CN1399869A - Pictographic pearl culture technology - Google Patents
Pictographic pearl culture technology Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1399869A CN1399869A CN01123814A CN01123814A CN1399869A CN 1399869 A CN1399869 A CN 1399869A CN 01123814 A CN01123814 A CN 01123814A CN 01123814 A CN01123814 A CN 01123814A CN 1399869 A CN1399869 A CN 1399869A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- pearl
- shellfish
- nuclear
- pictographic
- shell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Landscapes
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The pictographic pearl culture process includes the following steps: selecting standard shellfish with high raised height of shell, layer body form, proper requirements for living water temperature and salinity and corresponding condition of pearl farm environment; selecting pearl nucleus which can effectively stimulate lateral epidermall cell of mother shellfish to accelerate secretion of nacrum, and the material of the pearl nucleus can be easily made into various forms, can organically be combined with inner side of mother shellfish, and has no any toxic side effect or radioactive damage to mother shellfish, the formed pearl nucleus is disinfected and dried, and then implanted into the mother shellfish to make further culture.
Description
Invention field
The invention relates to the sea water pearls breeding technique, especially about the mariculture technology of pictograph blister pearl.
Background technology
Traditional pictographic pearl culture technology generally is the pearl nuclear with certain material, wax for example, implant in the shell and cultivate and form, but this technology can only form semicircle blister pearl at present, and China succeeds in the breed of seawater blister pearl in 1979, but its breeding technique is difficult for holding, refer to that mainly growing into technology of pearl nuclear is difficult for grasping, the selection of pearl nuclear is improper, and selection is of low quality, and it is poor to cause into the pearl physicochemical property.The general bodily form of shaping pearl is less, and the attached shell semicircle pearl diameter of culturing by traditional handicraft is no more than 15mm, and thickness is less than 6mm.At present, maximum attached shell semicircle pearl diameter is no more than 18mm, and thickness is no more than 10mm.Pearl nuclear manufacture craft is not smart, and it is many to cause into the pearl flaw, and its commodity value is low, it is lack of standardization that pearl nuclear is grown into technology, still contains fit clearance after causing pearl nuclear to close admittedly with shell, in the pearl generative process, have impurity to invade easily, can not become pearl or cause bead yield rate low, bead yield rate generally only has 50-60%.In breeding process, particularly the assurance of pearl renucleation technology is bad because of breeding technique, and female shellfish death is more.Directly influenced the benefit of pearl culture industry.
Summary of the invention
For addressing the above problem, the purpose of pictographic pearl culture technology of the present invention is new technology and the technology that proposes the attached shell pictograph of the breed ultra-large type pearl in suitable south China marine site; This technology is guaranteed into pearl form fineness, and physicochemical property is good, and form is various.The attached shell pictograph pearl that is shaped is generally greater than 20mm.
Another object of the present invention is to propose a kind of simple and easy to do attached shell pictographic pearl culture technology, and this technology is held easily, the bead yield rate height, bead yield rate can reach more than 90%, the input of breed is produced than high, and its shaping pearl value is high, can improves the benefit of pearl industry greatly.
For realizing purpose of the present invention, the present invention proposes a whole set of new pictographic pearl culture technology and standard in the cultivation of whole pearl and the overall process of breed, its processing step comprises: shellfish family is selected, the selection of pearl nuclear, pearl nuclear is shaped pearl renucleation, female shellfish maintenance, Cheng Zhu gathers and step such as processing, it is characterized in that:
The standard that shellfish family is selected should adopt shell protuberance degree height, and the bodily form is bigger, and it is longer that female shellfish is cultured the phase, the shellfish that the environmental condition in life water temperature and salinity requirement and marine site, plant place adapts;
The selection of pearl nuclear should be able to be satisfied effective stimulus nacre side epidermal cell and quicken the nacreous requirement of secretion, material is easy to processing, and this material can organically combine with female shellfish is inboard, do not repelled by female shellfish, therefore easily contained by nacre, female shellfish is had no side effect or the radioactivity infringement, thereby be difficult for causing female shellfish pathology or death;
The shaping of pearl nuclear is before the implant carrier shellfish, is processed into various designed shapes, and it is true to nature to make last Cheng Zhu present various forms, vivid image.Nuclear bead surface fineness requires to reach＞Δ 7, requires the formative technology exquisiteness, makes meticulously, and image is clear, and the transition of each face is partly slick and sly, and periphery and gabarit do not have burr or defective, and be accurate with shell joint portion orphan's face.
The implantation of pearl nuclear should be before implantation to pearl nuclear carry out disinfection, drying; During implantation, when cutting outer embrane and shell junction passage, should remove the mucus and the dirt at outer embrane edge earlier with disinfection sponge, access incisions should be not excessive; Pearl nuclear combines tightly with shell, and pearl nuclear periphery and shell should be seamless, and pearl nuclear adopts binding agent to close admittedly with combining of shell; Reply wound site sterilization after the pearl renucleation; Whole implantation process should be not long;
Plant the female shellfish maintenance of nuclear and comprise intensive culture phase and two stages of curing period, it is foster to adopt the cage folder to hang during breed, and female shellfish ventral margin is placed up, or is flat in the cage folder;
Cheng Zhu gathers, and can carry out when nacre cladding thickness reaches certain standard, should carry out ungrease treatment at once after gathering;
Become pearl processing, comprise bleaching, brighten, operations such as dyeing, modification and polishing.
Below by the purpose of embodiment to pictograph blister pearl breeding technique of the present invention, feature and effect are described in detail.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a pictographic pearl culture technology FB(flow block) of the present invention.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 is a pictographic pearl culture technology FB(flow block) of the present invention, and as shown in the figure, the program of whole breeding technique comprises: shellfish family is selected, the selection of pearl nuclear, the shaping and the processing of pearl nuclear, the implantation of pearl nuclear, intensive culture phase, curing period, Cheng Zhu gathers and degreasing, and the bleaching to the one-tenth pearl after gathering, and brightens, dyeing is modified, manufacturing procedures such as polishing.Wherein, shellfish family selection criteria is in order to satisfy into the bulky formation condition of pearl, and the pearl renucleation carries out easily, cultures the many-sided requirement such as ornamental strong that is difficult for death and ultimate product in the nursing, and embodiments of the invention adopt " penguin pearl shell " female shellfish as the pictograph pearl.This penguin pearl shell shell protuberance degree height, the bodily form is bigger, and its shell bump height reaches 5 centimetres, and both shoulders are grand to reach 8 centimetres, and height reaches 25 centimetres, and wide is 14-18 centimetre.This penguin pearl shell adapts to the natural conditions that culture in the south China coastal waters, generally lives in 22 ℃ of-30 ℃ of ocean temperatures, and is strong to marine stream adaptability, but generally relatively poor to salinity adaptability, and proportion drops at 1.015 o'clock promptly feels uncomfortable.Therefore should select concentration of seawater greater than 1.015 waters closely in curing period, female shellfish of selection generally should select to culture the ripe female shellfish more than 4 years, and this mother shellfish should healthy mature, and the bodily form is bigger, is convenient to satisfy the requirement of planting nuclear.
The selection of pearl nuclear, quicken the nacreous requirement of secretion for satisfying the female shell side of effective stimulus epidermal cell, the embodiment of the invention selects bright jade or lucite as the pearl nuclear material, these two kinds of materials are easy to shape, thereby can guarantee that the pearl karyomorphism body that is shaped is attractive in appearance, be adapted to be processed into designed different shape.And this material can be organically combine with female shellfish is inboard, do not repelled by female shellfish, therefore easily contained Yi Chengzhu by nacre.Bright jade and lucite have no side effect to female shellfish or the radioactivity infringement, thereby are difficult for causing female shellfish pathology or death.
When pearl nuclear is selected, select different materials at the different process requirement of Cheng Zhu, select bright jade to examine to high-grade pearl is general, it is nuclear that the lower general pearl of class is then selected lucite.
The shaping of pearl nuclear, embodiments of the invention are before the implant carrier shellfish, and this pearl nuclear is processed into designed different shape, for example, personal portrait is as the figure image in classical fiction and the popular legend such as the Goddess of Mercy, arhat etc., animal or cartoon character, as the 12 symbolic animals associated with a 12 year cycle and among the people in mascot; Pearl nuclear surface smoothness requires to reach＞Δ 7.
To the pearl that shapes nuclear surface smoothness requirement＞Δ 7,, thereby require the formative technology exquisiteness because of the exquisite degree of the thickness direct relation Cheng Zhu of formative technology, make meticulously, image is clear, and the transition of each face is partly slick and sly, periphery and gabarit do not have burr or defective, and be accurate with the lonely face in shell joint portion.
The pearl renucleation, bright jade or Bio-Glas nuclear through the processing form slection in the embodiment of the invention should be disinfected before implantation, and disinfectant generally adopts 75% medicinal alcohol, after the sterilization, dries with absorbent cotton, should keep dry when implanting.When cutting outer embrane and shell junction passage, should remove the mucus and the dirt at outer embrane edge earlier with disinfection sponge, access incisions should be not excessive, and because of outer embrane has certain elasticity, access portal should be slightly less than the longitudinal size of pearl nuclear.Pearl nuclear combines tightly with shell, and pearl nuclear periphery and shell should be seamless, closely should adopt binding agent to connect for making its cooperation, and present embodiment adopts epoxy adhesive, makes pearl nuclear periphery and shell inwall bonding closely, eliminates any gap.After the pearl renucleation, to the sterilization of wound and corresponding site, clean, sterilization is guaranteed not have any residual thing and is stayed in the shell with 2% aureomycin spraying disinfection.The whole process that control is implanted should not injure female shellfish human body, and the operating time is no more than 10 minutes.
Culture nursing, select suitable breed place, the do landlocked bay of no fresh water river course inflow of the plant that present embodiment is selected, water temperature during the breed nursing is between 22 ℃-30 ℃, and the seabed is sandy, is rich in plankton, as salt algae, chlorella, natural flagellate etc.; The wind sheltering condition is good, and current are more slow.The whole breed nursing phase is divided into intensive culture phase and curing period.The intensive culture phase, the intensive culture phase of present embodiment is 56 days, and in the whole intensive culture phase, water temperature is controlled between 28 ℃-30 ℃, keeps water quality pure and fresh, food in abundance.During breed, adopt female shellfish is put into the cage folder, density adopts 2 in every cage, maximum 3.Cage sandwiches water depth and is controlled at 1-1.5 rice.When settling shell in the cage folder, generally up, or be flat in the cage folder, must not arbitrarily stir in the intensive culture phase the ventral margin of shell.
Curing period,, female Bei Jinhang is checked once that emphasis checks that pearl nuclear closes portion admittedly with female shellfish and whether the top layer begins to be invaded by nacre through the intensive culture after date, whether pearl nuclear closes stable admittedly.It is unimpeded in curing period cage folder to be moved to current, cultures in the fertile environment of water quality, and the present embodiment breed phase is 2 years.Curing condition should be according to ocean current, morning and evening tides, the variation of temperature, suitably adjust culturing area and underwater penetration, water temperature in winter is lower, and female shellfish underwater penetration is a 2.5-3 rice, summer, underwater penetration was a 1-1.7 rice, ocean current, morning and evening tides, salinity, if water temperature does not have big variation, ordinary circumstance needn't be moved cage, when changing greatly, should with due regard to move cage.Note red tide, pollute, insect pest, the weather conditions that storm etc. are disastrous should in time take preventive measures in advance.Eliminate the parasite on female shell, present embodiment generally adopts each month to remove once in good time, and during removing, shell must not break away from the water surface.
Cheng Zhu gathers, and after the nacre cladding of pearl nuclear reached standard, (present embodiment is 0.75 millimeter) both can gather, and embodiments of the invention are gathered in the winter time, and the one-tenth pearly-lustre pool of gathering is bright, the hardness height, and anti-ageing change ability is strong.
Become the pearl degreasing process when gathering, to carry out immediately, remove pearl top layer grease and dirt, degreasing process can adopt the lauryl alcohol sulfuric acid of 0.15%-0.2% to soak 10 hours, should stir in the immersion for several times, can with temperature the suds of 50 degree also, wash 1-2 time, gently brush away dirt, use the clear water rinsing then with soft brush.
The processing of Cheng Zhu comprises bleaching, removes dirty look; Dyeing, steps such as modification and polishing:
The attached shell pictograph of the Cheng Zhuwei super large shape pearl that the embodiment of the invention is produced, the pearl body is default body, its shape has the Goddess of Mercy, arhat, the 12 symbolic animals associated with a 12 year cycle etc., its third dimension is strong, and gloss is beautiful, thick US dollar of profit, do not have any artificial trace and appear, sight and collection, decorative value height.Integrated cost comprises breed, processing, and packing, sale is about 100 yuan/, and price is 200-500 unit/grain, thereby has higher economic value and productive value.
Claims (10)
1. a pictographic pearl culture technology is taked to nurture the pictograph pearl through maintenance in the female Bei Ti of pictograph pearl renucleation, and its processing step comprises: shellfish family is selected, the selection of pearl nuclear, pearl nuclear is shaped the pearl renucleation, female shellfish maintenance, Cheng Zhu gathers and step such as processing, it is characterized in that:
The standard that shellfish family is selected should adopt shell protuberance degree height, and the bodily form is bigger, and it is longer that female shellfish is cultured the phase, and life water temperature and salinity require to adapt with the environmental condition in marine site, plant place;
The selection of pearl nuclear should be able to be satisfied effective stimulus nacre side epidermal cell and quicken the nacreous requirement of secretion, material is easy to be processed into designed different shape, and this material can organically combine with female shellfish is inboard, do not repelled by female shellfish, therefore easily contained by nacre, female shellfish is had no side effect or the radioactivity infringement, thereby be difficult for causing female shellfish pathology or death;
The shaping of pearl nuclear be its before the implant carrier shellfish, be processed into various designed shapes, it is true to nature to make last Cheng Zhu present various forms, vivid image; The nuclear bead surface is highly polished, and the transition of each face is partly slick and sly, and periphery and gabarit do not have burr or defective, and is accurate with the lonely face in shell joint portion.
The implantation of pearl nuclear should be before implantation to pearl nuclear carry out disinfection, drying; During implantation, when cutting outer embrane and shell junction passage, should remove the mucus and the dirt at outer embrane edge earlier with disinfection sponge, access incisions should be not excessive; Pearl nuclear combines tightly with shell, and pearl nuclear periphery and shell should be seamless, and pearl nuclear adopts binding agent to close admittedly with combining of shell; Reply wound site sterilization after the pearl renucleation; Whole implantation process should be not long;
Female shellfish maintenance comprises intensive culture phase and two stages of curing period, and it is foster to adopt the cage folder to hang during breed, and female shellfish ventral margin is placed up, or is flat in the cage folder;
Cheng Zhu gathers, and can carry out when pearl cladding thickness reaches certain thickness, should carry out ungrease treatment at once after gathering;
Become pearl processing, comprise bleaching, brighten, operations such as dyeing, modification and polishing.
2. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: pearl is examined before the implant carrier shellfish, is processed into designed image, the guarantor draws together personal portrait, as the figure image in classical fiction and the popular legend, animal or cartoon image, as the 12 symbolic animals associated with a 12 year cycle and among the people in mascot; Pearl nuclear surface smoothness requires to reach＞Δ 7.
3. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the standard that shellfish family is selected, it is in 22 ℃ of-30 ℃ of scopes that female shellfish life water temperature and salinity should be controlled at water temperature, seawater salinity＞1.015.
4. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: selected pearl nuclear material is bright jade or lucite.
5. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: selected female shellfish is the penguin pearl shell.
6. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: selected bonding agent is an epoxy resin.
7. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: at the medicinal alcohol that to the selected disinfectant of sterilization before the implantation of pearl nuclear is 75%; 2% aureomycin spraying disinfection is selected in sterilization in the implantation stepmother shellfish wound site that pearl is examined.
8. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: this intensive culture phase was generally 50-60 days, and curing period is 2 years; When can being carried out to pearl during greater than 0.7 millimeter, pearl cladding thickness gathers.
9. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the degreasing process that should carry out at once after gathering can adopt the lauryl alcohol sulfuric acid of 0.15%-0.2% to invade bubble 10 hours, invade and to stir in the bubble for several times, can with temperature the suds of 50 degree also, wash 1-2 time, gently brush away dirt with soft brush, use the clear water rinsing then.
10. pictographic pearl culture technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the access incisions during the pearl renucleation should be less than vertical diameter of pearl nuclear.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB011238143A CN1207960C (en) | 2001-07-30 | 2001-07-30 | Pictographic pearl culture technology |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB011238143A CN1207960C (en) | 2001-07-30 | 2001-07-30 | Pictographic pearl culture technology |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1399869A true CN1399869A (en) | 2003-03-05 |
| CN1207960C CN1207960C (en) | 2005-06-29 |
Family
ID=4665313
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB011238143A Expired - Fee Related CN1207960C (en) | 2001-07-30 | 2001-07-30 | Pictographic pearl culture technology |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1207960C (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1303945C (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2007-03-14 | 浙江大学 | Method for preparing pearl natural biological coating on metal tooth transplant surface |
| CN102057885A (en) * | 2010-11-02 | 2011-05-18 | 冯晞 | External physical stimulation method for promoting secretion of pearl oysters |
| CN102884997A (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2013-01-23 | 冯晞 | Infrasound stimulation method for promoting secretion of pearl oysters |
| CN105284673A (en) * | 2015-06-07 | 2016-02-03 | 福建师范大学 | Method for renewing old pearl |
| CN106183587A (en) * | 2016-07-18 | 2016-12-07 | 尹超 | A kind of Pinctadamaxima (Jameson) artware breeding technique |
| CN109362618A (en) * | 2018-09-07 | 2019-02-22 | 广西精工海洋科技有限公司 | A kind of pearl high quality seedling mating system |
| CN112243908A (en) * | 2020-09-09 | 2021-01-22 | 安徽好蕾曼珠宝有限公司 | Pictographic pearl shell breeding method |
-
2001
- 2001-07-30 CN CNB011238143A patent/CN1207960C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1303945C (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2007-03-14 | 浙江大学 | Method for preparing pearl natural biological coating on metal tooth transplant surface |
| CN102057885A (en) * | 2010-11-02 | 2011-05-18 | 冯晞 | External physical stimulation method for promoting secretion of pearl oysters |
| CN102057885B (en) * | 2010-11-02 | 2012-05-23 | 冯晞 | External physical stimulation method for promoting secretion of pearl mussels |
| CN102884997A (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2013-01-23 | 冯晞 | Infrasound stimulation method for promoting secretion of pearl oysters |
| CN102884997B (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2014-03-12 | 浙江科技学院 | Infrasound stimulation method for promoting secretion of pearl oysters |
| CN105284673A (en) * | 2015-06-07 | 2016-02-03 | 福建师范大学 | Method for renewing old pearl |
| CN106183587A (en) * | 2016-07-18 | 2016-12-07 | 尹超 | A kind of Pinctadamaxima (Jameson) artware breeding technique |
| CN109362618A (en) * | 2018-09-07 | 2019-02-22 | 广西精工海洋科技有限公司 | A kind of pearl high quality seedling mating system |
| CN112243908A (en) * | 2020-09-09 | 2021-01-22 | 安徽好蕾曼珠宝有限公司 | Pictographic pearl shell breeding method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1207960C (en) | 2005-06-29 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103931482B (en) | A kind of Porphyra haitanensis shell conchocelis accelerating and the method for collecting seedling | |
| Zhu et al. | Production of pearls | |
| CN103798123B (en) | A kind of half leaf porphyra breeding method | |
| CN109247275A (en) | A kind of method for pearl culture | |
| CN101984796B (en) | Method for culturing large pearls by using clam visceral sac implanted nucleuses | |
| CN1207960C (en) | Pictographic pearl culture technology | |
| CN1736176A (en) | Technique for producing sargassum thunbeergii kuntze offspring | |
| CN101455187A (en) | Sea-water culturing method of pteria penguin bronze-coloured free pearls | |
| CN101897304A (en) | Cultivation method for improving survival rate and nucleus-remaining rate of nucleus-inserted Pinctada martensii during recuperation period | |
| CN107079856B (en) | Method for breeding nucleated free rainbow pearls by using thick-shell mussels | |
| CN116655119B (en) | Method for repairing shallow lake ecosystem by fish and grass combined regulation and control | |
| CN103518657B (en) | A kind of continental rise controlled water body intermediate cultivate method improving large nacre weed survival rate | |
| CN101300963B (en) | Method for cultivating blue crab and green crab in autumn and winter | |
| CN105475183A (en) | Seawater pearl culture pearl producing and nuclear insertion method | |
| CN105284669A (en) | Pearl-producing and nucleus-inserting method for cultivation of seawater pearls | |
| CN103478056B (en) | Method for improving emission ratio of pinctada maxima parent gamete | |
| CN104082217B (en) | A kind of method of BAISHASHEN pond culture | |
| CN102657125A (en) | Application of floating deep-water cages to stichopus japonicas cultivation and stichopus japonicas cultivation method using floating deep-water cages | |
| CN113412783A (en) | Breeding method of kelp winter seedlings | |
| CN1319354A (en) | Process for preparing high selenium spirulina | |
| CN102210272A (en) | Estuarine gulf sea cucumber pond culture method | |
| CN105309341A (en) | Nucleus insertion method in seawater pearl culture nucleus insertion and pearl culture operation | |
| Andrade et al. | Huli ‘a: Every place has a story... Let’s listen | |
| CN103396952B (en) | Amphora coffeaeformis hypnospore compounding agent for stichopus japonicus seaculture and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105284671A (en) | Cultivation method in recuperation period after nucleus-inserting of mother pearls for cultivation of seawater pearls |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| C19 | Lapse of patent right due to non-payment of the annual fee | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |