3.36-3.28(m,1H),3.19-2.95(m,3H),2.52(d,J=9.30Hz,1H),2.34-2.28(m,1H),2.05-1.20(m,33H),0.96-0.85(m,3H)。
实施例42
藤黄酸异丁酯
以大约46%的产率由藤黄酸和2-甲基丙基碘化物采用类似于实施例13(a)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):12.85(s,1H),7.53(d,J=6.9Hz,1H),6.66(d,J=10.2Hz,1H),6.03(t,J=7.2Hz,1H),5.43(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),5.08-5.03(m,2H),3.69-3.56(m,2H),3.49-3.45(m,1H),3.35-3.28(m,1H),3.21-3.14(m,1H),3.02-2.97(m,2H),2.52(d,J=9.60Hz,1H),2.34-2.28(m,1H),2.07-2.00(m,2H),1.83-1.26(m,28H),0.82-0.80(m,6H)。
实施例43
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丁酯
以大约22%的产率由藤黄酸丁酯和吗啉采用类似于实施例139b)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.98(s,1H),6.68-6.60(m,2H),5.45(d,J=10.5Hz,1H),5.10-5.02(m,2H),4.13-4.05(m,2H),3.65-3.58(m,4H),3.33-3.17(m,6H),2.79-2.75(m,1H),2.53-2.46(m,4H),2.10-2.05(m,2H),2.01-1.95(m,4H),1.78-1.24(m,26H),1.14(s,3H),0.90(t,J=7.20Hz,3H)。
实施例44
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸异丁酯
以大约25%的产率由藤黄酸异丁酯和吗啉采用类似于实施例13(b)的方法制备标题化合物。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.98(s,1H),6.68-6.59(m,2H),5.45(d,J=9.90Hz,1H),5.10-5.02(m,2H),3.86-3.84(m,2H),3.67-3.55(m,4H),3.36-3.15(m,6H),2.77(t,J=4.8Hz,1H),2.54-2.46(m,4H),2.13-1.23(m,29H),1.14(s,3H),0.94-0.91(m,6H)。
实施例45
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸
用担载在碳上的Pd,在1atm H2压力下将在4mL乙醇中的藤黄酸(35mg,0.056mmol)的溶液氢化2小时。将反应混合物过滤,真空浓缩,并用色谱法(SiO2,30%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化剩余物得到标题化合物(35mg,0.056mmol,100%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):6.18(m,1H),3.42(m,1H),3.17(m,1H),2.87(m,2H),1.83-2.52(m,3H),2.41-2.64(m,5H),1.71(s,3H),1.73-1.78(m,2H),1.51-1.38(m,5H),1.10-1.38(m,10H),0.93(s,3H),0.91(s,3H),0.88(d,6H,J=6.6),0.87(d,6H,J=6.6).MS:[M-H]-=637,[M+H]=639。
实施例46
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯
如实施例45所述将9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯的溶液氢化,并用色谱法(SiO2,15%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化粗产物,得到标题化合物(100%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):6.62(m,1H),5.06(m,1H),4.12(q,J=7.2,2H),3.60(m,4H),3.30(m,4H),2.42-2.61(m,8H),1.71-2.05(m,8H),1.11-1.66(m,27H),0.93(dd,J=6.3,4.5,3H),0.87(d,J=6.6,6H)。
实施例47
3,4,32,33,37,38-六氢-藤黄酸乙酯
往在氯仿中的3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯(12.3mg,0.016mmol)的溶液加入冰醋酸(60μL),并将混合物搅拌2天。在真空下蒸发溶剂,并用色谱法(SiO2,12%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化剩余物得到标题化合物(10mg,0.015mmol,92%)。1H NMR7.53(d,J=6.9,1H),6.05(t,J=4.8,1H),5.04(m,1H),3.89(q,J=6.3,2H),3.45(m,1H),3.13-3.35(m,1H),2.84-3.03(m,1H),2.45-2.69(m,4H),2.30(dd,J=13.5,4.5,1H),1.07-1.71(m,33H),0.080.96(m,10H).MS:[M-H]-662,[M+H]+=664。
实施例48
12-氢-12-羟基藤黄酸乙酯
往在6mL绝对甲醇中的无水氯化铈(26mg,0.105mmol)的溶液加入1mL无水THF和藤黄酸乙酯(58mg,0.090mmol),并将混合物冷却至-50℃。历经1小时向此混合物分部分加入NaBH4(5×10mg),并通过加入大约200μL的大约1N Hcl来终止反应。将混合物加热至室温,并在真空下除去大部分溶剂。将剩余物溶于乙酸乙酯(25mL),用水(2×25mL)和饱和NaCl洗涤。用无水Na2SO4干燥有机层,过滤并浓缩。用色谱法(SiO2,20%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化剩余物,得到标题化合物(58.7mg,0.089mmol,99%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):7.65(d,J=6.9,1H),6.68(d,310.2,1H),5.96(m,1H),5.42(d,J 10.2,1H),5.06(m,2H),4.01(m,2H),3.21-3.37(m,3H),3.02(d,J=5.4,1H),2.89-2.92(m,1H),2.77-2.85(m,1H),2.57-2.66(m,1H),2.33(dd,J=14.4,4.2,1H),2.17(d,J=9.9,1H),2.00-2.09(m,3H),1.82(d,J=1.2,3H),1.79(s,3H),1.74(s,3H),1.65(d,J=0.9,3H),1.63(s,3H),1.55(s,3H),1.54(s,3H),1.43(s,3H),1.09(t,J=7.2,3H).MS:[M-H]-=658。
实施例49
9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸乙酯
目标化合物使用实施例48所述的方法,通过在-20℃下进行反应,并使用过量的NaBH4(5×10mg,然后4×5mg)来制备。粗产物用色谱法(SiO2,20-25%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化得到标题化合物(34.1mg,0.052mmol,55%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):6.61(d,J=10.2,1H),6.06(m,1H),5.39(d,J=10.2,1H),5.14(t,J=7.5,1H),5.05(t,J=6.9,1H),4.02(m,2H),3.46(d,J=5.1,1H),3.38-3.34(m,2H),3.64-3.16(m,2H),2.73-2.81(m,1H),2.55-2.62(m,1H),2.39(d,J=9.3,1H),2.15-2.31(m,2H),1.86-2.01(m,2H),1.79(s,3H),1.73(s,6H),1.65(s,6H),1.55(s,3H),1.50(s,3H),1.44(s,3H),1.25(m,1H),1.19(t,J=7.2,2H).MS:[M-H]-=660,[M+H]+=662。
实施例50
3,4,9,10,27,28,32,33,37,38-十氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯
用担载在碳上的Pd,在60Psi H2下将在乙酸乙酯/乙醇(1∶1,8mL)中的9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯(38mg,0.051mmol)和大约50μL的大约1N HCl的溶液氢化2天。在真空下除去溶剂,并用色谱法(SiO2,20%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化剩余物得到标题化合物(29mg,0.039mmol,75%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):4.11(m,2H),3.60(m,4H),3.31(m,1H),3.13(m,1H),2.75(m,1H),2.50-2.65(m,7H),2.38-2.43(m,3H),1.76-2.20(m,7H),1.39-1.68(m,8H),2.21-1.34(m,13H),1.19(d,J=6.6,3H),1.11(s,3H),0.94(d,J=6.6,6H),0.88(d,J=6.6,6H).MS:[M-H]-=751,[M+H]+=753。
实施例51
3,4,27,28,32,33,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸乙酯
标题化合物由3,4,9,10,27,28,32,33,37,38-十氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯采用实施例47所述的方法制备。用色谱法(SiO2,12%乙酸乙酯/己烷)纯化粗产物得到标题化合物,产率约为63%。1HNMR(CDCl3):7.51(d,J=6.9,1H),3.96(m,2H),3.44(m,1H),2.54-2.66(m,4H),2.46(d,J=9.3,1H),2.3(dd,J=13.2,4.5,1H),2.10-2.17(m,1H),1.09-1.81(m,31H),0.88-0.96(m,14H)。
实施例52
鉴定藤黄酸衍生物是作为半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞调亡诱导剂的抗肿瘤化合物
在5%CO2-95%湿度的培养器内于37℃,让人乳腺癌细胞系T-47D和ZR-75-1在American Type Culture Collection指定的培养基组分混合物+10%FCS(Invitrogen Corporation)中生长。对于HL-60细胞在0.1-0.6×106个细胞/ml的细胞密度下,T-47D和ZR-75-1细胞保持30-80%铺满的细胞密度。以600×g收获细胞,以0.65×106个细胞/mL重悬在适当培养基+10%FCS中。将45μl等份试样的细胞加到96μL微量滴定板的孔中,其中微量商定板的孔中含有5μL10%DMSO在RPMI-1640培养基溶液中的混合物,所述培养基溶液含有1.6-100μM藤黄酸或其它测试化合物(终浓度为0.16-10μM)。将45μl等份试样的细胞加到96孔微量滴定板的孔中,其中微量滴定板的孔中含有5μL 10%在BPMI-1640培养基溶液中的混合物,并且所述培养基溶液不含测试化合物,以由此用作对照样本。通过搅拌将样本混和,然后在5%CO2-95%湿度的培养器内于37℃培养24小时。培养后,将样本从培养器中取出,加入50μl含有下列组分的溶液:20μMN-(Ac-DEVD)-N′-乙氧基羰基-R110荧光底物SEQ ID NO:1(Cytovia,Inc.;美国专利6,335,429)、20%蔗糖(Sigma)、20mM DTT(Sigma)、200mM NaCl(Sigma)、40mM Na PIPES缓冲液pH 7.2(Sigma)和500μg/mL溶血卵磷脂(Calbiochem)。通过搅拌将样本混和,并在室温培养。使用荧光平板读数器(Model 1420 Wallac Instruments),采用485nm的激发波长和530nm的发射波长,在加入底物溶液约1-2分钟后记录初始读数(T=0),以确定对照样本的背底荧光。培养3小时后,如上所述读取样本的荧光(T=3小时)。
计算:
如下所示,使用相对荧光单位值(RFU)来计算样本读数值:
RFU(T=3小时)-对照RFU(T=0)=净RFU(T-3小时)
通过藤黄酸衍生物的净RFU值与对照样本的净RFU值的比值来确定半胱天冬酶级联激活活性。通过s形剂量-反应计算(Prisim2.0,Graph Pad Software Inc.)确定EC50(nM)。表I中总结了半胱天冬酶活性(比率)和效力(EC50)。
表I.半胱天冬酶活性和效力
因此,在此试验中鉴定藤黄酸衍生物是有效的半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和抗肿瘤化合物。
实施例53
鉴定9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯为一种缓慢作用的半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂
如实施例28所述在T47D细胞中分析9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯和藤黄酸。将细胞和试验化合物样本分别培养5小时和24小时。表II总结与藤黄酸(化合物A)相比9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)在5小时和24小时试验之后的半胱天冬酶活性(比率)和效力(EC50)。
表II.9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)和藤黄酸(化合物A)在T47D细胞试验中5小时和24小时之后的半胱天冬酶活性和效力
表II表明,9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)在5小时试验后无活性,但在24小时试验后有活性。相比之下,藤黄酸(化合物A)在5小时试验和24小时试验时都有活性。因此,9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯是一种缓慢作用的半胱天冬酶级联激活剂和细胞凋亡诱导剂。相比之下,藤黄酸是一种快速作用的细胞凋亡诱导剂。
实施例54
在生物培养基中9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯至藤黄酸甲酯的转化
将在87.5%RPMI 1640生物培养基(Invitrogen Corporation,Carlsbad,California)、5.6%EtOH、1.3%DMSO和5.6%CremophorEL中的浓度为5mg/ml的9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯的溶液在37℃下保存。如表III所示在不同的时间点通过HPLC测定溶液。通过峰面积的积分来确定9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)和藤黄酸甲酯(化合物C)的数量。HPLC在带32Karate软件的Beckman System Gold中,在以下条件下进行:
柱:Alltech Platinum EPS C8,4.6*100mm,3μm
流动相:含乙腈/水的梯度(在二种流动相中都包含0.1%三氟乙酸),26分钟
流速:1ml/min
UV吸收:278nm
结果总结在表III中。
表III.生物培养基中的9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)和藤黄酸甲酯(化合物C)的数量
化合物 | 0小时 | 2小时 | 18小时 | 48小时 | 90小时 |
B | 92 | 92 | 72 | 49 | 28 |
C | 4 | 3 | 26 | 48 | 64 |
表III表明在37℃下,在RPMI生物培养基中,9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)缓慢转化(Michael加成的逆转)成为藤黄酸甲酯(化合物C)。
实施例55
评价藤黄酸和9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯在小鼠中的最大耐受剂量(MTD)
关于急性毒性研究,每个剂量组使用3只ICR(CD-1)小鼠。在动物的尾静脉进行单一大丸药注射来施用大约100μl体积的化合物配方和载体配方。每天测定小鼠体重,同时每天观察临床异常现象。最大耐受剂量(MTD)定义为导致体重下降10%且无临床异常现象的剂量。在注射后和研究结束时观察小鼠5天,进行验尸和宏观病理观察以评价器官健康。
关于多剂量研究,让动物每天服药一次,持续5天。观察动物直至最后服药之后7天。
表IV总结通过静脉内给药的藤黄酸和9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯在小鼠中的MTD。
表IV.藤黄酸(化合物A)和9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)在小鼠中的MTD
化合物 | 急性MTD | 多剂量MTD |
A | 20-40mg/kg | 每天一次,5次剂量:5mg/kg |
B | >100mg/kg | 每天一次,5次剂量:>100mg/kg |
表IV的结果表明,9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)比藤黄酸(化合物A)被较好地耐受,并具有明显较少的系统毒性。此外,有证据表明存在注射部位毒性,例如与藤黄酸有关的尾水肿,从而排除较高剂量的药物的多次给药,而使用9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯基本上降低注射部位毒性。这些发现表明,9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯降低系统毒性和注射部位的毒性。
实施例56
藤黄酸和9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯在小鼠中的药代动力学
研究
给ICR小鼠施用单一剂量的药物至尾静脉。在每一时间点,处死3只动物,并通过心脏穿刺术取血。旋转下沉血细胞,收集血浆,并立即在液氮中冻干。为进行样本处理,将血浆解冻,加入萃取溶剂,同时加入内标以评价回收率。搅拌样本,然后进行离心,收集萃取液,并进行LC/MS/MS分析以对化合物血浆浓度进行鉴定和定量。计算在同一时间点来自3只动物的化合物水平的平均值,并用WinNonLin程序计算药代动力学参数。表V总结主要PK参数。
表V.接近各自MTD的剂量的藤黄酸(化合物A)和9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)的PK参数
化合物 | A | B | C |
剂量 | 5mg/kg | 50mg/kg | 从B的剂量起 |
AUC(0-inf),ng-h/ml曲线下面积 | 2,700 | 353,021 | 73,433 |
CL,L/h/kg 清除 | 1.84 | 0.14 | n.a. |
Vss,L/kg 分配体积2.9 | 2.9 | 2.12 | n.a. |
T1/2,h 末端半衰期 | 4.8 | 27.6 | 16.2 |
表V总结的两种化合物的血浆水平的药代动力学(PK)分析表明,藤黄酸(AUC为2,700ng-hr/ml)的总暴露基本上小于9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(AUC为353,021ng-hr/ml),尽管接近它们各自的MTD的剂量有差异。这表明,9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯的毒性降低不是因为药物暴露的减小。PK分析还表明藤黄酸甲酯(化合物C)还以高浓度(AUC为73,433ng-hr/ml)存在于血浆。因此,与实施例30所示的生物培养基中观察到的转化类似,在小鼠的PK研究中也观察到9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯至藤黄酸甲酯的转化。
实施例57
藤黄酸和9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯在小鼠中的效力研究
使用CD1nu/nu小鼠。将大约50mg套针的可移植的人异种移植物的不同肿瘤点或培养的人肿瘤细胞(n×106细胞?)皮下移植到小鼠的侧翼区,并使肿瘤生长至100mg的预期的平均大小。测定小鼠的肿瘤大小,并将75-125mg的可接受的肿瘤范围内的小鼠随机分成对照组和处理组,每组8-9只小鼠。对平均原始肿瘤大小为100mg的这些组开始进行处理。对照组注射用于溶解药物的赋形剂。其它组以表VI所示的剂量和方案接受药物。注射为通过尾静脉的静脉注射。每隔一天进行肿瘤和动物体重的测定,并每天观察动物生存。通过以下方程式计算肿瘤大小:
肿瘤体积=(长度×宽度2)/2
在皮下移植至nu/nu小鼠的人肿瘤细胞效力研究中,毒性剂量的藤黄酸最佳的效力为大约20%肿瘤生长抑制作用,它在统计学上不显著。
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯在多种人肿瘤异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤效力评价表明肿瘤生长降低50-70%(统计学上显著,p=0.01-0.0005),并没有明显的体重损失和异常表现变化。表VI总结体内效力结果。
表VI.藤黄酸(化合物A)和9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯(化合物B)在人肿瘤异种移植小鼠模型中的效力
化合物 | A | B | C |
剂量 | 5mg/kg, 每隔一天 | 50mg/kg, 每天 | 75mg/kg, 每天 |
人肿瘤名称 (肿瘤类型) | ZR75-1 (乳腺癌) | MX-1 (乳腺癌) | SW620 (结肠直肠癌) |
%肿瘤减小 | 20% | 60% | 58% |
表VI的数据表明藤黄酸在最大耐受剂量不产生显著的效力。相比之下,9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸甲酯,一种前药具有较好的曲线,同时具有良好的效力和降低的毒性。
虽然已经充分地描述了本发明,但是本领域技术人员应当理解,可在不影响本发明范围或其任何实施方案的情况下,在广泛且等同的病症、制剂和其它参数范围内进行相同的实施。本文所引用的所有专利、专利申请和出版物都全文引入本文以供参考。
Claims (16)
2.选自以下的化合物在制备治疗、预防或改善动物对诱导细胞凋亡有反应的病症的药物中的用途:
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-哌啶基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙基氨基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙氧基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-(2-二甲基氨基乙氧基)-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(二甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-苄氧基-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-(吗啉基)-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸甲酯;和
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯。
3.选自以下的化合物在制备治疗、预防或改善动物对诱导细胞凋亡有反应的病症的药物中的用途:
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丙酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸2-羟基乙基酯;
32,33-环氧-37,38-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯;
37,38-环氧藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-环氧-藤黄酸甲基酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丁酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸异丁酯;
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸乙酯;和
3,4,9,10,27,28,32,33,37,38-十氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸乙酯。
4.权利要求1、2或3的用途,其中该病症为癌症。
5.根据权利要求4的用途,其中该癌症为霍奇金病、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、急性和慢性淋巴白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、成神经细胞瘤、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、维尔姆斯瘤、子宫颈癌、睾丸癌、软组织肉瘤、慢性淋巴白血病、原发性巨球蛋白血症、膀胱癌、慢性粒细胞白血病、原发性脑癌、恶性黑素瘤、小细胞肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、恶性胰腺胰岛瘤、恶性类癌性癌症、恶性黑素瘤、绒毛膜癌、覃样霉菌病、头和颈癌、骨原性肉瘤、胰腺癌、急性粒细胞白血病、毛细胞白血病、成神经细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、泌尿生殖器癌、甲状腺癌、食管癌、恶性高钙血症、子宫颈增生、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、真性红细胞增多症、特发性血小板增多、肾上腺皮质癌、皮肤癌或前列腺癌。
6.权利要求1、2或3的用途,其中该病症为耐药性癌症。
7.根据权利要求4或6的用途,其中该化合物与至少一种已知的癌症化疗剂或该化疗剂的可药用盐一起施用。
8.根据权利要求7的用途,其中该化合物与至少一种选自以下的化合物一起施用:白消安、顺铂、丝裂霉素C、卡铂、秋水仙碱、长春碱、紫杉醇、多西他赛、喜树碱、托泊替康、阿霉素、依托泊苷、5-氮杂胞苷、5-氟尿嘧啶、甲氨蝶呤、5-氟-2′-去氧-尿苷、ara-C、羟基脲、硫鸟嘌呤、美法仑、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、长春新碱、米托胍腙、表柔比星、阿柔比星、博来霉素、米托蒽醌、依利醋铵、氟达拉滨、奥曲肽、视黄酸、他莫昔芬、赫赛汀、B细胞单克隆抗体、三氧化二砷、gamcitabine、多沙唑嗪、特拉唑嗪、坦洛新、CB-64D、CB-184、氟吡啶酚、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、西立伐他汀、安普那韦、阿巴卡韦、CGP-73547、CGP-61755、DMP-450、茚地那韦、奈非那韦、替拉那韦、利托那韦、沙奎那韦、ABT-378、AG 1776、BMS-232,632、视黄醛、全反维生素A酸、13-顺式-视黄酸、9-顺式-视黄酸、α-二氟甲基鸟氨酸、ILX23-7553、芬维A胺、N-4-羧基苯基维胺酯、乳胞素、MG-132、PS-341、Glcevec、ZD1839(IRessa)、SH268、染料木黄酮、CEP2563、SU6668、SU11248、EMD121974、R115777、SCH66336、L-778,123、BAL9611、TAN-1813、黄酮吡啶酚、UCN-01、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶、奥罗莫星、塞内昔布、valecoxib、罗非昔布和阿拉诺新。
9.根据权利要求4或6的用途,其中该动物还用放疗法治疗。
10.根据权利要求4或6的用途,其中该化合物在癌症外科治疗之后施用。
11.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述化合物是9,10-环氧-藤黄酸甲基酯。
12.一种选自以下的化合物:
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-哌啶基-藤黄基(N-甲基哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙基氨基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-[2-(吗啉基)乙氧基]-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-(2-二甲基氨基乙氧基)-藤黄基(N-甲基-哌嗪);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基吗啉;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基哌啶;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄基(二甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-苄氧基-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-[4-(2-吡啶基)哌嗪基]-藤黄基(甲基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-(吗啉基)-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸;
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄基(二乙基胺);
9,10-二氢-10-乙氧基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(哌啶基)-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-甲基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-(4-乙酰基哌嗪基)-藤黄酸乙酯;
藤黄酸乙酯;和
藤黄基甲基胺。
13.一种选自以下的化合物:
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-辛氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基藤黄酸酯;
2-[2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸酯;
藤黄酸丙酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丙酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基藤黄酸酯;
2-{2-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙氧基]乙氧基}乙基9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸酯;
2-羟基乙基藤黄酸酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸2-羟基乙酯;
9,10-二氢-藤黄酸甲酯和9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸甲酯;
32,33-环氧-37,38-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯和37,38-环氧藤黄酸甲酯;
9,10-环氧-藤黄酸甲酯;
藤黄酸丁酯;
藤黄酸异丁酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸丁酯;
9,10-二氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸异丁酯;
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸;
3,4,9,10,32,33,37,38-八氢-10-吗啉基-藤黄酸乙酯;
3,4,32,33,37,38-六氢-藤黄酸乙酯;
12-氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸乙酯;
9,10,12-三氢-12-羟基-藤黄酸乙酯;
3,4,9,10,27,28,32,33,37,38-十氢-10-吗啉基藤黄酸乙酯;和
3,4,27,28,32,33,37,38-八氢-藤黄酸乙酯。
14.一种药物组合物,包含权利要求12或13的化合物和可药用载体。
15.权利要求14的药物组合物,还包含至少一种已知的癌症化疗剂或该化疗剂的可药用盐。
16.根据权利要求14的药物组合物,其中该化合物与至少一种选自以下的化合物一起施用:白消安、顺铂、丝裂霉素C、卡铂、秋水仙碱、长春碱、紫杉醇、多西他赛、喜树碱、托泊替康、阿霉素、依托泊苷、5-氮杂胞苷、5-氟尿嘧啶、甲氨蝶呤、5-氟-2′-去氧-尿苷、ara-C、羟基脲、硫鸟嘌呤、美法仑、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、长春新碱、米托胍腙、表柔比星、阿柔比星、博来霉素、米托蒽醌、依利醋铵、氟达拉滨、奥曲肽、视黄酸、他莫昔芬、赫赛汀、B细胞单克隆抗体、三氧化二砷、gamcitabine、多沙唑嗪、特拉唑嗪、坦洛新、CB-64D、CB-184、氟吡啶酚、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、西立伐他汀、安普那韦、阿巴卡韦、CGP-73547、CGP-61755、DMP-450、茚地那韦、奈非那韦、替拉那韦、利托那韦、沙奎那韦、ABT-378、AG 1776、BMS-232,632、视黄醛、全反维生素A酸、13-顺式-视黄酸、9-顺式-视黄酸、α-二氟甲基鸟氨酸、I LX23-7553、芬维A胺、N-4-羧基苯基维胺酯、乳胞素、MG-132、PS-341、Glcevec、ZD1839(IRessa)、SH268、染料木黄酮、CEP2563、SU6668、SU11248、EMD121974、R115777、SCH66336、L-778,123、BAL9611、TAN-1813、黄酮吡啶酚、UCN-01、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶、奥罗莫星、塞内昔布、valecoxib、罗非昔布和阿拉诺新。
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US39235802P | 2002-07-01 | 2002-07-01 | |
US60/392,358 | 2002-07-01 | ||
US41364902P | 2002-09-26 | 2002-09-26 | |
US60/413,649 | 2002-09-26 | ||
PCT/US2003/020668 WO2004002428A2 (en) | 2002-07-01 | 2003-07-01 | Derivatives of gambogic acid and induce apoptosis |
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JP (1) | JP2006507227A (zh) |
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US20040243224A1 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2004-12-02 | Medtronic Vascular, Inc. | Methods and compositions for inhibiting narrowing in mammalian vascular pathways |
WO2005060663A2 (en) * | 2003-12-18 | 2005-07-07 | Cytovia, Inc. | Derivatives of gambogic acid and analogs as activators of caspases and inducers of apoptosis |
WO2006032136A1 (en) * | 2004-09-20 | 2006-03-30 | British Columbia Cancer Agency Branch | Free or liposomal gemcitabine alone or in combination with free or liposomal idarubicin |
US8822440B2 (en) * | 2006-10-10 | 2014-09-02 | Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research | Inhibiting cyclin D polypeptides |
US20110077293A1 (en) * | 2007-09-14 | 2011-03-31 | Emory University | GAMBOGIC AMINE, A SELECTIVE TrkA AGONIST WITH NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY |
CN101289482B (zh) | 2007-09-29 | 2011-08-31 | 辽宁利锋科技开发有限公司 | 藤黄酸苷衍生物和类似物及其制备方法和用途 |
US9220675B2 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2015-12-29 | Mary Kay Inc. | Topical skin care formulations comprising plant extracts |
CN102198127A (zh) * | 2011-03-21 | 2011-09-28 | 厦门大学 | 藤黄酸在制备炎症抑制剂的应用 |
CN102503951B (zh) * | 2011-11-07 | 2014-02-26 | 中国药科大学 | 一类藤黄属衍生物、其制备方法和医药用途 |
CN102558193B (zh) * | 2012-01-18 | 2014-12-17 | 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院 | 藤黄精酸衍生物及其制备方法和应用 |
CN103304575B (zh) * | 2012-03-14 | 2016-04-20 | 何黎琴 | 新藤黄酸衍生物、其制备方法及医药用途 |
US9187454B2 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2015-11-17 | Boston Biomedical, Inc. | Inhibitors of kinases and cancer stem cells, and methods of preparation and use thereof |
US9227962B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2016-01-05 | Boston Biomedical, Inc. | Heterocyclic substituted-3-heteroarylidenyl-2-indolinone derivative |
CN103159814B (zh) * | 2013-03-28 | 2015-12-23 | 东华大学 | 一种藤黄酸酯类衍生物及其制备方法和用途 |
CN103242336A (zh) * | 2013-06-04 | 2013-08-14 | 东华大学 | 藤黄酸类衍生物及其制备和应用 |
CN106478655B (zh) * | 2015-08-31 | 2019-07-09 | 南开大学 | 具有抗肿瘤活性的藤黄酸类化合物及其制备方法和用途 |
CN105131011B (zh) * | 2015-09-01 | 2017-08-25 | 中国药科大学 | 氨基甲酸酯桥环呫吨酮衍生物、其制备方法和医药用途 |
CN106854223B (zh) * | 2017-01-05 | 2019-03-29 | 石家庄学院 | 氮芥槲皮素衍生物及其制备方法和用途 |
CN112174978B (zh) * | 2020-09-29 | 2022-05-20 | 中国药科大学 | 一种能改善长循环的基于疏水性前药的藤黄酸纳米制剂 |
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DE60044432D1 (de) * | 1999-02-01 | 2010-07-01 | Cytovia Inc | Gambogische säure derivative als caspasenaktivatoren und apoptosis induktionen |
US6462041B1 (en) * | 1999-05-21 | 2002-10-08 | Cytovia, Inc. | Gambogic acid, analogs and derivatives as activators of caspases and inducers of apoptosis |
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WO2004002428A3 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
JP2006507227A (ja) | 2006-03-02 |
AU2003267977A1 (en) | 2004-01-19 |
EP1562598A2 (en) | 2005-08-17 |
CN1738620A (zh) | 2006-02-22 |
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EP1562598A4 (en) | 2010-02-03 |
US7176234B2 (en) | 2007-02-13 |
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