CN1384834A - 吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物 - Google Patents
吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1384834A CN1384834A CN00814992A CN00814992A CN1384834A CN 1384834 A CN1384834 A CN 1384834A CN 00814992 A CN00814992 A CN 00814992A CN 00814992 A CN00814992 A CN 00814992A CN 1384834 A CN1384834 A CN 1384834A
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- JJTNLWSCFYERCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7h-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Chemical compound N1=CN=C2NC=CC2=C1 JJTNLWSCFYERCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 64
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 23
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Abstract
提供了关于吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物的组合物和方法,这些类似物在呋喃核糖部分的C4’和C5’位具有取代基。所涉及的组合物尤其表现出抗癌和免疫调制作用,减少了毒性。
Description
发明领域
本发明的领域是核苷类似物。
发明背景
核苷类似物长期以来一直作为抗代谢物用于癌症和病毒感染的治疗。进入细胞后,核苷类似物经常被核苷补救途径所磷酸化,其中这些类似物通常被磷酸化为对应的单-、二-与三-磷酸盐。在其他细胞内目标中,三磷酸化的核苷类似物常常用作DNA或RNA聚合酶的底物,所以被掺入DNA或RNA中。三磷酸化的核苷类似物是强烈的聚合酶抑制剂,不过它们可以诱导初生核酸分子的过早终止。若三磷酸化的核苷类似物被掺入核酸复制物或转录物中,可以导致基因表达或功能的破坏。
在更高程度的细胞水平上,核苷类似物还能够干扰细胞周期,尤其可取的核苷类似物作用包括诱导癌细胞的细胞编程性死亡。此外,还已知核苷类似物调制某些免疫应答。
本领域已知各种具有相对有力的抗癌活性的核苷类似物。例如,已知的药物包括胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂,如5-氟尿苷,腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂,包括2-氯腺苷,和瓶菌素A,它是S-腺苷基高半胱氨酸水解酶的抑制剂。不过,所有或几乎所有已知的核苷类似物也赋予正常哺乳动物细胞以威胁,主要因为这些核苷类似物缺乏正常细胞与肿瘤细胞之间的适当选择性。不幸的是,适当选择性的缺乏经常与严重的副作用有关,因此常常限制这类类似物治疗剂的潜力。
尽管本领域有各种已知的核苷类似物,不过所有或几乎所有它们面临一种或多种缺点。因此,仍然需要提供关于核苷类似物的改进方法和组合物。
发明概述
本发明涉及核苷类似物,在吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物的糖部分上具有修饰,它们能够显著减少核苷类似物对哺乳动物细胞的毒性,同时它们还提供显著的对癌细胞的细胞毒性。这些修饰包括但不限于呋喃核糖部分的C4’与C5’位取代。本发明还证明,某些吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物具有所需的免疫调制作用,包括1型细胞因子、例如IL-2的强化和2型细胞因子、例如IL-4的抑制。这些免疫调制性质能够用于抗癌、抗病毒和自体免疫疾病,治疗炎症和预防移植排斥。
在一方面发明主题中,核苷类似物是具有根据式(I)结构的吡咯并[2,3]嘧啶核苷:其中A是O、S或CH 2;X是H、NH2或OH;Y是H、卤素或NH2;Z选自由H、卤素、R、OH、OR、SH、SR、NH2、NHR、NR2、CN、C(O)NH2、COOH、COOR、CH2NH2、C(=NOH)NH2和C(=NH)NH2组成的组,其中的R是烷基、烯基、炔基或芳烷基;R2和R3独立地选自由H、F和OH组成的组;R4选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4可选地具有至少一个杂原子和官能团;R5是H、OH、OP(O)(OH)2、P(O)(OH)2、OP(O)(OR’)2或P(O)(OR’)2,其中的R’是掩蔽基团;R5’选自由烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R5’具有至少两个碳原子,并且可选地具有至少一个杂原子和官能团。
在另一方面发明主题中,核苷类似物是具有根据式(II)结构的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷:其中Z是CN、C(O)NH2、C(=NH)NH2或C(=NOH)NH2,R4和R5’独立地选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4和R5’独立地和可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团;其条件是R4和R5’不同时为氢。
在另外一方面发明主题中,所涉及的化合物用于抑制肿瘤生长或调制1型与2型细胞因子和趋化因子的产生。
本发明的各种目的、特征、方面和优点将因发明优选实施方式的下列详细说明以及附图而变得更加明显。
图面的简要说明
图1是反应的第一种示范性合成图,这些反应包括在根据发明主题的化合物的制备中。
图2是反应的第二种示范性合成图,这些反应包括在根据发明主题的化合物的制备中。
图3是反应的第三种示范性合成图,这些反应包括在根据发明主题的化合物的制备中。
图4是反应的第四种示范性合成图,这些反应包括在根据发明主题的化合物的制备中。
图5是反应的第五种示范性合成图,这些反应包括在根据发明主题的化合物的制备中。
图6是反应的第六种示范性合成图,这些反应包括在根据发明主题的化合物的制备中。
图7描绘根据发明主题的示范性化合物。
图8A和8B是代表根据发明主题的化合物分别对1型与2型细胞因子表达的作用图。
图9是说明根据发明主题的不同化合物的细胞毒性的表格。
图10是说明细胞内DNA合成率的表格,这些细胞用根据发明主题的不同化合物处理过。
图11描绘用根据发明主题的化合物处理后,VEGF从人前列腺癌细胞释放的抑制作用。
图12描绘用根据发明主题的化合物处理后,IL-8从人前列腺癌细胞释放的抑制作用。
详细说明
已经发现根据通式(I)和(II)的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物对正常和过度增殖的细胞具有不同的生物作用。其中A是O、S或CH2;X是H、NH2或OH;Y是H、卤素或NH2;Z选自由H、卤素、R、OH、OR、SH、SR、NH2、NHR、NR2、CN、C(O)NH2、COOH、COOR、CH2NH2、C(=NOH)NH2和C(=NH)NH2组成的组,其中的R是烷基、烯基、炔基或芳烷基;R2和R3独立地选自由H、F和OH组成的组;R4选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4可选地具有至少一个杂原子和官能团;R5是H、OH、OP(O)(OH)2、P(O)(OH)2、OP(O)(OR’)2或P(O)(OR’)2,其中的R’是掩蔽基团;R5’选自由烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R5’具有至少两个碳原子,并且可选地具有至少一个杂原子和官能团。
尤其应当领会的是,本文所用的术语“烷基”、“烯基”、“炔基”和“芳烷基”既指直链,也指支链。关于取代基R2和R3,应当领会的是,R2和R3都可以独立地指向α-或β-平面。此外,若C5’上的取代基是不相同的,则C5上的取代可以导致R-或S-手性中心。本文所用的术语“杂原子”指有机分子中的非碳原子,特别涉及包括卤素、氮、氧和硫在内的杂原子。本文所用的术语“官能团”指反应性键(例如双键或叁键)或反应性基团(例如-OH、-SH、-NH2、-N3、-CN、COOH、-CHO、-CONH2等)。
特别涉及的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物是根据式(I)的那些,其中Z是CN、C(O)NH2或C(=NH)NH2,其中R5’具有至少两个碳原子,选自由烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组。
根据式(II)的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物具有下列结构:其中Z是CN、C(O)NH2、C(=NH)NH2或C(=NOH)NH2,R4和R5’独立地选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4和R5’独立地和可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团;其条件是R4和R5’不同时为氢;其中其余取代基是如式(I)所定义的。
不过应当领会的是,根据发明主题的化合物还可以是前述以外的形式和制剂,尤其涉及包括前体药物形式或其他修饰形式在内的形式,其中所涉及的分子经过化学和/或酶学修饰,改进药理学和/或药动学性质,包括对靶器官、细胞或亚细胞区室的特异性更高和生物体内的半衰期更长。
例如,可以生成胆固醇加合物,以增加对肝脏的靶特异性,或者可以生成脂蛋白加合物,以增强所修饰的药物穿透血脑屏障入脑。在另一种实例中,可以合成受体配体复合物,以定向所修饰的药物于表达配体特异性受体的特定细胞。或者,可以生成抗体或抗体片段复合物,以增加所修饰的药物向亚细胞位置的选择性释放。本领域有很多已知的前体药物和修饰形式,特别涉及的前体药物形式包括于04/17/00提交的美国临时申请60/216418所述前体药物,引用在此作为参考文献。在更进一步的实例中,可以向所涉及的分子加入带电或不带电的基团、亲脂性或极性基团,以延长在血清或其他靶器官和/或细胞内的半衰期。在进一步的实例中,应当领会的是所涉及的C5原子磷酸化化合物还可以是二-或三-磷酸化的,或者结合有硫代磷酸酯。
尽管一般优选的是所涉及的化合物具有D-构型的糖部分,不过也涉及化合物可以具有L-构型的糖部分。进一步的立体化学方面尤其包括适当时在C5原子上的R与S构型,应当领会的是所涉及化合物中的取代可以指向α或β相位。
还应当领会的是所涉及的化合物可以配制成各种制剂,包括液体、糖浆或凝胶剂型(例如用于注射、摄食或局部给药)和固体剂型(例如用于摄食、注射或沉积在体腔内)。例如,当所涉及的是根据发明主题的化合物在胃环境中不稳定时,特别涉及优选为等渗溶液的注射。或者,液体剂型的鼻内用药或吸入可以适合于避免酸的降解。另一方面,若所涉及的化合物已知耐受消化性降解,则所涉及的给药剂型可以是糖浆剂或片剂。根据特定的用途,所涉及的化合物还可以配制成局部或透皮用药的剂型。本领域有很多已知的制剂,所有它们都适合于本文所述发明主题,特别涉及的制剂描述在“Drug Productsfor Clinical Trials:An Intl.Guide to Formulation,Production,Quality Control”by Donald C.Monkhouse and Christopher T.Rhodes(Editors);ISBN:082479852X中。
应当更进一步领会的是所涉及的化合物和制剂可以包括功能性与非功能性添加剂。例如,在需要经皮的药物释放时,可以加入皮肤渗透增强剂。或者,可以加入药物,包括抑制细胞生长、抗病毒或免疫调制剂,以协同或附加地改进所涉及化合物的功能。非功能性添加剂的实例包括填充剂、抗氧化剂、矫味剂或着色剂,以提高所涉及化合物的特定质量。
关于所涉及化合物的浓度,优选的是在作用部位测量的浓度在大约1μM至约100μM范围内。不过,特别是当所涉及化合物的亲和性低于1μM时,适当的浓度还可以在999nM至10nM范围内和以下。另一方面,若所涉及的化合物表现相对短的半衰期,或者具有高的周转率,则所涉及的浓度可以是0.1mM和100mM和以上。所以,所涉及化合物的剂量可以显著不同,但是适当的剂量能够在体外或动物实验中容易地确定。
在5’-与4’-修饰的吡咯并嘧啶核苷类似物的各种生物作用中,特别显著的生物作用包括1型与2型细胞因子产生的调制、瘤性条件的控制(也就是DNA合成的减少或细胞生长的减少)和趋化因子与生长因子释放的减少,如下所述。
所以,所涉及的改变细胞因子从细胞分泌的方法可以包含提供根据式(I)的化合物的步骤,并且具有进一步的步骤,其中向细胞呈递根据式(I)的化合物,其浓度有效改变细胞因子的分泌。尽管在一般意义上涉及式(I)中所有可能的取代基组合,不过特别涉及的化合物是根据式(I)的这样的化合物,其中R4和R5’独立地选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,并且其中R4和R5’独立地和可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团,其余取代基是如上式(I)所定义的。在可供替代选择的方面,用于改变细胞因子从细胞分泌的化合物还可以是根据下列结构的化合物:其中Z是CN、C(O)NH2、C(=NH)NH2、C(=NNH2)NH2或C(=NOH)NH2,其中R5是H、OH、OP(O)(OH)2、P(O)(OH)2、OP(O)(OR’)2或P(O)(OR’)2,其中的R’是掩蔽基团。
所涉及的细胞因子特别包括1型(例如IFNγ)与2型(例如IL-4)细胞因子。关于细胞,所涉及的是所有已知产生和/或分泌细胞因子的细胞都是适合的,不过尤其涉及的细胞包括淋巴细胞和癌细胞(例如前列腺癌细胞,见下)。
在发明主题的进一步方面中,减少过度增殖性细胞生长的方法可以包含提供根据式(I)的化合物的步骤,和另一个步骤,其中向过度增殖性细胞呈递该化合物,其浓度有效减少过度增殖性细胞的生长。特别优选的化合物包括根据式(I)的这样的化合物,其中R4选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团,其中R5’选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R5’具有至少两个碳原子,并且可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团,其条件是R4和R5’不同时为氢,其余取代基是如上式(I)所定义的。
特别涉及的过度增殖性细胞包括癌细胞,尤其涉及的癌细胞是前列腺癌细胞。尽管不希望拘泥于特定的理论,不过所涉及的是生长的减少包含DNA合成的减少。
在发明主题的更进一步方面,所涉及的是减少生长因子从细胞释放的方法具有提供根据式(I)的化合物的步骤,和另一个步骤,其中向细胞呈递该化合物,其浓度有效减少生长因子的释放。所涉及的是各种生长因子的释放都可以被本文所述方法所减少,不过尤其涉及的是VEGF释放的减少。类似地,尽管关于本文所述方法所涉及的是所有已知分泌生长因子的细胞,不过特别涉及的细胞包括癌细胞,尤其是前列腺癌细胞。
关于所涉及化合物的合成,应当领会的是根据发明主题的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物可以经由各种合成途径合成,提供下列程序仅供例证。
C5’-修饰的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物的合成
从吡咯并[2,3-d]碱与适当保护的5’-取代的呋喃核糖的缩合作用制备5’-取代的核苷类似物。如图1所示,将按照已公开的程序制备的化合物1(Jones等,Methods in carbohydrate Chemistry(碳水化合物化学方法)(Whistler和Moffat编),vol.VI,pp315-322,Academic Press,New York,(1972))用各种亲核试剂处理,例如格利雅试剂,得到化合物2,后者被苯甲酰基化,随后用三氟乙酸处理,得到化合物4。进行苯甲酰基化,然后在硫酸的存在下用乙酸酐/乙酸处理,用于与吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶碱缩合。
按照已公开的程序制备的化合物7(Jones等,Methods incarbohydrate Chemistry(碳水化合物化学方法)(Whistler和Moffat编),vol.VI,pp 315-322,Academic Press,New York,(1972))转化为甲苯磺酸酯衍生物,将后者用氢化锂铝还原,得到化合物8。通过图1所示类似程序,化合物8转化为化合物9。9与吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶19缩合,随后如流程2所示转化,得到化合物10-15,如图2所述。
如图3所示,化合物2转化为磺酸酯16,后者进行亲核取代,得到构型相反的化合物17。亚异丙基的去保护和随后的乙酰化得到四乙酸酯18。5-C-取代的保护的呋喃核糖与核苷碱基的缩合描绘在图4中。按照已公开的程序制备的5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶19(Tolman等,J.Org.Chem.(有机化学杂志)1969,91,2102-2108)转化为三甲基甲硅烷基衍生物,然后在三甲基甲硅烷基三氟甲磺酸酯的存在下与化合物6缩合,程序类似于关于丰加霉素所述(Sharma等,Nucleosides Nucleotides(核苷与核苷酸)1993,12,643-648)。所得偶联产物通过氢化作用脱溴,得到化合物20。在无水甲醇中将20用氨处理,得到化合物21和23。化合物21氧化得到化合物22。化合物23转化为甲酰胺衍生物24。化合物23和24氧化得到化合物25。将化合物25用羟胺处理,得到化合物26,后者经过阮内镍氢化得到27。或者,在加压容器内加热化合物25与氨,也可制备化合物27。
C4’-修饰的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物的合成
图5中,在含水氢氧化钠中将化合物1用甲醛处理,得到4’-羟甲基衍生物28,后者被选择性保护得到化合物29。随后用DMT保护和除去TBS,得到化合物31,后者可以转化为各种取代基。4-C-取代的衍生物进行类似于5-C-取代的呋喃核糖(流程1)的转化,可以转化为化合物35,后者用于与核苷碱基缩合。
类似于C5’-取代的吡咯并嘧啶核苷类似物,通过化合物35与化合物19的缩合作用可以得到4’-取代的类似物36,如图6所述。随后的转化作用可以得到4’-C-取代的吡咯并嘧啶核苷37-42。
2’-修饰的和其他吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物的合成
合成下列吡咯并嘧啶核苷类似物用于生物试验,它们有些是已公开的(称为已知化合物),如图7所示。已知化合物43、44、52-55和57是按照已公开的程序制备的(Hinshaw等,J.Org.Chem.(有机化学杂志)1970,92,236-241)。通过化合物52的氢化作用制备化合物56。将已知化合物49(Krawczyk等,Nucleosides Nucleotides(核苷与核苷酸)1989,8,97-115)用亚硝酸钠处理,得到化合物50。已知化合物45和48是按照已公开的程序制备的(Ramasamy等,J.Heterocyclic Chem.(杂环化学杂志)1988,25,1043-1046)。将化合物45用氨-甲醇处理,得到化合物46,氢化得到化合物47。通过类似于化合物52-57所用的程序从化合物45制备化合物58-63。已知化合物64(Krawczyk等,Nucleosides Nucleotides(核苷与核苷酸)1989,8,97-115)转化为化合物65-67。已知化合物68(Ramasamy等,Tetrahedron(四面体)1986,42,5869-5878)转化为化合物69和70。
人T细胞的制备和体外活化
通过密度梯度离心从健康供体分离外周血液单核细胞,然后利用Lymphokwik(One Lambda,Canoga Park CA)富集T细胞。通过塑料粘着除去污染性单核细胞。已纯化的T细胞是>99%CD2+、<1%HLA-DR+和<5%CD25+,供养在RPMI-AP5中(RPMI 1640培养基,含有5%自体血浆、1%L-谷氨酰胺、1%青霉素/链霉素和0.05%2-巯基乙醇)。关于细胞因子蛋白水平的测定,加入2ng佛波醇肉豆蔻酸酯乙酸盐加0.1mg伊屋诺霉素(PMA-ION,均来自Calbiochem,San Diego,CA)激活T细胞(0.2ml体积内0.2×106个细胞),在0或10μM各种鸟苷核苷的存在下在37℃96孔平板中培养48小时。活化后,分析上清液的由细胞产生的细胞因子。
细胞外细胞因子分析
适当稀释后,利用IFNγ与IL-4特异性ELISA试剂盒(Biosource,Camarillo,CA)测定细胞上清液中的人细胞因子水平。全部ELISA结果以pg/ml表示。
吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物对活化人T细胞中的细胞外细胞因子水平的作用
图8A和8B显示关于5名人供体的0与10μM吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物对PMA/伊屋诺霉素刺激的1型细胞因子IFNγ和2型细胞因子IL-4的T细胞表达的作用。通过ELISA法测定不含细胞的上清液中的细胞因子水平。利用7-b-D-呋喃核糖基-4-氧代吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶-5-甲脒观察到最有力的作用。这种化合物提高活化IL-4的产生达498%±83,抑制IFNγ达43%±4,相对每种细胞因子的活化对照水平而言。数据以活化对照值的百分比表示,即,在供试核苷的存在下的活化T细胞的细胞因子水平相对未处理的活化T细胞的细胞因子水平之比×100%。若供试核苷对细胞因子水平的作用为零,则相对活化对照值的百分比为100%。PMA-ION-诱导的细胞因子分泌的绝对水平(pg/ml±标准偏差),关于IFNγ是22954±3391,关于IL-4是162±40。关于全部所试验的细胞因子,静息水平为<30pg/ml。
吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物的体外细胞毒性
本发明的吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物是生物活性的,因为它们显示一定水平的体外细胞毒性。在这些研究中,将供试化合物施用于正常人成纤维细胞、人前列腺癌细胞81、人黑素瘤癌细胞140、人肺癌细胞177和人卵巢癌细胞R与NR(全部可从ATCC获得)的细胞培养物。在这些实验中,平板接种细胞的密度是2000个细胞每200μl培养基每孔(96孔平板)。细胞的平板接种之后即对小孔施用供试化合物一次,浓度范围为0.78-100μM。处理72小时后进行比色细胞毒性测定MTS。根据所收集的读数计算EC50,列在图9中。若干化合物显示在低于100μM浓度下缺乏细胞毒性。在这样的情况下,EC50标注为>100。在其他情况下,EC50表示损害50%细胞群落所需的供试化合物浓度。
吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物以剂量依赖性方式体外抑制所培养的细胞内的DNA合成
DNA水平测量证明,吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷的类似物体外抑制所培养的人细胞的生长。实验设置与上述相同。化合物给药一次,72小时后测量DNA水平。在那时从培养孔除去半数培养基,用纯水代替。此后,将细胞冷却至-70℃达至少12小时。下一步,将细胞从-70℃恢复至室温,向每孔内加入1μM Hoechst 33342。培养2小时后,测量荧光信号(360-530nm)。按照这种方法,由于所生成的DNA-Hoechst33342复合物的存在,荧光强度与DNA的量成正比。结果列在图10中。数字表示DNA量比实验开始时(细胞平板接种后2小时)增加的倍数。在未处理的前列腺癌细胞和正常细胞中,DNA水平在72小时培养期间分别增加5.78和4.47倍。
化合物23a(5’-R)和23a(5’-S)体外抑制VEGF从人前列腺癌分泌
化合物23a(5’-R)和23a(5’-S)有力地抑制血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)从人前列腺癌细胞HTB81分泌。VEGF被视为血管生成的标志,因为这种分子是体内内皮细胞移行与生长和微血管生成的关键。为了证实这一点,在直径10cm的陪替氏培养皿内将0.5×105个细胞平板接种在5ml培养基中。平板接种后即施用化合物达72小时。此后,收集培养基,利用VEGF Elisa测定法(R&D Systems)测量VEGF的水平,以每ml培养基的VEGF pg数表示。结果列在图11中。根据这些结果,两种化合物都以剂量依赖性方式抑制VEGF的分泌。
化合物23a(5’-R)和23a(5’-S)体外抑制IL-8从所培养的人前列腺癌细胞释放
化合物23a(5’-R)和23a(5’-S)对白介素-8(IL-8)从人前列腺癌细胞HTB81分泌显示抑制作用。IL-8属于化学吸引性趋化因子类(α型),它们由于嗜中性白细胞的吸引而参与炎症过程。趋化因子一般已知是由各种类型的癌症产生的。若干研究证明,抑制癌细胞产生趋化因子对宿主来说是有益的。为了证实这两种化合物抑制IL-8从前列腺癌细胞分泌的效力,将前列腺癌细胞HTB81体外用5’-R与5’-S构型的化合物23a处理,浓度如图所示。利用来自R&D Systems的IL-8Elisa测定法分析从培养物收集的培养基的IL-8水平。根据所收集的结果,两种化合物都能以剂量依赖性方式抑制IL-8的分泌,如图12所示。
不过应当领会的是,所涉及化合物的生物作用不必限于上述特定作用。特别是所涉及的是根据发明主题的化合物一般在各种过度增殖性障碍中表现抑制细胞生长的作用,包括局限性和/或转移性癌症(例如淋巴瘤和癌)、良性前列腺增生和角化病。尽管本发明人发现了对IL-4(2型细胞因子)和IFNγ(1型细胞因子)的实质性生物作用,不过一般认为是根据发明主题的化合物在除IL-4和IFN-γ以外的细胞因子调制中是生物学活性的。尤其涉及的是这些化合物可以增加或减少特定细胞因子或细胞因子组的表达/分泌。因此,所涉及的是根据发明主题的化合物可以调制生物体的免疫系统,以便可以更加突出1型或2型应答。所以,所涉及的是根据发明主题的化合物通过作为病毒聚合酶抑制剂的直接作用和/或间接激活免疫系统产生特定的体液或细胞应答,可以有效减少活体系统中的病毒效价。进一步涉及的是根据发明主题的化合物还可以通过减少针对同种或异种移植物的细胞应答的严重性,用于减少免疫系统针对同种或异种移植物的应答。
实施例
下列方案描述根据发明主题的各种化合物的示范性合成,仅供例证而不限制本文所列发明概念。
甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-呋喃核糖苷(2b)的制备
在-42℃氩下,向搅拌着的甲基4-C,5-O-二脱氢-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(Jones等,Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry(碳水化合物化学方法),vol.1,pp 315-322(1972),4.00g,19.78mmol)的无水THF(20ml)溶液中滴加溴化乙炔基镁(0.5M THF溶液,80ml,40mmol)。加入后,将所得混合物缓慢加温至0℃(~90min)。加入冰(50g)/水(50ml)猝灭反应,将混合物搅拌30分钟。用10%含水乙酸中和后,混合物用乙酸乙酯萃取两次。合并有机层,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩。二氧化硅色谱(乙酸乙酯-己烷1∶4)得到3.48g标题化合物(R/S比1∶1),为白色固体。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从甲基4-C,5-O-二脱氢-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷和溴化乙基镁制备甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(2a);从甲基4-C,5-O-二脱氢-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷和溴化乙烯基镁制备甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(2c);从甲基4-C,5-O-二脱氢-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷和溴化烯丙基镁制备甲基5(R)-C-烯丙基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(2d)。
甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5-O-甲磺酰基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(16)的制备
在0℃下,向搅拌着的甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(2a,7.24g,33.17mmol)的无水吡啶(50ml)溶液中加入甲磺酰氯(3.1ml,39.92mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌1小时,冷却至0℃,加入水(1.0ml)猝灭,在室温下搅拌30分钟。蒸发溶剂,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯,用盐水洗涤三次,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩。二氧化硅色谱(含30%EtOAc的己烷)得到8.62g标题化合物16,为无色糖浆状物。
甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5-O-乙酰基-5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(17)的制备
将搅拌着的甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5-O-甲磺酰基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(16,8.62g,29.1mmol)与NaOAc(无水,3.5g,42.5mmol)的无水DMF(350ml)悬液在125℃和氩下加热4天。蒸发溶剂,残余物经过二氧化硅色谱处理(含25%EtOAc的己烷),得到4.0g标题化合物17,为白色固体。
甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-4-C-羟甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(28)的制备
在0℃下,向搅拌着的4-C,5-O-二脱氢-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷1(20.22g,100mmol)的二噁烷(380ml)溶液中滴加甲醛(37%溶液,76ml)、然后是2M NaOH(188ml)。将所得反应混合物在室温下搅拌20小时,冷却至0℃,中和(10%乙酸),浓缩(~50%),用二氯甲烷萃取两次。合并有机层,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩至干。二氧化硅色谱(含4%甲醇的氯仿)得到20.2g标题化合物28,为白色固体。
甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(8)的制备
在10℃下,向搅拌着的甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(14.2g,70.0mmol)的无水吡啶(250ml)溶液中分批(历经30min)加入对-甲苯磺酰氯(19.1g,100mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌18小时,冷却至0℃,加入水(5.0ml)猝灭,在室温下搅拌30分钟。蒸发溶剂。将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯,用盐水洗涤三次,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩至干。二氧化硅色谱(乙酸乙酯-己烷1∶3)得到24.1g标题化合物,为白色固体。
向搅拌着的LiAlH4(4.58g,120.5mmol)的无水二乙醚(120ml)悬液中加入甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5-O-对-甲苯磺酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(13.1g,36.55mmol)的二乙醚-甲苯(2.5∶1,140ml)溶液。将所得混合物回流22小时,冷却至室温,用乙酸乙酯(25ml)稀释,加入水(5.0ml)猝灭。蒸发溶剂。将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯,用盐水洗涤三次,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩至干。二氧化硅色谱(乙酸乙酯-己烷1∶3)得到3.58g标题化合物,为无色液体。
甲基(5R)-C-烯丙基-5-O-苯甲酰基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(3d)的制备
在0℃下,向搅拌着的甲基(5R)-C-烯丙基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(4.49g,18.38mmol)的无水吡啶(40ml)溶液中加入苯甲酰氯(2.7ml,23.0mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌18小时,用冰冷却,加入水(1ml)猝灭,在室温下搅拌30分钟。蒸发溶剂,将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯,用盐水洗涤三次,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩。二氧化硅色谱(含12%乙酸乙酯的己烷)得到6.26g标题化合物3d,为无色糖浆状物。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从甲基5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(2b)制备甲基5-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(3b,R/S比:1∶1);从甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-4-C-羟甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备甲基4-C-羟甲基-5-O-苯甲酰基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷。
甲基(5R)-C-烯丙基-5-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(4d)的制备
将甲基(5R)-C-烯丙基-5-O-苯甲酰基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(3d,6.2g,17.8mmol)在TFA-H2O混合物(9∶1)中的溶液在0℃下搅拌90分钟,在0℃下浓缩至干。将残余物溶于甲醇-甲苯混合物(20ml,1∶1),浓缩至干。二氧化硅色谱(乙酸乙酯-己烷1∶1)得到3.70g标题化合物4 d,为白色固体。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从甲基5-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(3b)制备甲基5-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(4b,R/S比:1∶1);从甲基5-O-苯甲酰基-4-C-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备甲基5-O-苯甲酰基-4-C-苯甲酰氧基甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷。
甲基(5R)-C-烯丙基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(5d)的制备
在0℃下,向搅拌着的甲基(5R)-C-烯丙基-5-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(4d,3.60mg,11.68mmol)的无水吡啶(80ml)溶液中加入苯甲酰氯(3.0ml,25.84mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌18小时,用冰冷却,加入水(1ml)猝灭,在室温下搅拌30分钟。浓缩混合物,用乙酸乙酯稀释,用盐水洗涤三次,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩至干。二氧化硅色谱(含15%乙酸乙酯的己烷)得到5.3g标题化合物5d,为无色糖浆状物。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从甲基5-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(4b)制备甲基5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(5b,R/S比:1∶1);从甲基-4-C-苯甲酰氧基甲基-5-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备甲基4-C-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷。
1-O-甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖(5c)的制备
将甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(2c,1.0g,4.3mmol)在三氟乙酸与水的混合物(9∶1,v/v,11ml)中的溶液在0℃下搅拌30分钟,浓缩至干。将残余物溶于甲醇,浓缩至干(3次),然后溶于吡啶,蒸发,最后溶于无水吡啶(11ml)。向该溶液中加入苯甲酰氯(1.9ml,16mmol)。将反应混合物在25℃下搅拌16小时,倒在冰水(20ml)中。混合物用二氯甲烷(20ml)萃取,有机层经硫酸钠干燥,浓缩至干。残余物经过二氧化硅色谱处理(含0-5%乙酸乙酯的二氯甲烷),得到1.0g标题化合物5c,为糖浆状物。
1-O-乙酰基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-烯丙基-D-呋喃核糖(6d)的制备
在0℃下,向搅拌着的甲基(5R)-C-烯丙基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(5d,4.0g,7.74mmol)的乙酸(14ml)与乙酸酐(1.75ml,18.36mmol)溶液中加入浓硫酸(200μl,3.79mmol,4.0ml乙酸溶液)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌20小时,冷却至0℃,用冷乙酸乙酯稀释,用水、5%含水NaHCO3和盐水洗涤,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩。二氧化硅色谱(乙酸乙酯-己烷1∶4)得到2.82g标题化合物6d(α/β比:1∶2),为无色泡沫。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从甲基5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(5b)制备1-O-乙酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖(6b,R/S比:1∶1,α/β比:1∶2);从甲基4-C-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备1-O-乙酰基-4-C-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖(α/β比:1∶3);从甲基2,3-O-亚异丙基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备5(R)-C-甲基-1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖。
从甲基5-O-乙酰基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(S)-C-甲基-D-呋喃核糖6a;从甲基5-O-乙酰基-2,3-O-亚异丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备5-脱氧-1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-D-呋喃核糖9;从甲基2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖苷制备1-O-乙酰基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖6c。
4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-烯丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶的制备
将4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(Tolman等,J.Org.Chem.(有机化学杂志)1969,91,2102-2108,1.05g,4.41mmol)与硫酸铵(50mg)的HMDS(75ml)与无水间-二甲苯(25ml)悬液在氩下回流18小时。蒸发溶剂,在真空下干燥残余物。将残余物溶于无水1,2-二氯乙烷(80ml),与1-O-乙酰基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-烯丙基-D-呋喃核糖(2.00g,3.67mmol)混合。在冰冷却下,加入TMSOTf(1.3ml,7.30mmol,5ml无水1,2-二氯乙烷溶液)。将混合物在室温和氩下搅拌30分钟,然后回流90小时,冷却后倒在冰/NaHCO3(50ml)上猝灭,过滤。分离有机层,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩。二氧化硅色谱(EtOAc-己烷2∶3)得到1.81g标题化合物,为无色固体。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从1-O-乙酰基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-D-呋喃核糖和4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(R/S比:1∶1);从1-O-乙酰基-4-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-D-呋喃核糖和4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(4-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶;从1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(R)-C-甲基-D-呋喃核糖和4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶;从1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(S)-C-甲基-D-呋喃核糖和4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶;从1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-5-脱氧-D-呋喃核糖和4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二-O-乙酰基-5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶;从1-O-乙酰基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖和4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶。
4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-烯丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(20e)的制备
向4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-烯丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(738mg,1.0mmol)的乙酸(25ml)溶液中分两批(间隔一小时)加入锌粉(1.04g,16.0mmol)。将反应混合物在室温下搅拌20小时,过滤。蒸发滤液至干,残余物经过二氧化硅色谱处理(乙酸乙酯-己烷1∶1),得到450mg标题化合物20e,为无色泡沫。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(R/S比:1∶1)20b;从4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶20c。
4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(20f)的制备
将4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-烯丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(400mg,0.54mmol)与10%Pd/C(100mg,~50%水)的二噁烷(50ml)与三乙胺(0.5ml)悬液在氢化装置(H2,20psi)中摇动4小时。过滤催化剂,洗涤(二噁烷)。合并滤液,浓缩,残余物经过二氧化硅色谱处理(乙酸乙酯-己烷1∶1),得到340mg标题化合物20f,为无色泡沫。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(R/S比:1∶1)20d;从4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(4-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(4-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶;从4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶20a;从4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶20a;从4-氨基-6-溴-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氧-β-D-呋喃戊-2-烯糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氧-β-D-甘油基-呋喃戊糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶。
4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(R)-C-烯丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(23e)的制备
将4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-烯丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(300mg,0.454mmol)的甲醇(40ml)溶液在0℃下用氨饱和。将溶液在室温下放置2天。蒸发溶剂,将残余物与NaOAc(无水,20mg)一起悬浮在DMF(20ml)中。将混合物在120℃和氩下搅拌5小时。蒸发溶剂。使残余物吸附在硅胶上,从硅胶柱洗脱(甲醇-乙酸乙酯1∶25),得到145mg标题化合物,为无色固体。
在DMF中加热之前,产物含有两种主要的化合物21和23,它们能够通过硅胶色谱法分离。化合物21是通过这种程序制备的。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(R)-C-丙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶23f;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(R,S)-C-乙炔基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(R-S比:1∶1)2 3b;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R,S)-C-乙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(R,S)-C-乙基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(R-S比:1∶1)2 3d;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(4-苯甲酰氧基甲基-2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(4-羟甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶33d;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶23a(5’-R);从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3,5-四-O-乙酰基-5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶23a(5’-S);从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(1,2,3-三-O-乙酰基-5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶10;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3,5-三-O-苯甲酰基-5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(R)-C-乙烯基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶23c。
4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二-O-甲磺酰基-5-O-叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶的制备
在0℃下,向搅拌着的丰加霉素43(5.83g,20.0mmol)的无水吡啶(100ml)溶液中加入氯化叔丁基二苯基硅(6.2ml,24.0mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌18小时,然后冷却至0℃,加入甲磺酰氯(3.4ml,44.0mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌2小时,用冰冷却,加入水(2ml)猝灭,在室温下搅拌30分钟。蒸发溶剂。将残余物溶于乙酸乙酯,用盐水洗涤三次,干燥(Na2SO4),浓缩。二氧化硅色谱(乙酸乙酯-己烷3∶2)得到8.41g标题化合物,为无色固体。
4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-O-叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基-2,3-二脱氢-2,3-二脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶的制备
在氩下熔封碲粉(200目,640mg,5.0mmol),与三乙基硼水合锂(1.0M THF溶液,11.25ml,11.25mmol)混合。将混合物在室温下搅拌6小时,然后冷却至5℃,加入4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二-O-甲磺酰基-5-O-叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(1.40g,2.09mmol)的THF(12ml)溶液。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌18小时,用冰冷却,加入水(0℃,5ml)猝灭,在室温下搅拌30分钟。蒸发溶剂,残余物用乙酸乙酯萃取。浓缩萃取液,残余物经过二氧化硅色谱处理(含15%乙酸乙酯的己烷),得到640mg标题化合物,为无色泡沫。
4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氢-2,3-二脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(49)的制备
在5℃下,向搅拌着的4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-O-叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基-2,3-二脱氢-2,3-二脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(2.55g,5.32mmol)的无水THF(100ml)溶液中加入氟化四丁铵(1.0MTHF溶液,6.6ml)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌3小时,浓缩。二氧化硅色谱(含6%甲醇的乙酸乙酯)得到1.09g标题化合物49,为无色固体。
5-氰基-7-(5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮(25a)的制备
在55℃下,向搅拌着的4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶(306mg,1.0mmol)的水(30ml)与乙酸(2.0ml)溶液中分批加入亚硝酸钠(590mg,8.55mmol)。将所得混合物在70℃下搅拌3小时,加入更多的亚硝酸钠(300mg,4.30mmol)。将混合物在相同温度下搅拌另外18小时。蒸发溶剂,残余物经过二氧化硅色谱处理(含12%甲醇的二氯甲烷),得到210mg标题化合物25a(5’-R),为无色固体。类似地,制备下列化合物:从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5(S)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮25a(5’-S);从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃阿糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(β-D-呋喃阿糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮5 8;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮11;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氧-β-D-呋喃戊-2-烯糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氧-2,3-二脱氢-β-D-甘油基-呋喃戊糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮50;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氧-β-D-甘油基-呋喃戊糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氧-β-D-甘油基-呋喃戊糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮65;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2-脱氧-β-D-eritro呋喃戊糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2-脱氧-β-D-呋喃糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮69。
7-(5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟(24a)的制备
将搅拌着的5-氰基-7-(5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮(240mg,0.784mmol)、盐酸羟胺(163mg,2.352mmol)与碳酸钾(162mg,1.176mmol)的乙醇(50ml)悬液在氩下回流18小时。过滤沉淀,用热乙醇洗涤。浓缩滤液,残余物经过二氧化硅色谱处理(含20%甲醇的二氯甲烷),得到170mg标题化合物26a(5’-R),为无色固体。类似地,制备下列化合物:从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃阿糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(β-D-呋喃阿糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟。
从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟13;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氢-2,3-二脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2,3-二脱氢-2,3-二脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟51;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟。
7-(5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲脒盐酸盐(27a)的制备
在室温下,将7-(5(R)-C-甲基-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟(110mg,0.324mmol)、氯化铵(20mg,0.374mmol)与阮内镍(50%水淤浆,200mg)的水(75ml)悬液在氢化装置(H2,50psi)中摇动18小时。过滤催化剂,洗涤(热水)。合并滤液,浓缩,产物从甲醇中重结晶,得到100mg标题化合物27a(5’-R),为无色固体。按相似方式制备下列化合物:从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃阿糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(β-D-呋喃阿糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲脒盐酸盐63;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(5-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲脒盐酸盐15;从4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲偕胺肟制备4-氨基-5-氰基-7-(2-脱氧-β-D-呋喃核糖基)吡咯并[2,3-d]-4-嘧啶酮-5-甲脒盐酸盐70。
因而,已经公开了吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶核苷类似物的具体实施方式和应用。不过对本领域技术人员来说应当显而易见的是,在不背离发明概念的前体下,除了上述以外更多的修饰也是可能的。因此发明主题仅受权利要求书精神的限制。而且,在解释说明书和权利要求书时,所有术语都应当被解释为与上下文一致的最广义的可能方式。特别是术语“包含”应当被解释为以非排他性方式提到元素、组分或步骤,表示所提到的元素、组分或步骤可以与没有明确提到的元素、组分或步骤一起存在、利用或组合。
Claims (20)
1.根据式(I)结构的核苷类似物:其中A是O、S或CH2;X是H、NH2或OH;Y是H、卤素或NH2;Z选自由H、卤素、R、OH、OR、SH、SR、NH2、NHR、NR2、CN、C(O)NH2、COOH、COOR、CH2NH2、C(=NOH)NH2和C(=NH)NH2组成的组,其中的R是烷基、烯基、炔基或芳烷基;R2和R3独立地选自由H、F和OH组成的组;R4选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4可选地具有至少一个杂原子和官能团;R5是H、OH、OP(O)(OH)2、P(O)(OH)2、OP(O)(OR’)2或P(O)(OR’)2,其中的R’是掩蔽基团;R5’选自由烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R5’具有至少两个碳原子,并且可选地具有至少一个杂原子和官能团。
2.权利要求1的核苷类似物,其中Z是CN、C(O)NH2或C(=NH)NH2,其中R5’具有至少两个碳原子,选自由烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组。
3.具有下式结构的权利要求1的核苷类似物:其中Z是CN、C(O)NH2、C(=NH)NH2或C(=NOH)NH2,R4和R5’独立地选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4和R5’独立地和可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团;其条件是R4和R5’不同时为氢。
4.改变细胞因子从细胞分泌的方法,包含:提供根据式(II)的化合物:其中A是O、S或CH2;X是H、NH2或OH;Y是H、卤素或NH2;Z选自由H、卤素、R、OH、OR、SH、SR、NH2、NHR、NR2、CN、C(O)NH2、COOH、COOR、CH2NH2、C(=NOH)NH2和C(=NH)NH2组成的组,其中的R是烷基、烯基、炔基或芳烷基;R2和R3独立地选自由H、F和OH组成的组;R4和R5’独立地选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4和R5’独立地和可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团;R5是H、OH、OP(O)(OH)2、P(O)(OH)2、OP(O)(OR’)2或P(O)(OR’)2,其中的R’是掩蔽基团;和向该细胞呈递该化合物,其浓度有效改变细胞因子的分泌。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中该细胞因子是1型细胞因子。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中该1型细胞因子是IFNγ。
7.权利要求4的方法,其中该细胞因子是2型细胞因子。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中该2型细胞因子是IL-4。
9.权利要求4的方法,其中该细胞是淋巴细胞。
10.权利要求4的方法,其中该细胞是癌细胞。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中该癌细胞是前列腺癌细胞。
13.减少过度增殖性细胞生长的方法,包含:提供根据式(IV)的化合物:其中A是O、S或CH2;X是H、NH2或OH;Y是H、卤素或NH2;Z选自由H、卤素、R、OH、OR、SH、SR、NH2、NHR、NR2、CN、C(O)NH2、COOH、COOR、CH2NH2、C(=NOH)NH2和C(=NH)NH2组成的组,其中的R是烷基、烯基、炔基或芳烷基;R2和R3独立地选自由H、F和OH组成的组;R4选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R4可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团;R5’选自由氢、烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基组成的组,其中R5’具有至少两个碳原子,并且可选地含有至少一个杂原子和官能团;R5是H、OH、OP(O)(OH)2、P(O)(OH)2、OP(O)(OR’)2或P(O)(OR’)2,其中的R’是掩蔽基团;其条件是R4和R5’不同时为氢;和向该过度增殖性细胞呈递该化合物,其浓度有效减少该过度增殖性细胞的生长。
14.权利要求13的方法,其中该过度增殖性细胞是癌细胞。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中该癌细胞是前列腺癌细胞。
16.权利要求13的方法,其中生长的减少包含DNA合成的减少。
17.减少生长因子从细胞释放的方法,包含:提供根据权利要求1的化合物;和向该细胞呈递该化合物,其浓度有效减少该生长因子的释放。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中该生长因子是VEGF。
19.权利要求17的方法,其中该细胞是癌细胞。
20.权利要求19的方法,其中该癌细胞是前列腺癌细胞。
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SI (1) | SI20819A (zh) |
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CN101851241A (zh) * | 2010-07-02 | 2010-10-06 | 西安交通大学 | 一种抗肿瘤化合物及其制备方法和其用途 |
CN102286048A (zh) * | 2011-06-24 | 2011-12-21 | 吉林大学 | 4-氨基-6-(3-(3-溴苯基)苯基)-5-氰基-7-(β-L-呋喃木糖)吡咯并[2, 3-d]嘧啶、同类衍生物及用于制备抗肿瘤药物 |
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JP2003183283A (ja) * | 2001-12-18 | 2003-07-03 | Takeda Chem Ind Ltd | 縮合インドール化合物、その製造法および用途 |
US20050182252A1 (en) | 2004-02-13 | 2005-08-18 | Reddy K. R. | Novel 2'-C-methyl nucleoside derivatives |
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US9441007B2 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2016-09-13 | Alios Biopharma, Inc. | Substituted nucleosides, nucleotides and analogs thereof |
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EP3623364A1 (en) | 2014-02-13 | 2020-03-18 | Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Prodrug compounds and their uses |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101851241A (zh) * | 2010-07-02 | 2010-10-06 | 西安交通大学 | 一种抗肿瘤化合物及其制备方法和其用途 |
CN101851241B (zh) * | 2010-07-02 | 2012-05-23 | 西安交通大学 | 一种抗肿瘤化合物及其制备方法和其用途 |
CN102286048A (zh) * | 2011-06-24 | 2011-12-21 | 吉林大学 | 4-氨基-6-(3-(3-溴苯基)苯基)-5-氰基-7-(β-L-呋喃木糖)吡咯并[2, 3-d]嘧啶、同类衍生物及用于制备抗肿瘤药物 |
CN107580602A (zh) * | 2015-05-04 | 2018-01-12 | 伊莱利利公司 | 5’‑取代的核苷类似物 |
TWI615400B (zh) * | 2015-05-04 | 2018-02-21 | 美國禮來大藥廠 | 5'-經取代核苷化合物 |
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EP1212326A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
AU7061800A (en) | 2001-04-23 |
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NO20020931D0 (no) | 2002-02-26 |
WO2001027114A1 (en) | 2001-04-19 |
JP2003511454A (ja) | 2003-03-25 |
KR20020092904A (ko) | 2002-12-12 |
HRP20020163A2 (en) | 2004-02-29 |
SK1772002A3 (en) | 2002-10-08 |
AU769578B2 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
IL147908A0 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
NO20020931L (no) | 2002-02-26 |
BR0013642A (pt) | 2002-05-07 |
HUP0301875A2 (hu) | 2003-09-29 |
ZA200201567B (en) | 2003-07-30 |
SI20819A (sl) | 2002-08-31 |
EP1212326A4 (en) | 2003-08-20 |
PL354094A1 (en) | 2003-12-29 |
MXPA02001753A (es) | 2002-10-23 |
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