CN1418641A - 含有活性药物、主链中具有氨基酸的聚酯及其制备方法 - Google Patents

含有活性药物、主链中具有氨基酸的聚酯及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1418641A
CN1418641A CN01132179A CN01132179A CN1418641A CN 1418641 A CN1418641 A CN 1418641A CN 01132179 A CN01132179 A CN 01132179A CN 01132179 A CN01132179 A CN 01132179A CN 1418641 A CN1418641 A CN 1418641A
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CN1194704C (zh
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程树军
唐智荣
饶炬
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East China University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种含有活性药物、主链中具有氨基酸的聚酯及其制备方法。该药物为具有如右结构通式的聚合物:R1代表丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸或赖氨酸;R2代表具有可反应基团的药物。该聚合物的制备包括交酯或内酯与含多官能团氨基酸的吗啉二酮衍生物的聚合、脱保护和与药物键合三个步骤。本发明将天然多官能团氨基酸无规地引入生物降解型聚酯中,避免了降解产物的抗原性,同时降解产物可被完全生物吸收。该聚酯含有羧基、羟基及氨基等活性基团,所得药物高分子可直接发挥作用,也可在降解后起作用。本发明可作为医疗器械的涂层,在改善器械的生物相容性的同时携带有针对性的药物,从而达到靶向持续给药的目的。也可制成植入体或其他制剂。

Description

含有活性药物、主链中具有氨基酸的聚酯及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种高分子聚合物,具体地说涉及一种含有活性药物的聚酯及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着现代医学的发展,不断有新的治疗理念及其相关的医疗器械出现,作为制作医疗器械的生物材料必须具有一个基本通性,即生物相容性。生物降解型聚酯,如聚乳酸(poly(lactic acid),PLA)、聚乙交酯(poly(glycolic acid),PGA)、聚ε-己内酯(polycaprolactone,PCL)及其共聚物由于其具有优良的生物相容性和可生物降解性而成为近年来生物材料的研究热点。其中经美国食品与医药管理局(U.S.Food and DrugAdministration,FDA)批准,聚乳酸(也称聚丙交酯(polylactide))可用作医用手术缝合线和注射用微胶囊、微球及埋植剂等制剂的材料。但这些聚酯的化学结构决定了其性能上的局限性:缺少可反应性基团。
药物的靶向性(targetting)及可持续释放性是目前高分子材料在医学领域的最大热点之一。
靶向给药可以通过导管、药物支架或特定的抗体(specified antibody)进行。
药物的控制释放的途径有扩散及降解释放等。药物与高分子材料的作用有物理共混(blending)和化学结合(bonding),由于化学结合的药物释放比较稳定,作用时间较长,尤其受到了人们的关注,已有一些批准用于临床。
美国专利U.S.5,855,618公开了一种用聚环氧乙烷接枝聚氨酯(poly(ethylene oxide)grafting polyurethane,PEO-g-PU)并与肝素键合的药物高分子。但该药物存在以下缺陷:
1〕聚氨酯或聚环氧乙烷接枝聚氨酯在体内的生物相容性不理想,降解产物可能有毒。
2〕聚环氧乙烷的端基为羟基,只可与羧基发生酯化反应,若要键合含氨基或羟基的药物还需以剧毒的二异氰酸酯为桥梁,且步骤过多。
因此,提供一种制备可完全生物降解的无任何毒副作用的高分子药物将具有重要的意义。
发明内容
本发明需要解决的技术问题之一是提供一种含有活性药物、主链中具有氨基酸的聚酯,以克服现有技术存在的在体内的生物相容性不理想,降解产物可能有毒、只可与羧基发生酯化反应、需以剧毒的二异氰酸酯为桥梁、且步骤过多的缺陷;
本发明需要解决的技术问题之二是提供上述主链中含有氨基酸和活性药物的聚酯的制备方法。
本发明的高分子药物为具有如下结构通式的聚合物:
其中:
R1代表CH2OH、CH2COOH、CH2CH2COOH或CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2中的一种,俗称分别为丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和赖氨酸;
R2代表具有可反应基团的药物,即其结构式中含有羟基、氨基、羧基等官能团;
R3,R4为聚酯的侧基:包括-H或-CH3
n=1~5;α-羟基酸,n=1;β-羟基酸,n=2;γ-羟基酸,n=3;δ-羟基酸,n=4;ε-羟基酸,n=5;
x代表聚合度,其范围为1~3,000,y代表聚合度,其范围为1~1,000;
由上述公开的结构式可见,所说的聚合物可分为两个部分,其一为高分子基质材料,其二为具有可反应基团的药物。
上述聚合物中氨基酸摩尔含量为1%~49%,可用1H NMR进行分析;
高分子基质材料的相对数均分子量范围为500~200,000,其分子量分布为1.2~3.6,可用GPC进行表征。
上述的聚合物是这样制备的:
(1)聚合:
一定量的交酯或内酯与含多官能团氨基酸(赖氨酸(lysine,Lys)、丝氨酸(serine,Ser)、天冬氨酸(aspartic acid,Asp)及谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu))的吗啉二酮衍生物(derivative ofmorpholine-dione)以辛酸亚锡(stannous octoate)为催化剂,在N2气氛下进行聚合;反应温度为120~170℃,反应时间为1~10小时,各物料的配比为:交酯或内酯∶含多官能团氨基酸的吗啉二酮单体∶催化剂=1∶(0.01~50)∶(0.0002~0.002);
(2)脱保护:
所得聚合物在室温下用Pd/C为催化剂催化氢化24~80小时以上或采用HBr/HAc为催化剂脱去保护基团后,便得到了具有可反应性侧基的生物降解型聚酯,反应温度为10~35℃,反应时间为24~80;
(3)键合:
再将脱保护后的聚合物与药物溶解在适当的溶剂中,以二环己基碳二亚氨(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide,DCC)为催化剂进行反应,即得到可完全生物降解的药物高分子(medico-macromolecule);
反应温度为0~5℃,反应时间为18~40h;
所说的溶剂为四氢呋喃、氯仿或四氢呋喃/水中的一种。
本发明具有的积极意义:
众所周知,α-L-氨基酸是聚α-L-氨基酸降解的最后产物,天然氨基酸中有许多是多官能团的,虽然α-L-氨基酸没有毒性,但其聚合物在降解过程中生成的低聚物(oligomer)却具有抗原性(antigenicity)。本发明将天然多官能团氨基酸无规地引入生物降解型聚酯中,避免了降解产物的抗原性,同时降解产物可被完全生物吸收。新型聚酯可含有羧基(carboxylgroup)、羟基(hydroxyl group)及氨基(amino-group)等活性基团,只要药物中含有羧基、羟基、氨基等官能团,即可键合到该聚酯上。所得药物高分子可直接发挥作用,也可在降解后起作用。
本发明可作为医疗器械的涂层,在改善器械的生物相容性的同时携带有针对性的药物,从而达到靶向持续给药的目的。也可制成植入体或其他制剂。
具体实施方式
                             实施例1
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-谷氨酸)的制备
称取0.1molL-丙交酯及0.05mol含苄氧基保护谷氨酸的吗啉二酮衍生物单体于干燥的、带有搅拌子的聚合瓶中,用N2置换3次,置于160℃油浴中,待熔化后,加入1ml、0.02g/ml辛酸亚锡氯仿溶液,减压除去氯仿,搅拌下反应5h,聚合物用氯仿溶解,乙醇沉淀。所得聚合物以Pd/C为催化剂,氢气鼓泡40h脱去苄氧基,即得到聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-谷氨酸)。其凝胶渗透色谱(Gel Permeation Chromatography)分子量,简称GPC分子量为50,000,氨基酸含量为17%。
                             实施例2
采用与实施例1相同的方法,但以天冬氨酸取代谷氨酸,即可获得聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-天冬氨酸),其分子量为50,000,氨基酸含量为17%。肝素中含有氨基、羧基,将3g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-天冬氨酸)溶于100ml四氢呋喃与水的混合溶剂中(1∶1),另称0.5g(根据聚合物的Gel Permeation Chromatography,简称GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的肝素钠溶于少量水中,用稀酸调节pH为4左右。将两者混合,加入等当量的二环己基碳二亚氨(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide,DCC),在4℃下搅拌24h,减压除去溶剂,再加入适量氯仿,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到肝素化高分子(heparinizedpolymer)。
                             实施例3
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-天冬氨酸)键合青霉素(penicillium)。青霉素中含有羧基、氨基,将实施例2的2g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-天冬氨酸)及1g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的青霉素溶于氯仿(chloroform)中,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例4
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-谷氨酸)键合肝素。将实施例1的3g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-谷氨酸)溶于四氢呋喃与水的混合溶剂中,另称取0.5g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的肝素钠溶于少量水中,用稀酸调节pH为4左右。将两者混合,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,减压除去溶剂,再加入适量氯仿,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例5
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-谷氨酸)键合青霉素。青霉素中含有羧基、氨基,将实施例1的2g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-谷氨酸)及1g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的青霉素溶于氯仿中,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例6
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-丝氨酸)键合阿斯匹林(aspirin)。采用与实施例1相同的方法,但以丝氨酸取代谷氨酸,即可获得聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-丝氨酸),阿斯匹林中含有羧基,将2g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-丝氨酸)及1.5g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的阿斯匹林溶于氯仿中,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例7
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-丝氨酸)键合青霉素。青霉素中含有羧基、氨基,将实施例6的2g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-丝氨酸)及1g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的青霉素溶于氯仿中,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例8
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-丝氨酸)键合肝素。将实施例6的3g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-丝氨酸)溶于四氢呋喃与水的混合溶剂中,另称取0.5g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的肝素钠溶于少量水中,用稀酸调节PH为4左右。将两者混合,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,减压除去溶剂,再加入适量氯仿,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例9
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-赖氨酸)键合青霉素。采用与实施例1相同的方法,但以赖氨酸取代谷氨酸,即可获得聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-赖氨酸),将2g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-赖氨酸)及1g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的青霉素溶于氯仿中,加入等当量的(equivalent)DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例10
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-赖氨酸)键合肝素。将3g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-赖氨酸)溶于四氢呋喃与水的混合溶剂中,另称取0.5g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的肝素钠溶于少量水中,用稀酸调节PH为4左右。将两者混合,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,减压除去溶剂,再加入适量氯仿,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。
                             实施例11
聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-赖氨酸)键合阿斯匹林。将2g聚(乳酸-羟基乙酸-赖氨酸)及1.5g(根据聚合物的GPC分子量及氨基酸含量)的阿斯匹林溶于氯仿中,加入等当量的DCC,在4℃下搅拌24h,滤去不溶物,所得溶液用石油醚沉淀,常温下干燥24h,即得到药物高分子。

Claims (10)

1.一种含有活性药物、主链中具有氨基酸的聚酯,其特征在于,该高分子药物为具有如下结构通式的聚合物:
其中:
R1代表CH2OH、CH2COOH、CH2CH2COOH或CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2中的一种;
R2代表具有可反应基团的药物;
R3,R4为-H或-CH3
n=1~5;
x代表聚合度,其范围为1~3,000,y代表聚合度,其范围为1~1,000;
2.如权利要求1所述的高分子药物中的聚酯,其特征在于,包括α-羟基酸,β-羟基酸,γ-羟基酸,δ-羟基酸,ε-羟基酸的均聚物及其共聚物。
3.如权利要求1所述的聚酯,其特征在于,R2代表其结构式中含有羟基、氨基或羧基官能团的药物。
4.如权利要求1所述的聚酯,其特征在于,聚合物中氨基酸摩尔含量为1%~49%。
5.如权利要求1所述的聚酯,其特征在于,高分子基质材料的相对数均分子量范围为500~200,000,其分子量分布为1.2~3.6。
6.如权利要求1~4任一所述的聚酯的制备方法,其特征在于,该方法包括如下步骤:
(1)聚合:
交酯或内酯与含多官能团氨基酸的吗啉二酮衍生物(derivative of morpholine-dione)以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,进行聚合;反应温度为120~170℃,反应时间为1~10小时;
(2)脱保护:
所得聚合物用Pd/C为催化剂催化氢化24~80小时以上或采用HBr/HAc为催化剂脱去保护基团后,便得到了具有可反应性侧基的生物降解型聚酯,反应温度为10~35℃,反应时间为24~80h;
(3)键合:
再将脱保护后的聚合物与药物溶解在溶剂中,以二环己基碳二亚氨为催化剂进行反应,即得到可完全生物降解的药物高分子;
反应温度为0~5℃,反应时间为18~40h;
7.如权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所说的含多官能团氨基酸包括赖氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸及谷氨酸。
8.如权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)各物料的配比为:交酯或内酯∶含多官能团氨基酸的吗啉二酮单体∶催化剂=1∶0.01~50∶0.0002~0.002。
9.如权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)在N2气氛下进行聚合。
10.如权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所说的溶剂为四氢呋喃、氯仿或四氢呋喃/水中的一种。
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