CN1589173A - 生产氢气的设备和使用该设备生产氢气的方法 - Google Patents

生产氢气的设备和使用该设备生产氢气的方法 Download PDF

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CN1589173A
CN1589173A CNA028230000A CN02823000A CN1589173A CN 1589173 A CN1589173 A CN 1589173A CN A028230000 A CNA028230000 A CN A028230000A CN 02823000 A CN02823000 A CN 02823000A CN 1589173 A CN1589173 A CN 1589173A
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Y·恩格雷
E·米沙利
J·考博特
O·贡法洛内
D·西蒙斯
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种设备,其包括:用于提纯富含氢气的合成气和用于生产氢气和残余气的提纯单元(4;104),用于将合成气输送到提纯单元(4;104)的第一管线(5;105),用于将来自提纯单元(4;104)的残余气输送到燃烧器(6;106)的第二管线(9;109),以及位于第二管线中的缓冲罐(14),该设备的特征在于包括装有第一阀(18)并将第一管线(5)和第二管线(9)连接的第三管线(17)。

Description

生产氢气的设备和使用该设备生产氢气的方法
本发明涉及一种生产至少氢气的设备,其中该设备包括至少:
-用于提纯富含氢气的合成气和用于生产氢气和废气的提纯单元,
-用于将合成气输送到提纯单元的第一管线(5;105),
-用于将来自提纯单元的废气输送到燃烧器的第二管线(9;109),以及
-位于第二管线的缓冲罐(14)。
本发明还涉及一种当提纯单元非正常停工之后再操作该设备时采用的方法。
此外,本发明还涉及启动前述设备中某些装置的方法和降低方法中氢气产率的方法。
在前述类型的设备中,提纯单元产生废气,该废气经回收在燃烧器中燃烧,在该提纯单元非正常停工的过程中,对该燃烧器的废气供应中断,而这是不利的。
该设备尤其可装有甲烷重整单元,其中将该重整单元加热的燃烧器使用废气在其中燃烧。在这种构造中,提纯单元突然关闭经常导致该重整单元停止生产。这是特别严重的缺陷,因为再启动该重整单元所需的时间要达几十小时,成本非常高。此外,即使该重整单元能保持连续操作,它也要在几小时后才能回到稳定状态。
因此,尝试了各种努力以改进所用提纯单元的可靠性。然而,这些提纯单元仍旧有于突然停工的倾向。
本发明的目的尤其旨在克服前述缺点,从而改进前述类型的设备的操作和/或收益性。
为了实现这一目的,本发明的主题是这样一类设备,其特征在于它包括装有第一流量控制阀并将第一管线和第二管线连接的第三管线。
所述设备的其它有利特征在于:
-第二流量控制阀设置在缓冲罐的下游,其中第三管线在该第二阀下游与第二管线连接;
-包括分别设置的为了测量第一和第二阀中的流速的至少第一和第二流量计,还有用于控制这些流速以及用于计算和控制第一和第二阀各自的开启程度的单元;
-提纯单元是利用环压变化的选择性吸附型;
-包括用蒸汽重整甲烷的单元(1;101),该单元由所述燃烧器为它提供加热,并且该单元用于生产富含氢气的合成气,其中提纯单元位于该重整单元的下游并且用于生产从合成气中提取的氢气;
-包括将一氧化碳转化成二氧化碳的反应器,该反应器位于重整单元和提纯单元之间,其中第三管线在该转化反应器下游与第一管线连接;
-包括位于重整单元和提纯单元之间并用于提取合成气中存在的一氧化碳的分离单元,还有装有另一流量控制阀并将第一管线和第二管线连接的第四管线,其中第三和第四管线分别在分离单元下游和上游与第一管线连接;
-分离单元是低温分离冷箱;
-二氧化碳提纯装置和干燥装置位于重整单元和分离单元之间,其中第四管线在二氧化碳提纯装置和干燥装置上游与第一管线连接。
本发明的主题还包括操作如上所述的设备的方法,其中:
-在提纯单元中,提取合成气中存在的氢气并回收废气,
-将该废气储存在缓冲罐中,以及
-向所述燃烧器至少供应缓冲罐中所储存的废气,
其中该方法的特征在于,在提纯单元非正常关闭之后:
-利用缓冲罐中所储存的气体至少在初始阶段继续向燃烧器供应废气,
-逐步开启第一流量控制阀向燃烧器供应越来越多的由至少部分合成气组成的替代气体。
根据该方法的其它有利特征,该方法包括如下步骤:
-逐步关闭第二流量控制阀,
-连续测量供应给燃烧器的废气的流速,
-实时并连续计算补偿因供应给燃烧器的废气流速的降低所需的替代气体的理论流速,以及
-通过调节第一流量控制阀的开启程度将供应给燃烧器的替代气体的实际流速调节为约所述计算的理论流速。
此外,本发明的目的是一种启动如上所定义的设备的方法,其特征在于包括:
-第一步骤,在该步骤中通过向燃烧器供应至少部分由甲烷重整单元生产的合成气而逐步启动甲烷重整单元,其中这部分合成气经由第三管线供入,以及
-第二步骤,在该步骤中启动产生废气的提纯单元,并向燃烧器供应分额越来越多的废气,以逐步代替供应给该燃烧器的那部分合成气。
此外,本发明的目的是降低由如上所定义的设备生产氢气的产率的方法,其中:
-在重整单元中,使含甲烷的气体与蒸汽反应生产富含氢气的合成气,
-在提纯单元中,提取可能经预处理的合成气中存在的氢气,并回收废气,
-向燃烧器中供应这种废气,以及
-重整单元的加热通过燃烧辅助燃料来进行,其特征在于至少首先:
-通过经由第三管线除去部分合成气而将降低在提纯单元中处理的合成气的流速,
-这部分合成气用于供应给燃烧器,以及
-同时降低补充燃烧的辅助燃料的流速。
在阅读下面的描述后,本发明将清楚地被理解,下面的描述仅作为举例给出并参照附图提供,其中:
-图1是根据本发明并设计用以从含甲烷的气体中生产氢气的设备的示意简图;以及
-如2是根据本发明并设计用以从含甲烷的气体中生产氢气和一氧化碳的设备的示意简图。
在这些图中,代表流动管线的实线表示所示两套设备中各自流体的流动方向。类似地,代表传输监测和控制数据的线路的虚线表示该数据流向的方向。
另外,所示设备以常规且已知的基本布局组合。在图1和2中,这种基本布局在实际上是复杂的,这里通过省去本身已公知的某些组成部分而简化,这是为了清楚起见。
本发明的设备示于图1中。它是由含甲烷的气体,如天然气生产氢气的设备。该设备包括用于用蒸汽重整甲烷的单元1,该单元的设计是经由管线2供应加压天然气,并用于生产作为产出物的富含氢气的合成气;位于重整单元1下游并用于将一氧化碳转化成二氧化碳的反应器3;以及位于转化反应器3下游其设计用以提取合成气中存在的氢气和产生废气的提纯单元。用于输送高压合成气的管线5将重整单元1的出口和转化反应器3的入口连接,并且后者的出口与提纯单元4连接。
为了重整单元1的加热,重整单元1包括装有大气空气进气管7的燃烧器6。这些燃烧器的设计使得可以向其供应经由管线2的分枝管线8输送的天然气以及由提纯单元4产生的低温废气。该废气由提纯单元4经由管线9输送到燃烧器6中。
空气进气管7中的空气流速通过阀10来调节并通过流量计11来测量。该进气管可装有鼓风机,在这种情况下通过流量计11测量的空气流速可通过控制该鼓风机来调节。
管线8本身装有阀12和流量计13,它们分别用于调节和测量供应给燃烧器6的天然气的流速。
由于提纯单元4属于基于通过环压变化而选择性吸附的类型,因此设计用以缓冲离开提纯单元4的废气流速的变化的缓冲罐14,其位于燃烧器6上游废气流经的管线9中。还在管线9中设置用于调节离开缓冲罐14的流体的流速的阀15和用于测量该流速的流量计16。
管线17将分别输送合成气和废气的管线5和9连接。更具体而言,管线17在转化反应器3和提纯单元4之间与管线5连接,而在阀15和流量计16下游与管线9连接。它装有用于调节它所输送的合成气的流速的阀18和用于测量该流速的流量计19。
提纯单元4包括所生产的氢气的出口,该出口与用于排出氢气的管线20连接。
用于监测、计算和控制供应给燃烧器6的空气、天然气、废气和合成气的流速的单元21一方面设计用以接收来自流量计11、13、16和19各自的流速测量,另一发明用以计算和控制阀10、12、15和18各自的开启程度。
在稳态操作中,阀18是关闭的,使得燃烧器6仅燃烧废气和辅助天然气。图1所示设备相应地以本身已知的方式操作。
当提纯单元4突然和非正常停工时,所述单元与该设备其余部分自动隔开,并且不再向缓冲罐14中供入废气。监测、计算和控制单元21以预设速率开始逐步关闭阀15。同时,它实时并连续计算补偿因供应给燃烧器6的废气流速的降低所需的合成气的理论流速,并且将阀18开启并进行控制,以将供应给燃烧器6的合成气的实际流速调节为约所计算的理论流速。所述计算考虑废气和合成气的卡路里值。
作为变型,可不将阀18的开启程度作为流量计16的测量值的函数来计算,但它是与燃烧器6操作相关的温度如燃烧气体的温度或重整反应的温度的调节的直接结果。
由于涉及到的设备,特别是阀的反应时间的缘故,部分合成气替代废气不能立即发生。因此,缓冲罐14使上述过渡逐步替代阶段成为可能。在该阶段结束之后,重整单元1保持稳定的操作状态,尽管现在向它的燃烧器6中仅仅供应天然气和合成气,因为阀15已经关闭。
然后,可迅速重新启动提纯单元4。这就节约了重新启动重整单元1通常所需的达几十小时的时间。
我们现在将尝试描述启动图1所示设备的有利程序。该程序包括第一和第二步骤。在第一步骤中,通过向燃烧器6供应至少部分所生产的合成气而逐步启动重整单元1。在管线17中流动的这部分合成气的流速通过由单元21控制的阀18的开启程度来确定。
在第二启动步骤中,通过向提纯单元4供应流速不断增加的合成气而启动提纯单元4。该提纯单元4然后产生氢气和废气,该废气逐步替代合成气供应给燃烧器6。
燃烧器6中燃烧合成气旨在使启动设备的过程中被消耗的燃料经济化。
现在将描述当需要迅速降低氢气的生产量时可有利地采用的程序。
重整单元1和提纯单元4二者均表现出惯性,使得氢气的生产量不能立刻降低。重整单元1进展比提纯单元更慢。因此,在现有技术中,正是这一点限制了氢气生产量速率的降低。若该速率低于所需速率,则过剩氢气以焰火燃烧。
若在图1所示设备中决定比重整单元1更快地降低提纯单元4的生产率,则可经由管线17将不再供应给提纯单元4的那部分合成气排出,并在燃烧器6中燃烧。这相应地降低了供应给燃烧器6的天然气的流速,从而实现节省。
作为变型,可改变管线17分别与管线5和9的两个接点的各自位置。若管线17与管线9的连接位于缓冲罐14上游,则可在前述过渡过程中控制阀18以调节缓冲罐14的压力,于是通过管线9中的流速调节而将阀15控制在设定点值。考虑到流经管线9的气体的组成变化,这通过对由流量计16的测量施以校正而实现。
图2表示由天然气生产氢气和一氧化碳的设备。该设备设计上与图1所示设备成大致类似布局。因此,在下面我们仅仅描述该设备与图1所示设备的区别之处,其中各相似组成部分用增加了100的参考数字代表,以在下面表示图2中所示设备的相似部分。
用二氧化碳提纯装置22、位于提纯装置22下游的干燥装置23和由低温分离冷箱24代替用于将一氧化碳转化成二氧化碳的反应器3。该冷箱24位于干燥装置23下游。其设计用以提取通过它的合成气中存在的一氧化碳。
为了除去一氧化碳,使管线25与冷箱24连接,后者设计用以产生废气。用于输送该废气的管线26将冷箱24与管线109连接,管线26与管线109在阀115和流量计116下游连接。管线26装有控制阀27和流量计28。阀27通过监测、计算和控制单元121根据流量计28的测量值来控制。
管线117将管线109和105连接,它与管线105的接点在冷箱24和提纯单元104之间。
参考数字为29的另一管线还将管线105和管线109连接,管线29与管线109也在阀115和流量计116下游连接。然而,管线29与管线105的连接不同于117的连接,它位于冷箱24上游,更精确地是位于重整单元101和二氧化碳提纯装置22之间。管线29设置有流量控制阀30和流量计31,二者均与监测、计算和控制单元121连接。
在稳态操作中,阀118和30是关闭的,并且设备处于本身已知的常规操作中。
在提纯单元104突然和非正常停工的过程中,阀115逐步关闭,同时按照类似于上述当突然关闭图1所示设备的提纯单元4时所采用的程序开启由单元121控制的阀118。完成上述程序后,从重整单元101至冷箱24的这部分设备保持基本稳定操作状态,这就实现了两个优点。首先,它避免了重整单元101的缓慢且耗费成本的重新启动。其次,尽管提纯单元104关闭,但可以继续生产一氧化碳。
若非正常停工涉及冷箱24,其导致接连关闭提纯单元104,则按照类似于上述在图1所示设备的提纯单元4的停工过程中所采用的程序进行。由单元121控制的阀30于是起与阀18类似的作用,开启阀30以补偿阀115的逐步关闭。这样,使得重整单元101保持操作。
此外,上述两种程序,其中一种是在重新启动图1所示设备的过程中实施的,另一种是在降低该设备的氢气生产量的过程中实施的,这两种程序还可有利地用于图2所示设备中,其中它们的变换对本领域熟练技术人员而言不是困难的。
作为变型,可自然地省去管线29和117之一。
而且,为图1所示设备所考虑的变型也可以用于图2所示设备。
此外,单元1和101可以是各种类型。例如它的构型可以是简单的蒸汽甲烷重整(SMR)或对流型蒸汽甲烷重整(TCR)。
此外,还可是与单元1和101所示不同的其它类型的用于蒸汽甲烷重整的合成气发生器而不是用于生产富含氢气的合成气。例如其设计可以是催化或非催化反应的化学反应器。
另外,提纯单元4和104也可设计成实现各种方法的装置。例如,它们可以是基于通过环压变化而选择性吸附的类型,或可以由低温分离冷箱形成,或者甚至可利用用胺洗涤的原理。
类似地,可将冷箱24用另一类分离单元替代,后者的设计可以通过低温法以外的其它方法提取合成气中存在的一氧化碳。例如可用选择性膜装置替代。
此外,特别是若合成气通过化学反应器来生产,根据需要,则燃烧器6可用于替代了重整单元1或101的化学反应器,即可将燃烧器6配置于另一装置中如燃烧炉或蒸汽锅炉,其中该装置可构成部分生产线,这样,便不是提纯单元4或104所在的排布方式了。

Claims (13)

1.一种生产至少氢气的设备,该设备包括至少:
-用于提纯富含氢气的合成气和用于生产氢气和废气的提纯单元(4;104),
-用于将合成气输送到提纯单元(4;104)的第一管线(5;105),
-用于将来自提纯单元(4;104)的废气输送到燃烧器(6;106)的第二管线(9;109),以及
-位于第二管线(9;109)中的缓冲罐(14),
其中该设备的特征在于包括装有第一流量控制阀(18;30;118)并将第一管线(5;105)和第二管线(9;109)连接的第三管线(17;29;117)。
2.如权利要求1所要求的设备,其特征在于第二流量控制阀(15;115)设置在缓冲罐(14)的下游,其中第三管线(17;29;117)在第二阀(15;115)下游与第二管线(9;109)连接。
3.如权利要求2所要求的设备,其特征在于包括设置以分别测量第一(18;30;118)和第二(15;115)阀中的流速的至少第一(19;31)和第二(16;116)流量计,还有用于测量这些流速以及用于计算和控制第一(18;30;118)和第二(15;115)阀各自的开启程度的单元(21;121)。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所要求的设备,其特征在于提纯单元(4;104)是利用环压变化的选择性吸附型。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所要求的设备,其特征在于包括用蒸汽重整甲烷的单元(1;101),该单元由所述燃烧器(6;106)为它提供加热,并且该单元用于生产富含氢气的合成气,其中提纯单元(4;104)位于该重整单元(1;101)的下游并且用于生产从合成气中提取的氢气。
6.如权利要求5所要求的设备,其特征在于包括将一氧化碳转化成二氧化碳的反应器(3),该反应器位于重整单元(1)和提纯单元(4)之间,其中第三管线(17)在该转化反应器(3)下游与第一管线(5)连接。
7.如权利要求5所要求的设备,其特征在于包括位于重整单元(101)和提纯单元之间并用于提取合成气中存在的一氧化碳的分离单元(24),以及还有装有另一流量控制阀(30)并将第一管线(105)和第二管线(109)连接的第四管线(29),其中第三(117)和第四管线(29)分别与分离单元(24)下游和上游的第一管线(105)连接。
8.如权利要求7所要求的设备,其特征在于分离单元是低温分离冷箱(24)。
9.如权利要求7或8所要求的设备,其特征在于二氧化碳提纯装置(22)和干燥装置(23)位于重整单元(101)和分离单元(104)之间,其中第四管线(29)在二氧化碳提纯装置(22)和干燥装置(23)上游与第一管线(105)连接。
10.一种操作如前述权利要求中任一项所要求的设备的方法,其中:
-在提纯单元(4;104)中,提取合成气中存在的氢气并回收废气,
-将该废气储存在缓冲罐(14)中,以及
-向所述燃烧器(6;106)至少供应缓冲罐(14)中所储存的废气,
该方法的特征在于,在提纯单元(4;104)非正常停工之后:
-利用缓冲罐(14)中所储存的气体至少在初始阶段继续向燃烧器(6;106)供应废气,
-逐步开启第一流量控制阀(18;30;118)向燃烧器(6;106)供应越来越多的由至少部分合成气组成的替代气体。
11.如权利要求10所要求的方法,其特征在于使用如权利要求2或3所要求的设备并且特征在于:
-逐步关闭第二流量控制阀(15;115),
-连续测量供应给燃烧器(6;106)的废气的流速,
-实时并连续计算补偿因供应给燃烧器(6;106)的废气的流速降低所需的替代气体的理论流速,以及
-通过调节第一流量控制阀(18;30;118)的开启程度将供应给燃烧器(6;106)的替代气体的实际流速调节为约所述计算的理论流速。
12.一种启动权利要求5-9中任一项所要求的设备的方法,其特征在于包括:
-第一步骤,在该步骤中通过向燃烧器(6;106)供应至少部分由甲烷重整单元(1;101)生产的合成气而逐步启动甲烷重整单元(1;101),其中这部分合成气经由第三管线(17;29;117)供入,以及
-第二步骤,在该步骤中启动产生废气的提纯单元(4;104),并向燃烧器(6;106)供应分额越来越多的废气,以逐步代替供应给该燃烧器(6;106)的那部分合成气。
13.一种降低由权利要求5-9中任一项所要求的设备生产的氢气产率的方法,其中:
-在重整单元(1;101)中,使含甲烷的气体与蒸汽反应生产富含氢气的合成气,
-在提纯单元(4;104)中,提取可能经预处理的合成气中存在的氢气,并回收废气,
-向燃烧器(6;106)中供应这种废气,以及
-重整单元(1;101)的加热通过燃烧辅助燃料来进行,其特征在于至少首先:
-通过经由第三管线(17;29;117)除去部分合成气而降低在提纯单元(4;104)中处理的合成气的流速,
-将这部分合成气供应给燃烧器(6;106),以及
-同时降低补充的辅助燃料的流速。
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FR2832398A1 (fr) 2003-05-23
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CN1273208C (zh) 2006-09-06
CA2468165A1 (fr) 2003-05-30
US20050034372A1 (en) 2005-02-17
EP1450932A2 (fr) 2004-09-01
KR20050044574A (ko) 2005-05-12
EP1450932B1 (fr) 2018-05-23
US7452393B2 (en) 2008-11-18
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