CN1418100A - 控制视野丧失的具有5-ht活性的化合物 - Google Patents
控制视野丧失的具有5-ht活性的化合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
具有5-HT1A激动活性的化合物可用于控制与青光眼有关的视野丧失。
Description
本发明涉及具有5-HT活性的化合物,可用于控制与青光眼有关的视野丧失。
发明背景
青光眼是一类疾病,它们的区别在于疾病形式的特定特征。原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)的特征在于视神经头局部解剖学的典型青光眼改变,在视野中形成弓形盲点,即开角,通常与眼内压升高有关。正常血压性青光眼(NTG)或低血压性青光眼与POAG非常相似,但是这些患者的IOP在正常范围内。其他形式的青光眼包括闭角型青光眼和色素分散性青光眼。所有这些形式的青光眼的相似之处在于患者的神经纤维层和视觉不断丧失。目前关于青光眼、特别是POAG和NTG的疗法致力于通过降低与控制眼内压来延缓疾病的进展。为此采用降低IOP的药物,或者采用氩激光小梁成形术(ALT)和/或青光眼过滤手术(GFS)。降低IOP的效果(甚至在NTG患者中)的长期研究已经显示对延缓某些患者的疾病进展是有效的。不幸的是,尽管降低了IOP,仍然存在继续丧失视野的患者。
MD(平均偏差)和CPSD(校正模式标准偏差)是由Humphrey FieldAnalyzer统计包提供的综合指数。CPSD是患者视野的总体形状与年龄匹配的标准参照视野偏离多少的量度。如果敏感性梯度是不规则的(因青光眼而发生在盲点中),那么将记录下更高的CPSD。CPSD值是正的,在正常视野中大约为零。MD是患者总视野与正常参照视野相比平均升高或降低的量度。MD值在正常视野中大约为零,既可以是正的也可以是负的。正MD值说明患者的总视野好于正常的年龄校正的参照视野,而负值说明患者的总视野差于正常的年龄校正的参照视野。
青光眼据信导致视野面积的局部化丧失而不是敏感性的弥散丧失。由于MD不能区分深度的局部化丧失(由青光眼引起的盲点)或弥散性广泛丧失(由小瞳孔、未校正的屈光误差、白内障的发展等所致),CPSD的相关性更高,可用于早期检测和跟踪适度的青光眼性视野丧失。一旦视野丧失达到显著的严重性水平(CPSD>10dB,MD<-25dB),CPSD的分析不再有用,因为随着丧失的严重性增加,丧失的局部化性质也减少了。
眼部护理技术论坛已经明确建议,为了研究青光眼和眼高血压(OHT),分析操作应当基于局部化改变,例如由CPSD所反映的那些。参见Johnson,Ophthalmology(眼科学),Vol.103,No.1(1996,1)。
已经开发了这样的药物疗法,既降低IOP,又对视网膜和视神经头提供另外的保护作用。诸如倍他洛尔和溴莫尼定等化合物已经在动物模型中显示是神经保护性的。二者均提示对青光眼提供神经保护作用,在对眼局部给药后直接透入眼底。倍他洛尔的神经保护性质据信来自它的钙通道阻滞活性和刺激关键神经保护因子表达的能力,这些因子例如CNTF、bFGF和BDNF。溴莫尼定是一种α2激动剂,据信刺激bFGF产生。
5-羟色胺能5-HT1A激动剂据报道在动物模型中是神经保护性的,在各种适应症中评价了很多这些药物对急性中风的疗效。已经公开了这类化合物可治疗青光眼(降低和控制IOP),例如参见WO 98/18458(DeSantis等)和EP 0771563A2(Mano等)。Osborne等(Ophthalmologica(眼科学),Vol.210:308-314,1996)认为8-羟基二丙氨基四氢化萘(8-OH-DPAT)(一种5-HT1A激动剂)降低兔子的IOP。Wang等(CurrentEye Research(最新眼研究),Vol.16(8):769-775,1997/8;和IVOS,Vol.39(4),S488,1998/3)公开了5-甲基乌拉地尔(一种α1A拮抗剂与5-HT1A激动剂)降低猴子的IOP,但这是由于它的α1A受体活性。也公开了5-HT1A拮抗剂可用于治疗青光眼(升高IOP)(例如WO 92/0338,McLees)。此外,DeSai等(WO 97/35579)和Macor等(U.S.5,578,612)公开了5-HT1与5-HT1-样激动剂治疗青光眼(升高IOP)的用途。这些抗偏头痛化合物是5-HT1B,D,E,F激动剂,例如舒马普坦和那拉曲坦,和相关的化合物。
发明概述
本发明涉及对5-HT1A受体具有有力激动活性的化合物。该化合物可用于控制与青光眼有关的视野丧失。该化合物可以全身或局部释放。
优选实施方式的说明
意外的是,我们已经证明5-HT1A激动剂对眼表现有力的神经保护活性,因此在控制与青光眼有关的视野丧失中具有实用性。
引起青光眼视野丧失的因素是多种多样的。多年来为了解释青光眼已经提出了大量假说,不过没有一个被证实是原因。视野丧失是视网膜神经元、特别是视网膜神经元节细胞死亡(或机能障碍)的直接后果。因而,保护视网膜神经元节细胞的药物疗法被认为是有用的。鉴于对青光眼的理解较少,没有既定的疾病动物模型也就不足为奇了。因而,洞察机理的模型和保护视网膜神经元的药物充当代用的青光眼模型。光诱导的视网膜病是几种这样的模型之一。这种模型有助于鉴别试验项目保护视网膜神经元的能力,因此在这种模型中有活性的化合物据说是神经保护性的。
本发明注重于任何药学上可接受的5-HT1A激动剂、包括药学上可接受的盐用于控制与青光眼有关的视野丧失的用途。药学上可接受的表示化合物能够安全地用于青光眼的长期治疗。
本发明化合物对5-HT1A受体具有有力的亲和性,IC50值至多约500nM(优选地小于100nM)。这些化合物还是完全的或部分的激动剂,IC50值至多约1μM(优选地小于500nM)。根据本发明有用的代表性5-HT1A激动剂包括但不限于坦度螺酮、乌拉地尔、ziprasidone、盐酸repinotan、盐酸xaliproden(SR-57746A)、丁螺环酮、氟辛克生、EMD-68843、DU-127090、吉哌隆、阿奈螺酮、PNU-95666、AP-521、flibanserin、MKC-242、来索吡琼、盐酸sarizotan、Org-13011、Org-12966、E-5842、SUN-N4057和8-OH-DPAT1。
根据本发明的受体结合与激动活性可以利用下列方法测定。
方法1
5-HT1A受体结合测定
利用在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞内表达的人克隆受体进行5-HT1A结合研究,使用(3H)8-OH DPAT作为配体。将表达克隆5-HT1A受体的中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞膜(由Biosignal,Inc.,Montreal,Canada制造,用于NEN)在大约40体积的50mM Tris pH7.4中匀化5秒钟。利用Beckman Biomek 2000机器人(Beckman Instruments,Fullerton,CA)进行药物稀释。在相同的缓冲液中,利用膜制备物、供试化合物和0.25nM[3H]8-OH-DPAT(NEN,Boston,MA)在27℃下进行保温1小时。经过预先浸泡在0.3%聚环乙亚胺中的Whatman GF/B玻璃纤维滤器进行快速真空过滤,终止测定。利用液体闪烁光谱测定法测量所结合的放射性。利用非线性曲线拟合程序分析数据(Sharif等,J.Pharmac.Pharmacol.(药物学与药理学杂志)51:685-694,1999)。
配体结合研究还可以利用来自小牛和大鼠脑的膜制备物(局部来源)和人皮质膜进行。切开特定的脑区域,在10体积0.32M蔗糖中匀化,在700xg下离心10分钟。将所得上清液在43,500xg下离心10分钟,将颗粒状物再次悬浮在50mM Tris-HCl(pH7.7,25℃)中,用polytron处理10秒钟。将等份液贮存在-140℃下。为了除去内源性5-羟色胺,在试验之前将制备物在37℃下保温10分钟。利用Brandel细胞收获器经过Whatman GF/C滤器进行快速过滤,终止测定保温。利用Cheng-Prusoff方程计算Ki值(De Vry等,J.Pharm.Exper.Ther.(药理学与实验治疗学杂志)284:1082-1094,1998)。
方法2
5-HT1A功能测定
本发明化合物的功能可以利用各种方法测定,以评估5-HT1A激动剂的功能活性。一种这样的测定法是利用雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠的海马切片进行的,测量福司扣林刺激的腺苷酸环化酶的抑制作用[J.Med.Chem.(药物化学杂志)42:36(1999);J.Neurochem.(神经化学杂志)56:1114(1991);J.Pharm.Exper.Ther.(药理学与实验治疗学杂志)284:1082(1998)]。在25℃下,将大鼠海马膜在25体积0.3M蔗糖中匀化,后者含有1mM EGTA、5mM EDTA、5mM二硫苏糖醇和20mM Tris-HCl,pH7.4。将匀浆产物在1,000xg下离心10分钟。随后将上清液在39,000xg下离心10分钟。将所得颗粒状物再次悬浮在匀化缓冲液中,使蛋白质浓度大约为1mg/ml,将等份液贮存在-140℃下。使用之前,在Potter-Elvehjem匀化器内再次匀化膜。将50μl膜悬液(50μg蛋白质)加入到保温缓冲液中,后者含有100mM NaCl、2mM乙酸镁、0.2mM ATP、1mM cAMP、0.01mM GTP、0.01mM福司扣林、80mM Tris-HCl、5mM磷酸肌酸、0.8U/μl肌酸磷酸激酶、0.1mM IBMX、1-2μCiα-[32P]ATP。向保温混合物(预先在30℃下温热5分钟)中加入膜溶液,引发与供试化合物的保温(30℃下10分钟)。按照Salomon的方法测量[32P]cAMP[Adv.Cyclic NucleotideRes.(环核苷酸研究进展)10:35-55,1979]。利用Bradford测定法测量蛋白质[Anal.Biochem.(分析生物化学)72:248-254,1976]。
按照Schoeffter等的方法,功能活性还可以在重组人受体中测定[Neuropharm.(神经药理学)36:429-437,1997]。使用重组人5-HT1A受体转染的HeLa细胞在24孔平皿内生长至融合。将细胞用1ml Hepes缓冲盐水清洗,后者含有(按mM计)NaCl130、KCl5.4、CaCl21.8、MgSO40.8、NaH2PO40.9、葡萄糖25、Hepes20,pH7.4和酚红5mg/l。在37℃下,在0.5ml盐水中,将细胞用6μCi/ml[3H]腺嘌呤(23Ci/mmol,Amersham,Rahn AG,Zurich,瑞士)标记2小时。随后将平皿用含有1mM异丁基甲基黄嘌呤的1ml缓冲盐水清洗两次。在有或没有10μM福司扣林和供试化合物的存在下,将细胞在1ml该溶液中保温15分钟(37℃)。然后除去缓冲液,加入含有0.1mM cAMP和0.1mM ATP的1ml5%三氯乙酸(TCA)以萃取样本。在4℃下30分钟后,在Dowex AG 50W-X4与氧化铝柱上对TCA萃取物进行色谱分离[Salomon,Methods inEnzymology(酶学方法)195:22-28,1991]。根据[3H]cAMP/([3H]cAMP+[3H]ATP)之比计算环AMP的产生。
上述方法1和2操作得到下列数据。
表1:5-HT1A受体结合与功能测定
化合物 | 受体结合(IC50nM,SEM) | cAMP抑制(EC50) |
(R,S)8-OH-DPAT | 1.5nM | 4.7nM |
(R)8-OH-DPAT | 0.5nM | 2.6nM |
SR-57746A | 2.5nM | 3.7nM |
方法3
大鼠急性蓝光损伤模型中的神经保护作用
将雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠随机分成载体处理(N=15)或药物处理(0.5mg/kg[N=5]或1mg/kg[N=15])实验组。在光照射之前48、24和O小时将盐酸xaliproden或载体通过腹膜内(IP)注射给药。通过6小时蓝光照射(220fc)诱导对黑暗适应的大鼠的视网膜的光氧化损伤。在正常的循环光照射下,将对照大鼠(N=11)圈养在它们的笼子内。在该光照射期间,将大鼠单独圈养在清洁的聚碳酸酯笼子内。
使适应黑暗的麻醉大鼠(氯胺酮-HCl,75Mg/kg;赛拉嗪,6mg/kg)恢复五天后,记录视网膜电图(ERG)。看ganzfeld引起眼睛对闪光的电响应。将强度增加的一系列闪光的ERG数字化,以分析波形的时间特征,测定响应电压-log强度(VlogI)关系。ERG a-波的改变与光感受器和视网膜色素上皮细胞损伤有关,而内视网膜损伤反映在ERG b-波的改变中。
当在5天恢复期后测量时,蓝光照射6小时导致ERG响应振幅比正常显著减少(ANOVA,p<0.001;Bonferroni t-检验,p<0.05)(表2)。蓝光照射导致载体给药大鼠的最大a-与b-波振幅比对照减少50%。另外,阈响应较底,在更明亮的闪光强度下唤起。
测量出对用盐酸xaliproden给药(0.5和1.0Mg/kg)的光照射大鼠视网膜功能的具有显著保护作用。用SR-57746A给药(0.5Mg/kg)的大鼠的最大a-与b-波响应振幅是对照的82%,用1mg/kg给药的大鼠是正常的70%。
表2
A-波振幅 | B-波振幅 | ||||
处理 | N | 平均(μV) | SEM | 平均(μV) | SEM |
对照 | 11 | 675.8 | 51.9 | 1554.7 | 87.5 |
载体 | 19 | 313.6 | 39.3 | 759.7 | 110.3 |
盐酸xaliproden | |||||
0.5mg/kg | 5 | 550.5 | 39.8 | 1361.1 | 94.2 |
1.0mg/kg | 15 | 460.8 | 39.6 | 1169.4 | 131.1 |
方法4
兔的药动学研究
将化合物溶液制剂(1%)局部对New Zealand Albino或Dutch-belted兔(3至5/臂)右眼给药,将载体对左眼给药,每天两次,长达一周。在给药结束时,收集眼液体和组织,经由HPLC分析药物的存在。给药眼与对侧载体给药眼之间的差异是试验项目经由局部眼药释放直接透入视网膜/视神经头的能力的量度。载体给药眼中的药物浓度代表来自全身循环的释放。
一般将本发明的5-HT1A激动剂口服给药,这些化合物的每日剂量在约0.001与约500毫克之间。优选的总每日剂量在约1与约100毫克之间。非口服给药、例如玻璃体内(intravitreal)、局部眼用、透皮贴剂、皮下、肠胃外、眼内、结膜下、或眼球后或特农氏囊下注射、透巩膜(包括离子电渗疗法)、或缓慢释放的生物可降解聚合物或脂质体可能需要调整总的每日剂量,以提供治疗上有效量的化合物。还可以在眼冲洗溶液中释放5-HT1A激动剂。浓度应当从约0.001μM至约100μM,优选约0.01μM至约5μM。
可以将5-HT1A激动剂结合在各种类型的眼用制剂中,用于释放给眼部(例如局部、眼腔内(intracamerally)或经由植入物)。它们可以组合眼科学上可接受的防腐剂、表面活性剂、粘度增强剂、渗透增强剂、缓冲剂、氯化钠和水,制成水性无菌的眼用悬液或溶液或预成形的凝胶或就地形成的凝胶。眼用溶液制剂可以这样制备,将化合物溶于生理学上可接受的等渗水性缓冲剂。进而,眼用溶液可以包括眼科学上可接受的表面活性剂,有助于溶解化合物。进而,眼用溶液可以含有增加粘度的试剂,例如羟甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等,以延长制剂在结膜囊中的停留。为了制备无菌的眼用软膏制剂,将化合物与防腐剂在合适的载体中混合,适当的载体例如矿物油、液体羊毛脂或白矿脂。按照类似眼用制剂的公开配方,无菌眼用凝胶制剂可以这样制备,将活性成分悬浮在亲水性基质中,后者例如从carbopol-974制备;可以结合有防腐剂和张性剂。
如果局部给药,优选地将5-HT1A激动剂配制成局部眼用悬液或溶液,pH约为4至8。5-HT1A激动剂在这些制剂中的含量通常为0.001至5重量%,不过优选为0.01至2重量%。因而,对于局部给药,向眼睛表面滴入1至2滴这些制剂,每天1至4次,由医师决定。
还可以将化合物与其他治疗青光眼的药物联合使用,例如但不限于β-阻滞剂(例如噻吗洛尔、倍他洛尔、左倍他洛尔、卡替洛尔、左布诺洛尔、普萘洛尔)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(例如brinzolamide和多佐胺)、α1拮抗剂(例如nipradolol)、α2激动剂(例如iopidine和溴莫尼定)、缩瞳剂(例如毛果芸香碱和肾上腺素)、前列腺素类似物(例如拉坦前列素、travaprost、乌诺前列酮、bimatoprost和美国专利No.5,889,052、5,296,504、5,422,368、5,688,819和5,151,444所列化合物)、“降压脂质”(例如5,352,708所列化合物)和神经保护剂(例如美国专利No.4,690,931化合物,特别是依利罗地和R-依利罗地,列举在未决申请U.S.S.N.06/203350中,和WO 94/13275的适当化合物,例如美金刚)。
按照本发明,下列局部眼用制剂可用于每天给药1-4次,由医师决定。
实施例1
成分 | 量(wt%) |
丁螺环酮 | 0.01-2% |
羟丙基甲基纤维素 | 0.5% |
磷酸氢二钠(无水) | 0.2% |
氯化钠 | 0.5% |
EDTA二钠(乙二胺四乙酸二钠) | 0.01% |
聚山梨醇酯80 | 0.05% |
苯扎氯铵 | 0.01% |
氢氧化钠/盐酸 | 调节pH至7.3-7.4 |
纯净水 | 适量至100% |
实施例2
成分 | 量(wt%) |
丁螺环酮 | 0.01-2% |
甲基纤维素 | 4.0% |
磷酸氢二钠(无水) | 0.2% |
氯化钠 | 0.5% |
EDTA二钠(乙二胺四乙酸二钠) | 0.01% |
聚山梨醇酯80 | 0.05% |
苯扎氯铵 | 0.01% |
氢氧化钠/盐酸 | 调节pH至7.3-7.4 |
纯净水 | 适量至100% |
实施例3
成分 | 量(wt%) |
化合物 | 0.01-2% |
瓜尔胶 | 0.4-6.0% |
磷酸氢二钠(无水) | 0.2% |
氯化钠 | 0.5% |
EDTA二钠(乙二胺四乙酸二钠) | 0.01% |
聚山梨醇酯80 | 0.05% |
苯扎氯铵 | 0.01% |
氢氧化钠/盐酸 | 调节pH至7.3-7.4 |
纯净水 | 适量至100% |
实施例4
成分 | 量(wt%) |
盐酸xaliproden | 0.01-2% |
白矿脂和矿物油和羊毛脂 | 软膏稠度 |
磷酸氢二钠(无水) | 0.2% |
氯化钠 | 0.5% |
EDTA二钠(乙二胺四乙酸二钠) | 0.01% |
聚山梨醇酯80 | 0.05% |
苯扎氯铵 | 0.01% |
氢氧化钠/盐酸 | 调节pH至7.3-7.4 |
实施例5
10Mm IV溶液w/v% | |
丁螺环酮 | 0.384% |
L-酒石酸 | 2.31% |
氢氧化钠 | pH3.8 |
盐酸 | pH3.8 |
纯净水 | 适量至100% |
实施例6
5mg胶囊 | |
成分 | mg/胶囊 |
盐酸丁螺环酮 | 5 |
无水乳糖 | 55.7 |
羧甲基淀粉钠 | 8 |
微晶纤维素 | 30 |
胶体二氧化硅 | 0.5 |
硬脂酸镁 | 0.8 |
Claims (10)
1、控制与青光眼有关的视野丧失的方法,该方法包含给以药学上有效量的具有5-HT1A激动活性的化合物。
2、权利要求2的方法,其中该化合物选自由坦度螺酮、乌拉地尔、ziprasidone、盐酸repinotan、盐酸xaliproden(SR-57746A)、丁螺环酮、氟辛克生、EMD-68843、DU-127090、吉哌隆、阿奈螺酮、PNU-95666、AP-521、flibanserin、MKC-242、来索吡琼、盐酸sarizotan、Org-13011、Org-12966、E-5842、SUN-N4057和8-OH-DPAT1组成的组。
3、权利要求2的方法,其中该化合物是丁螺环酮。
4、具有5-HT1A激动活性的化合物在药物制备中的用途,该药物用于控制与青光眼有关的视野丧失。
5、权利要求4的用途,其中该化合物选自由坦度螺酮、乌拉地尔、ziprasidone、盐酸repinotan、盐酸xaliproden(SR-57746A)、丁螺环酮、氟辛克生、EMD-68843、DU-127090、吉哌隆、阿奈螺酮、PNU-95666、AP-521、flibanserin、MKC-242、来索吡琼、盐酸sarizotan、Org-13011、Org-12966、E-5842、SUN-N4057和8-OH-DPAT1组成的组。
6、权利要求5的用途,其中该化合物是丁螺环酮。
7、权利要求1、2或3的方法,其中该化合物是与另外一种治疗青光眼的药物联合使用的。
8、权利要求7的方法,其中该另外的药物选自由β-阻滞剂(例如噻吗洛尔、倍他洛尔、左倍他洛尔、卡替洛尔、左布诺洛尔、普萘洛尔)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(例如brinzolamide和多佐胺)、α1拮抗剂(例如nipradolol)、α2激动剂(例如iopidine和溴莫尼定)、缩瞳剂(例如毛果芸香碱和肾上腺素)、前列腺素类似物(例如拉坦前列素、travaprost、乌诺前列酮、bimatoprost和美国专利No.5,889,052、5,296,504、5,422,368、5,688,819和5,151,444所列化合物)、“降压脂质”(例如5,352,708所列化合物)和神经保护剂(例如美国专利No.4,690,931化合物,特别是依利罗地和R-依利罗地,列举在未决申请U.S.S.N.06/203350中,和WO 94/13275的适当化合物,例如美金刚)组成的组。
9、权利要求4、5或6的用途,其中该化合物是与另外一种治疗青光眼的药物联合使用的。
10、权利要求9的用途,其中该另外的药物选自由β-阻滞剂(例如噻吗洛尔、倍他洛尔、左倍他洛尔、卡替洛尔、左布诺洛尔、普萘洛尔)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(例如brinzolamide和多佐胺)、α1拮抗剂(例如nipradolol)、α2激动剂(例如iopidine和溴莫尼定)、缩瞳剂(例如毛果芸香碱和肾上腺素)、前列腺素类似物(例如拉坦前列素、travaprost、乌诺前列酮、bimatoprost和美国专利No.5,889,052、5,296,504、5,422,368、5,688,819和5,151,444所列化合物)、“降压脂质”(例如5,352,708所列化合物)和神经保护剂(例如美国专利No.4,690,931化合物,特别是依利罗地和R-依利罗地,列举在未决申请U.S.S.N.06/203350中,和WO 94/13275的适当化合物,例如美金刚)组成的组。
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