CN1653670A - 非接触式能量传递的单级电压转换器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
给出了用于电池驱动设备的非接触式充电的一种系统、方法以及设备。存在带有电压转换器的主机充电器、谐振回路电路以及带有电池充电控制IC的装有电池的便携设备。该方法排除了在每个主机和便携级上对电压控制器的需求,因此降低了复杂性并且增加了效率。便携设备中电池充电被其中的充电控制器所控制,该充电控制器与主机保持连续的电气联系,控制IC动态地监测和控制所述主机的输出功率。给出了便携设备中的充电电路的两个实施例。在一个实施例中,元件数量被最小化,但当电池电压很低时电池充电并没有被最优化。在另一个实施例中,不考虑电池输出电压,充电效率被最大化,但使用了额外元件。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及电源,特别涉及用电池驱动的便携设备的非接触式充电。
背景技术
消费和商业两种电子设备,都越来越便携。人们携带自己的电话,PC,寻呼机(到了任何人都有一个的程度),PDA,GPS译码器,以及无数其他设备。这些设备中的每一种都要求便携电源。为了方便使用和经济效率的原因,选择的电源是可重复充电的电池。
非接触式能量传递能够被用来消除连接器成本并且消除在提供电源来为电池驱动的便携电子设备再充电过程中的相关可靠性问题。典型地,现有的非接触式电池充电方法使用双级解决方案。在设置在外部设备上的主机充电电路上的系统第一级中,第一控制器或调节器被用来产生电压。这一通常不太精确的电压被随后传递到第二级,该第二级被设置在电池被充电所在的便携设备上。第二级要求额外控制器或调节器,以管理给电池充电的电流。此类两级能量传递系统的一个例子在序列号为6301128B1的US专利中描述。虽然该专利并非直接涉及电池充电,但是能量传递的两级系统的使用仍被详细说明。
此类两级电力转换系统的使用增加了充电系统的成本,增加了便携设备的复杂性和尺寸,并且降低了电力转换的效率。此外,如上所述,从主机第一级输出的电压变得不精确。这归因于这样的事实,如果没有来自次级侧的直接反馈,仅仅初级侧无法有输出电压/电流的精确表示。在这种情况下,仅仅调节就不那么精确了,因为尝试控制输出而不对其精确监测。所需要的是一种改进的非接触式电力转换方法,该方法排除现有技术的繁琐要求、提高所生成的充电电压的精度,以及提高效率。
发明内容
给出了用于电池驱动设备的非接触式充电的系统、方法和设备。存在带有电源转换器的主机充电器、谐振回路电路以及带有电池充电控制IC的装有电池的便携设备。所述方法排除在主机和便携级别中的每级中对电压控制器的需求,由此降低复杂性并提高效率。便携设备中电池的充电被其中的充电控制器所控制,该充电控制器与主机保持连续电气联系,控制IC动态地监测以及控制所述主机的输出功率。便携设备中充电电路的两个实施例被给出。在一个实施例中,当电池电压很低时,元件数量被最小化但是电池充电没有被最优化。在另一个实施例中,不考虑电池输出电压时,充电效率被最大化,但使用了额外元件。
附图说明
图1描述依照本发明的单级非接触式充电系统;
图2描述图1系统的某一稳态电压波形图;
图3描述图1系统的某一启动电压波形图;
图4描述依照本发明的带有和不带有负载的主机系统的示例性谐振回路电流以及S2开关电流的波形图;以及
图5描述依照本发明的单级充电系统的替换实施例。
具体实施方式
在详细解释本发明的一个或多个实施例之前,需要理解本发明在其应用上不局限于随后叙述或附图说明中提出的结构细节或元件的排列(术语“说明”和“部件”要在最普遍意义上理解并因此在适当范围内涉及并包括方法、算法、过程以及子过程)。本发明包括其它实施例,并且能够以多种方式实现或执行。同样地,需要理解在此所用措词和术语都是以描述为目的,并不应被限定在任何方式。
用于非接触式电池充电的所述系统和方法使用单级电压转换器。图1示出电压转换器的一种实现,该电压转换器由主机或外部充电电路101以及便携电池驱动设备102组成。主机电路101包括由半桥电压转换器驱动的一系列谐振回路电路。该谐振回路电路包括串联在一起的Cr105和Lr106,并且能量经由变压器110被传送到便携设备。不同的软开关拓扑能够被选来实现所述非接触式电池充电系统。
为方便说明,其中有变压器110的初级绕组的主机电路有时被称为其中的初级侧,并且其中有变压器次级绕组的电池驱动便携设备有时被成为其中的次级侧。
现有技术的问题通过使用单级电压转换器得以解决。因为不同于现有技术系统,次级侧的控制器与初级侧的电源产生电路保持连续的电气联系,所以单级的使用是可能的。这种连续电气联系允许次级侧的控制器动态地、并由此高效地控制次级侧的电源产生电路。
通过使用电感式或电容式耦合能够实现非接触式能量传递。除非负载电流达到几微安或更低的量级,电感式耦合被优选,因为电感式耦合要求比电容式耦合更小的接口区域。
转换器的一部分被包括在便携电池驱动设备102中。它包括全桥整流器125、电池电压126以及电流感应电路127。它还包括控制IC133,该控制IC实现电池的充电算法,以及用作变压器110的次级绕组的螺旋缠绕式导体,其用以传递能量到便携设备。
位于外部充电器101中的电源级的主机侧,包括电源开关S1 130和S2 131、谐振回路电路的电容器105以及电感器106、以及作为由两个设备(外部充电器101和便携设备102)中螺旋缠绕式导体形成的变压器110初级绕组的螺旋缠绕式导体。或者,电感器106可以是变压器110初级侧的漏电感,而不是一个独立元件。主机侧的实际电源产生设备可以是如图1的示例性实施例所示的半桥转换器、全桥转换器、或现在已知或将来要有的如适当的任何其它电压转换器。
由电池驱动的控制IC133产生输出信号Va150。这个信号以Vb151的形式传送到位于外部充电器101中的电源级的其它部分。由于电阻器172,Vb与Va的导数成比例,或Vb=Rpr*[C1*C2/(C1+C2)]*[dVa/dt]。因此,如下所述,Vb只是Va信号上升和下降过渡处的正脉冲或负脉冲。Vb信号151被用来分别控制电源开关S1 130和S2 132的栅极G1 140和G2 141。如图1中所见,在这个示例性实施例中,Vb被发送到栅极信号接收电路136,该栅极信号接收电路136的信号被输入到电平转换器137,该电平转换器反过来控制开关S1和S2的栅极G1和G2。如同本领域内技术人员所知,其它排列也可以。Va、Vb、G1及G2的波形图以及它们的相互关系将随后参照图4阐述。(注意在此为了方便说明,涉及不同图的附图标记可以互换使用;应该理解任何附图标记的第一个数字代表其所出现的图号;因此以“1”开始的附图标记对应图1,以“2”开始的对应图2,等等。)
因为Va是数字信号,所以它不必具有与模拟信号一样的精度要求。因此,尽管在本发明的一些实施例中可能在初级侧安装单独的控制器,并且通过诸如电池电压和电流的模拟信息为初级侧控制器提供实时反馈,而在优选实施例中,控制器被安装在次级侧,并且其输出控制初级侧电压转换器开关的逻辑信号Va。如本领域内技术人员所知,由IC控制器输出的逻辑信号具有比模拟信号更低的精度要求,并且其因此被优选为更全面的方式,以将反馈从便携设备提供到主机充电设备。
参照图2,正Vb脉冲202引起G2 204降低、断开底部开关S2 131,并在一段无重叠的阶段后引起G1 203上升、打开顶部开关S1 130。负Vb脉冲202引起G1 203降低、断开顶部开关S1 132,和G2 204,并在一段无重叠的阶段后打开底部开关S2 131。两开关S1 130与S2 131的导通时间之间的无重叠时间阻止开关导通状态重叠。由位于外部充电器101和便携设备102中的板形成图1中的两个电容器(C1 170和C2171)被用于将栅极控制信号Va150、201从便携设备102传送到外部充电器101。如图2所见的为逻辑高或逻辑低的Va经由电阻器172被变换为正的或负的脉冲信号Vb。如图2中所见,在Va升高的过度期间Vb为正脉冲,而其在Va降低的过渡期间Vb为负脉冲。否则,Vb没有幅值。便携设备中的控制IC133由此通过由Va 201信号控制半桥转换器的开关频率来调整传送到电池的功率。开关频率的增加将降低传送到电池的功率。频率的降低将增高传送到电池126的功率。当便携设备和外部充电器被紧靠着放置时,变压器M110和电容器C1 170和C2 171被形成。在优选实施例中,形成优选实施例中的变压器M110和电容器C1 170以及C2 171的两个设备中的导体间的距离将小于1mm。
注意电容式耦合被用来将反馈信号从次级侧发送到初级侧。尽管可能使用电感式耦合,空芯电感式耦合导致小的磁化电感,该磁化电感对产生反馈信号的电路引入很大的负载(以及由此的大电流)。小的反馈电容代表高阻抗(以及因此的小电流),高阻抗对于信号传送而言是最佳的。或者,如果针对电感式耦合使用能够通过增大磁化电感来改善这一问题的磁芯,则必然增大成本和尺寸。因此,在优选实施例中,电容式耦合被使用。
单级电压转换器操作的上述描述涉及转换器的稳态操作。根据本发明随后将描述非接触式能量传递的启动过程。
如图3所示,当外部充电器被加电,其将以脉冲模式振荡。当通过紧靠着放置的便携设备和外部充电器而形成变压器M以及电容器C1、C2时,如果IC133可以从电池得到充足的电源电压126,则控制IC133控制能量传递过程。特别地,当外部充电器开关时,IC133将首先检测流过感应电阻器Rsec127的电流。随后,将通过控制信号Va的频率来开始调整来自外部充电器流到电池的能量,如上所述,经由反馈电容器C1 170、C2 171以及电阻器172,信号Va如Vb一样被传送到主机或外部充电电路101,该Vb随后控制半桥电压转换器的开关S1130和S2 131。
返回到便携设备102,如果电池126耗尽电量并且无法为控制IC133提供充足的电源电压,则电池充电控制IC133将失去作用。随后将要描述的是图1的实施例是如何在这种情况下操作的。同样,图3中所述的替换实施例将被给出,该实施例通过便携设备上的一些额外电路,甚至在电池没有电压以及无法驱动IC控制器133时仍保持电池的最佳充电。便携设备中充电电路的两个实施例中的每个因此选择了工程折衷方案的不同方面。
图1的实施例中,最少数量的元件被使用,因此最小化制造成本和复杂性。但是,在初始充电阶段由于来自电池的不充足电源电压Vout126,控制IC133无法控制能量传递过程。结果,电压转换器130、131保持脉冲模式,并且启动电路190控制充电,如随后所述。
当外部充电器101以脉冲模式开关时,该外部充电器能够通过监测流经谐振回路Cr105、Lr106的电流来检测负载的存在。这是由于如果在外部充电器中有负荷谐振回路电路的电池,则电流明显更高。另一方面,如果谐振回路无负载,谐振回路中的电流降低。由于谐振回路电流在半个开关周期期间流过每个开关S1 130和S2 131,所以可能通过感应半周期内流过开关的电流来感应谐振回路电流的大小,并且由此确定在充电系统102便携侧负载(即电池)的存在。图1中所描述电路的实施例中,电阻器Rpr180与开关S2 131串联放置,用以监测流过S2 131的电流。图4示出负载情况的顶视图以及无负载情况的仰视图,全部谐振回路电流401、403以及流过开关S2 402、404的电流。正如所见,半周期内S2电流等于并反相于谐振回路电流,而在另一半周期内S2电流为零。
如果初级侧没有检测到负载(通过监测流过Rpr180的谐振回路的电流),则电压转换器将保持脉冲模式,如图3所述。如果检测到负载(通过由感应信号路径135得到的Rpr电流的感应,该路径135输入到栅极信号接收电路136),并且没有Vb信号存在(由于控制IC130的不充足电源电压),则电压转换器需要传递更多能量通过变压器110,用以为电池充电(即,所检测到的负载)。这种情况下,电压转换器现在将以高频连续运行,用以为安全保持足够低的电流,如下所述。这种情况下,启动电路190将通过控制开关频率来调整流过Rpr180的电流。在图1的例子中,这通过启动电路190发送其信号到栅极信号接收电路136并最终控制开关S1和S2来实现。由此,这个实施例中,电池的涓流充电(trickle-charge)电流被间接控制。由于外部充电器不知道次级侧的电池类型,必须选择对于所有可能电池类型都安全的涓流充电电流值。这一静态设置将导致更高容量电池更长的充电时间。由此对于偶尔在便携设备中使用的特定类型电池,这一实施例不是最优的。
如果存在负载并且电池输出充足电压Vout126来驱动IC133,则便携设备中的IC133将使用Va信号来控制开关频率,如上所述,并且IC133由此将调整流入电池的能量。
图5示出便携设备的第二实施例。这一实现要求额外元件,并且由此花费更多来制造。但是,这个实施例中,控制IC530总是调整被放电电池的涓流充电电流。因此,涓流充电电流对于便携设备中安装的电池类型可以是最优的。该第二实施例由此最大化充电效率,并且由此最小化充电时间。
第二实施例增加了开关S3 595以及额外电路597(包括二极管598和电容599),用以在Vout526A较低或为零情况下给电池充电控制IC530提供替换电压电源VCC。在第二实施例中,如果电池放电(即,Vout526A较低或为零),则开关S3595保持在关断状态。当外部充电器501以脉冲模式开关时,该外部充电器提供足够电流来驱动控制IC530。接下来,通过施加到G3 504的栅极电压,控制IC530将产生Va信号550来控制外部充电器501的开关频率并且将允许开关S3 595导通。IC530将由此控制开关频率来调整其自身的电源电压VCC 596。IC还将控制S3开关595的开态阻抗来调整电池526的涓流充电。当电池电压达到足够高的值来驱动控制IC530时,开关S3 595完全打开,并且IC将控制电压转换器的开关频率用以调整电池526的充电电流,如同上述稳态充电情况。图5的实施例保证在电池526发生任何充电之前有充足的电源电压被提供给控制IC530。因此,IC530总是控制电池充电电流。
正如从上述能够确定的,由于本发明从次级侧直接发送栅极驱动信号(所述栅极驱动信号即为实际控制电压转换器的信号)到初级侧,初级侧控制的需要实际上被消除。在初级侧上的任何控制都与检测负载存在有关(为了从脉冲模式操作改变,如上所述),而与充电电流的调整无关。因此本发明实现真正单级整流控制。
虽然以上阐述了本发明的优选实施例,多种修正或补充对本领域内的技术人员是明显的。此类修正和补充将被下述权利要求所涵盖。
Claims (24)
1.一种为来自外部主机(101)的便携设备(102)的电池的非接触式充电的方法,包括:
经由电压转换器(130、131)在主机(101)中产生电源;以非接触式方式(110、170、171)将主机(101)与便携设备(102)电气耦合起来;以及
在主机(101)中动态地控制(133)来自便携设备(102)的电源产生。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中电源产生(133)的动态控制是通过数字信号实现的。
3.权利要求2所述的方法,其中电源产生(133)的控制是通过便携设备(102)中的充电控制器(133)完成的。
4.权利要求3所述的方法,其中电压转换器(130、131)被电感式耦合(110)到便携设备(102)中的电池充电电路(125、127、133)。
5.权利要求4所述的方法,其中电压转换器(130、131)的开关被电容式耦合(170、171)到充电控制器(133)。
6.权利要求5所述的方法,其中电压转换器(130、131)是半桥转换器。
7.权利要求5所述的方法,其中电压转换器(130、131)是全桥转换器。
8.一种非接触式电池充电方法,包括:
利用电压转换器(130、131)驱动谐振回路电路(105,106);以及
通过变压器(110)将能量从谐振回路电路(105,106)传送到连接在电池(126)上的电池充电电路(125、127、133);
充电期间,谐振回路电路(105,106)与电池充电电路(125、127、133)被靠近放置,但不必物理连接,以及
电压转换器(130、131)连续地与位于便携设备(102)中的充电控制器(133)保持电子联系,并且在其动态控制之下。
9.权利要求8所述的方法,其中充电控制器(133)使用数字控制信号。
10.权利要求9所述的方法,还包括在充电前感应电池(126)的输出电压;并且如果所述输出电压(126)过低,使能量由充电电路转向驱动充电控制器(133)。
11.用于非接触式电池充电器的设备,其中包括:
谐振回路电路(105,106);
电压转换器(130、131);
螺旋缠绕式导体(110);以及
两个导电板(170,171),
其中在操作中,电压转换器(130、131)被跨越两个导电电容器板(170,171)出现的电压(151)所控制。
12.权利要求11所述的设备,其中电压转换器(130,131)是半桥电压转换器。
13.权利要求12所述的设备,其中跨越所述两个导电板(170、171)出现的电压(151)是逻辑信号。
14.权利要求13所述的设备,还包括跨接所述两个导电板(170、171)之间的阻抗(172),以致该逻辑信号在上升过渡期间被转换为正脉冲(151),在下降过渡期间被转换为负脉冲(151)。
15.权利要求14所述的设备,还包括与半桥电压转换器开关(130、131)之一串联的电阻器(180)。
16.用于非接触式可充电的电池驱动设备的设备,包括:
螺旋缠绕式导体(110);
电池充电控制器(133);
全桥电压转换器(125);以及
两个导电板(170,171)。
17.权利要求16所述的设备,其中电池充电控制器(133)通过给外部主机充电设备(101)发送信号而被安排来数字式地控制电池(126)的充电。
18.权利要求17所述的设备,其中电池充电控制器通过两个导电板(170,171)给外部主机发送信号。
19.权利要求18所述的设备,其中电源从外部主机(101)通过螺旋缠绕式导体(110)而被接收。
20.用于电池驱动便携设备的非接触式充电的系统,包括:
-充电器(101),包括:
谐振回路电路(105,106);
电压转换器(130、131);
第一螺旋缠绕式导体(110);以及
第一组两个导电板(170,171),
其中电压转换器被跨越两个导电电容器板(170,171)出现的电压(151)所控制;以及
-便携电池驱动设备(102),包括:
第二螺旋缠绕式导体(110);
电池充电控制器(133);
全桥整流器(125);以及
-第二组两个导电板(170,171);其中,当充电器(101)与便携设备(102)被靠近放置时,第一和第二螺旋缠绕式导体形成变压器(110),并且第一组和第二组导电板形成两个电容器(170、171)。
21.权利要求20所示的系统,其中电池充电控制器(133)通过发送到电压转换器(130、131)的信号来控制电池(126)的充电。
22.权利要求21所述的系统,其中发送到电压转换器(130、131)的信号是数字式的。
23.权利要求22所述的系统,其中充电电池(126)的电源从充电器(101)通过变压器而被传送到便携设备(102)。
24.权利要求23所述的系统,其中来自电池充电控制器(133)的数字信号通过两个电容器(170、171)而被发送到电压转换器(130、131)。
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DE19837675A1 (de) | 1998-08-19 | 2000-02-24 | Nokia Technology Gmbh | Ladevorrichtung für Akkumulatoren in einem mobilen elektrischen Gerät mit induktiver Energieübertragung |
US6160374A (en) | 1999-08-02 | 2000-12-12 | General Motors Corporation | Power-factor-corrected single-stage inductive charger |
US6301128B1 (en) | 2000-02-09 | 2001-10-09 | Delta Electronics, Inc. | Contactless electrical energy transmission system |
US6184651B1 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2001-02-06 | Motorola, Inc. | Contactless battery charger with wireless control link |
FI20002493A (fi) | 2000-11-14 | 2002-05-15 | Salcomp Oy | Teholähdejärjestely ja induktiivisesti kytketty akkulaturi, jossa on langattomasti kytketty ohjaus, ja menetelmä teholähdejärjestelyn ja induktiivisesti kytketyn akkulaturin ohjaamiseksi langattomasti |
-
2002
- 2002-05-16 US US10/146,770 patent/US6844702B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-05-13 JP JP2004506155A patent/JP2005526474A/ja active Pending
- 2003-05-13 CN CNA038108976A patent/CN1653670A/zh active Pending
- 2003-05-13 KR KR10-2004-7018403A patent/KR20050005480A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-05-13 WO PCT/IB2003/001959 patent/WO2003098773A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-05-13 EP EP03722945A patent/EP1506606A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-05-13 AU AU2003230103A patent/AU2003230103A1/en not_active Abandoned
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CN103107585B (zh) * | 2006-09-29 | 2015-11-04 | 捷通国际有限公司 | 用于对电池进行感应充电的系统和方法 |
US9634730B2 (en) | 2007-07-09 | 2017-04-25 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Wireless energy transfer using coupled antennas |
CN101828339B (zh) * | 2007-07-09 | 2015-09-02 | 高通股份有限公司 | 使用耦合天线的无线能量转移 |
CN102422502A (zh) * | 2009-05-13 | 2012-04-18 | 博朗有限公司 | 感应充电装置 |
CN102612674A (zh) * | 2009-11-17 | 2012-07-25 | 苹果公司 | 局部计算环境中的无线电力使用 |
CN102612674B (zh) * | 2009-11-17 | 2015-05-27 | 苹果公司 | 局部计算环境中的无线电力使用 |
CN102291008A (zh) * | 2010-06-18 | 2011-12-21 | 洛克威尔自动控制技术股份有限公司 | 用于双馈感应发电机的转换器使用期限改善方法 |
CN102291008B (zh) * | 2010-06-18 | 2016-07-06 | 洛克威尔自动控制技术股份有限公司 | 用于双馈感应发电机的转换器使用期限改善方法 |
CN103189815A (zh) * | 2010-11-05 | 2013-07-03 | 英特尔公司 | 用于小型装置的可延伸无线功率输送 |
CN103582990B (zh) * | 2011-05-31 | 2016-03-16 | 苹果公司 | 磁去耦的成紧密间隔阵列的多个共振线圈 |
CN103582990A (zh) * | 2011-05-31 | 2014-02-12 | 苹果公司 | 磁去耦的成紧密间隔阵列的多个共振线圈 |
CN102222966A (zh) * | 2011-06-29 | 2011-10-19 | 黄俊嘉 | 不间断电源 |
CN103959597A (zh) * | 2011-08-26 | 2014-07-30 | Lg伊诺特有限公司 | 无线电力发射器和无线电力发射方法 |
US9722463B2 (en) | 2011-08-26 | 2017-08-01 | Lg Innotek Co., Ltd. | Wireless power transmitter and wireless power transmission method |
CN105453379A (zh) * | 2013-09-03 | 2016-03-30 | 苹果公司 | 感应式充电系统的功率管理 |
CN105453379B (zh) * | 2013-09-03 | 2019-08-20 | 苹果公司 | 感应式充电系统的功率管理 |
US9837866B2 (en) | 2013-10-09 | 2017-12-05 | Apple Inc. | Reducing power dissipation in inductive energy transfer systems |
US10404235B2 (en) | 2013-11-21 | 2019-09-03 | Apple Inc. | Using pulsed biases to represent DC bias for charging |
US10122217B2 (en) | 2015-09-28 | 2018-11-06 | Apple Inc. | In-band signaling within wireless power transfer systems |
US10601250B1 (en) | 2016-09-22 | 2020-03-24 | Apple Inc. | Asymmetric duty control of a half bridge power converter |
US10978899B2 (en) | 2017-02-02 | 2021-04-13 | Apple Inc. | Wireless charging system with duty cycle control |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6844702B2 (en) | 2005-01-18 |
WO2003098773A1 (en) | 2003-11-27 |
US20030214821A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
KR20050005480A (ko) | 2005-01-13 |
AU2003230103A1 (en) | 2003-12-02 |
EP1506606A1 (en) | 2005-02-16 |
JP2005526474A (ja) | 2005-09-02 |
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