CN1350519A - 可逆含水pH敏感脂化试剂、组合物和应用的方法 - Google Patents
可逆含水pH敏感脂化试剂、组合物和应用的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1350519A CN1350519A CN99814244A CN99814244A CN1350519A CN 1350519 A CN1350519 A CN 1350519A CN 99814244 A CN99814244 A CN 99814244A CN 99814244 A CN99814244 A CN 99814244A CN 1350519 A CN1350519 A CN 1350519A
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Abstract
本发明提供脂化偶联物,其含有含氨基的生物活性物质和能够透过生物膜的亲脂性基团。在中性和温和酸性条件下(包括那些见于体内的),通过酰胺键的水解从所述偶联物释放出游离的含氨基生物活性物质。本发明还涉及制备脂化试剂和脂化偶联物、含脂化偶联物的药物组合物的方法以及提高含氨基物质递送到细胞内的方法。优选的含氨基物质包括肽、蛋白质及其衍生物。
Description
发明背景
发明领域
本发明广义上涉及生物和医药的领域。具体而言,本发明涉及用于提高哺乳动物中带有氨基的亲脂性分子、特别是肽和蛋白质的传输和递送的化合物、方法和组合物。
现有技术
生物化学业已进展到能够大量的生产治疗活性的且纯的蛋白质和肽类物质。通常,多数此类药物的治疗作用只有当它们经侵入途径(如注射)给药时才能够获得。由于多数蛋白质具有很短的半衰期,所以只有在通过频繁注射给药时,才可以维持这些药物的有效浓度。
虽然蛋白质通过注射给药是其体内递送的最有效方式,但患者对多次注射的耐受性非常低。另外,药物注射要求经过训练和技巧,这些并不是患者总能够得到的。在蛋白质药物起挽救生命作用的情况中,注射给药是患者可以接受的。然而,在蛋白质药物仅仅是若干可行治疗中的一种的情况中,蛋白质和肽类物质的注射是患者所不愿意接受的。因此,需要开发递送蛋白质和肽类的其它途径。
所述其它途径可以包括经颊、经鼻、口服、经肺、直肠和经眼途径。意想不到的是,与肠胃外给药途径相比,这些给药途径的有效性很低,但是它们仍然比肠胃外途径更加吸引人,因为它们为患者提供方便并且可掌控。口服途径尤其注目,因为它最方便且患者易顺从。
将机体内部与外部分隔开的粘膜屏障(如胃肠道、眼、肺、直肠和鼻粘膜)包括一层紧密相连细胞单层,该细胞层严格调节分子的传输。屏障中的各个细胞通过紧密接点相连,其调节进入细胞间隙。所以,该粘膜处于第一水平的物理屏障,透过该水平屏障的传输取决于跨细胞或旁细胞途径(Lee,V,H.L.,“临界可逆治疗药物递送体系”(Critical Rev.Ther.Drug Delivery Sys.)5:69-97(1988))。
经过水填充紧密接点的旁细胞转运局限于小分子(MW<1kDa)并且主要是由跨粘膜间浓度梯度驱动的扩散过程(Lee,V,H.L.,“临界可逆治疗药物递送体系”5:69-97(1988);Artursson,P.& Magnusson,C.,《药物科学杂志》79:595-600(1990))。紧密接点占粘膜总表面积的0.5%以下(Gonzalez-Mariscal,L.M.等人《膜生物学杂志》(J.MembraneBiol.)86:113-125(1985);Vetvicka,V.& Lubor,F.,“临界可逆治疗药物递送体系”5:141-170(1988));所以,它们在蛋白质药物的跨膜转运中仅仅起很小的作用。
能够有效提供药物的物理化学特性的小分子药物的跨细胞转运适宜跨疏水性细胞屏障传输。然而,蛋白质和肽的跨细胞转运局限于胞转作用方式(Shen,W.C.等,Adv.Drug,Deliv,Rev.8:93-113(1992))。胞转作用是一个复杂过程,其中蛋白质和肽由细胞的一侧被摄入到囊泡内,随后经细胞穿梭运送到细胞的另一侧,在该侧由内吞泡放出(Mostov,K.E.& Semister,N.E.,《细胞》43:389-390(1985))。粘膜屏障的细胞膜是疏水性脂质双层,其对亲水性、带电荷大分子如蛋白质和肽没有亲和力。另外,粘膜细胞可以分泌粘蛋白,粘蛋白可以对许多大分子的转运起屏障作用(Edwards,P.,《英国药物通讯》(British Med.Bull.)34:55-56(1978))。因此,除非蛋白质或肽存在特异性传输机制,那么其固有跨膜屏障转运几乎可被忽略。
除了对蛋白质和肽的转运提供紧密物理屏障以外,粘膜屏障具有多种可以在蛋白质和肽穿透粘膜之前、之后和期间降解蛋白质和肽的酶。这种屏障称作酶屏障。酶(促)屏障是由内肽酶和外肽酶组成,它们在蛋白质和肽的末端或其结构内部裂解它们。若干粘膜的酶促活性已经得到研究,结果证实多数蛋白酶活性存在于白化兔的颊、鼻、直肠和阴道粘膜匀浆中,并且这些活性相当于髂骨中的那些(Lee,V,H.L.,“临界可逆治疗药物递送体系”5:69-97(1988)。因此,不论被考虑的粘膜,酶促屏障的存在将在蛋白质和肽分子的降解中起强有力的作用。
肽的N和C末端带有电荷,并且带电侧链的存在赋予这些大分子高亲水特性。另外,带电侧链的存在意味着蛋白质和肽具有强氢键能力;已经证实这种H键能力在抑制小分子肽的跨细胞膜转运中起主要作用(conradi,R.A.等,《药物研究》(Pharm.res.)8:1453-1460(1991))。所以,蛋白质和肽的大小和亲水特性一起严重限制了其跨粘膜屏障转运。
一种业已被用来改变粘膜屏障物理本性的途径是应用渗透促进剂。渗透促进剂的应用是基于利用可流化细胞膜的分子量降低试剂来破坏细胞屏障(Kaji,H等人,《生命科学》(Life Sci.)37:523-530(1985)),打开紧密接点(Inagaki,M.等人,《鼻科学》23:213-221(1985)),并且在细胞膜中造孔(Gordon,S.等人,《美国国家科学院院报》82:7419-7423(1985);Lee,V.H.L.等人,《临界治疗药物载体体系》8:91-192(1991))。这些试剂的应用导致屏障完整性的非特异性丧失,并且可能吸收多种在体内可对细胞有毒的大分子。
已经将蛋白酶抑制剂与蛋白质和肽联合给药,而且在提高这些大分子的体内吸收中显示出一些有限的活性(kidron,M等人《生命科学》31:2837-2841(1982);Takaroi,K等人《生物化学和生物物理学研究通讯》137:382-687(1986))。这种途径的安全性和长效作用尚待彻底研究。
前药途径是基于对肽以一定方式的修饰,由此保护它们不被酶降解和识别。利用酰胺化和酰化将肽上的易损基团封闭可以达到上述目的。进一步证明前药途径仅仅适用于具有易识别活性结构域的小分子肽。
减小大小是另一种提高蛋白质转运有效性的可行途径。然而,在尝试减小大小之前必需将蛋白质的活性位点作图。通常,这种途径难以应用于多数蛋白质。
基于其特性,载体配体可以改变细胞对蛋白质和肽的摄取和转运特征。这种途径的本质在于使细胞不通透性蛋白质或肽共价附着在易于转运到细胞内的载体上。经过该机制,载体配体被胞吞,并且胞转作用在决定载体增强蛋白质和肽的转运的适合性中至关重要。大分子载体是亲水性的,无法分配在膜内。因此,大的聚合性载体向细胞内的转运是由载体对细胞膜的亲和力介导的。一般地,大分子偶联物的摄入始于与细胞膜结合。载体和细胞的结合可以是特异性(例如,抗体与细胞表面抗原的结合)、非特异性的(阳离子配体或凝集素与细胞表面糖类的结合)或受体介导的(转移或胰岛素对其受体的结合)。一旦载体与细胞表面结合,它就被摄入囊泡中。这些囊泡随后被逐步加工并且可以按照若干途径递送。一条途径是囊泡循环回膜。另一条破坏偶联物的途径是与溶酶体融合。再一途径是使偶联物胞转,该途径是使囊泡和其产生的膜之相反侧的膜融合。
胞吞和胞转过程之间的正确平衡决定了蛋白质偶联物向其部位的递送。例如,胞吞可以决定偶联物被靶细胞摄取的程度,但胞转决定了偶联物是否能够抵达部位(Shen,W.C.等人Adv.Drug Deliv.Rev.8:93-113(1992))。为了顺利地经胃肠粘膜吸收,偶联物必须结合胃肠粘膜的顶端膜,内化在粘膜细胞内,跨细胞递送,并且最终由基底外侧膜释放。
现有文献包括许多报导证明非特异性载体如聚赖氨酸(Shen.W.C.&Ryser,H.J.P.,《美国国家科学院院报》78:7589-7593(1981))和凝集素(Broadwell,R.D.等人,《美国国家科学院院报》85:632-646(1988)),和特异性载体,如转铁蛋白(Wan.J.,等人,《生物学和化学杂志》257:13446-13450(1992)),脱唾液酸糖蛋白(Seth,R.,等人,《感染疾病学杂志》(J.Infect.Diseases)168:994-999(1993)),和抗体,可以提高蛋白质进入细胞的胞吞。但涉及蛋白质胞转载体的报导很少,并且非常少的研究对蛋白质偶联物穿透细胞屏障的转移进行定量。小麦胚凝集素(Broadwell,R.D.等人,《美国国家科学院院报》85:632-646(1988))和抗转铁蛋白/氨甲蝶呤偶联物(Friden,P.M.& Walus,L.R.,《高等实验医学和生物学》(Adv.Exp.Med.Biol)331:129-136(1993))业已表现出可以透过体内血脑屏障转运。另外,辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的聚赖氨酸偶联物和HRP的转铁蛋白偶联物显示出可以被跨体内细胞单层转运(wan,J.& Shen,W.C.《药学研究》(Pharm.Res.)8:S-5(1991);Taub,M.E.& Shen,W.C.,《细胞生理学杂志》(J.Cell,Physiol.150:283-290(1992);Wan,J.等人,《生物化学》267:13446-13450(1992))。
作为磷脂的组分,脂肪酸构成细胞膜的主要部分。它们可商购并且相对便宜。因其亲脂性,脂肪酸可容易地分配到细胞膜内并且以无毒方式与细胞膜相互作用。因此,脂肪酸潜在地成为蛋白质和肽转运的最有效载体配体。将脂肪酸应用在蛋白质和肽类递送中的策略包括蛋白质和肽的共价修饰和脂肪酸乳液的应用。
一些研究已报导脂肪酸乳体内递送肽和蛋白质的成功应用(Yoshikawa,H.,等人,《药学研究》2:249-251(1985);Fix,J.A.,等人,《美国生理学杂志》(Am.J.Physiol.)25I:G332-G340(1986))。脂肪酸乳液影响蛋白质和肽吸收的这种机理尚不清楚。脂肪酸乳液可以打开紧密接点,溶解膜,在胃肠道环境下遮蔽蛋白质和肽,并且以其吸收部分携带蛋白质和肽穿过胃肠道粘膜。后一机理已经被提出但与现有关于脂肪吸收的机理不一致。
一种更合理的递送蛋白质和肽透过胃肠上皮的策略是应用脂肪酸作为非特异性膜吸附剂。若干研究显示,与蛋白质相连的非特异性膜结合剂可以促进蛋白质偶联物体外跨过细胞的胞转作用(Wan,J.,等人,《细胞生理学杂志》145:9-15(1990);Taub,M.E.& Shen.W.C.《细胞生理学杂志》150:283-290(1992))。已经证明脂肪酸偶联可提高摄取大分子进入和穿过细胞膜(Letsinger,R.,等人,《美国国家科学院院报》86:6553-6556(1989);Kabanov,A.等人,《蛋白质工程》(Protein Eng.)3:39-42(1989))。然而,难于将脂肪酸与肽和蛋白质偶联,包括(1)脂肪酸在偶联反应的水溶液中缺乏溶解性;(2)肽和蛋白质在脂肪酸酰化后失去生物活性;和(3)脂肪酸偶联的肽在水溶液中缺乏溶解性(参见例如Hashimoto,M.等人,《药学研究》6:171-176(1989);Martins,m.B.F.,《生物化学》(Biochimie)72:671-675(1990);Muranishi,S.,等人,《药学研究》6:171-176(1989);Martins,M.B.F.等人,《生物化学》72:671-675(1990);Muranishi,S.等人,《药学研究》8:649-652(1991);Robert,S.,等人,《生物化学和生物物理学研究通讯》196:447-454(1993))。
一旦递送到细胞内,肽和蛋白质必须被其载体释放。公开的PCT申请号WO96/22773和WO98/13007公开了跨细胞递送和含巯基肽和蛋白质的释放。通过经二硫键与脂肪酸偶联可以提高含巯基亲水性分子的细胞吸收。不稳定二硫键易于还原,提供了一旦存在于体内的一种由脂肪酸部分释放亲水性化合物的机制。
除了二硫键还原以外,自载体体系释放生物活性亲水性化合物的其它机制包括水解和光解键裂解(参见如美国专利号5505931和其中引用的参考文献)。已知基于水解的递送体系,在该体系中生物活性胺与有机物偶联,掺混在单克隆抗体中或其它以特定细胞为靶向的底物中(参见,连日美国专利号4764368、4618492、5505931和5563250)。在与靶细胞特异性结合后,这些偶联物将活性胺(通常为酰胺的形式)递送到细胞内部,在细胞内部(酰胺)水解释放出游离胺。
现有技术中基于水解的给药体系的成功激发了改进能够将含活性氨基化合物传输到细胞内部的药物-载体偶联物的研究。改进的合成策略和治疗技术正在被开发。
发明概述
本发明涉及新的药物-载体偶联物及其制备的适当合成策略。所以,本发明涉及合成方法、中间体和用于摄取和释放生物活性的含氨基化合物的最终产物。
特别是,本发明涉及通式I的化合物:其中R2选自氢、卤素、烷基或芳基,其中所述烷基或芳基任选地被一个或多个烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、烷酰基、硝基、环烷基、链烯基、炔基、酰氧基、烷基或卤素原子取代;R3是亲脂性基团;R4和R5中的一个是生物活性的含氨基物质,选自含胺药物、天然或非天然氨基酸、肽和蛋白质,并且R4和R5中的另外一个是OR6,其中R6是氢、碱金属或负电荷;X是氧或硫;Y是桥连天然或非天然氨基酸;n是0或1;和m是0-10的整数。
本发明还涉及通式II的化合物:其中R2是氢、卤素、烷基或芳基,其中所述烷基或芳基任选地被一个或多个烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、烷酰基、硝基、环烷基、链烯基、炔基、酰氧基、烷基或卤素原子取代;R3是亲脂性基团;X是O或S;Y是桥连天然或非天然氨基酸;n是0或1;和m是0-10的整数。
本发明还涉及通式III的化合物或其可药用盐,其中R2是氢、卤素、烷基或芳基,其中所述烷基或芳基任选地被一个或多个烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、烷酰基、硝基、环烷基、链烯基、炔基、酰氧基、烷基或卤素原子取代;R3是亲脂性基团;X是O或S;Y是桥连天然或非天然氨基酸;n是0或1;和m是0-10的整数。
本发明还涉及由通式II的化合物和生物活性的含氨基物质形成通式I的偶联物的方法。
本发明也涉及由马来酸类衍生物和相应硫醇类或醇类化合物形成通式II的化合物的方法。
本发明还涉及提高生物活性的含氨基物质在哺乳动物中的吸收或延长血液或组织保留的方法,其中通式I的偶联物是以可药用形式对哺乳动物给药。
本发明还涉及增强含亲水性胺的化合物递送到具有粘膜屏障的细胞内部的方法,其中通式I的偶联物与该细胞接触,由此偶联物透过该细胞的粘膜屏障并通过酰胺键的水解释放出游离胺。
本发明还涉及含有通式I的化合物的药物组合物。
基于本发明的描述、教导和指引,本发明的上述和其它特征、优越性、实施方式、方面和目的将是相关技术领域中普通技术人员所熟知的。
附图简述
图1表示由本发明所述脂化(lipidization)载体试剂(REAL-酪胺)释放酪胺的pH依赖性。数据是3个试验的平均值和SD。
图2.表示糖尿病大鼠在皮下注射5μg/kg AVP(精氨酸后叶加压素)、棕榈酰基AVP和本发明的REAL-AVP之后的累计尿排量。数据显示测量3只大鼠的平均值和SD。
图3表示糖尿病大鼠在24小时内经皮下注射5μg/kg AVP、棕榈酰基AVP和本发明的REAL-AVP之后的累计尿排量。数据显示3个试验的平均值和SD。
图4表示禁食糖尿病大鼠中在皮下注射0.35U/kg胰岛素之后与皮下注射0.35U/kg本发明的REAL-胰岛素相比,血(葡)糖水平的变化。数据显示测量2只大鼠的平均值和SD。
图5表示皮下注射0.5U/kg胰岛素与皮下注射0.5U/kg本发明的REAL-胰岛素相比,对禁食糖尿病大鼠血糖水平的长期作用。数据显示2只大鼠测量的平均值和SD。
图6表示禁食糖尿病大鼠在口服10U/kg REAL-胰岛素、胰岛素和安慰剂之后血糖水平的短期作用。数据显示4只大鼠测量的平均值和SD。
发明详述
按照本发明所述,生物活性的含胺化合物(例如氨基酸、肽和蛋白质)经可逆性酰胺键连接于亲脂性衍生物。这种偶联物的亲脂性基团结合在细胞膜的顶侧且促进偶联物经细胞膜转运。一旦位于细胞膜内部,酰胺键的水解使生物活性的含胺化合物被释放到间质液中。
按照本发明的一个方面,提供通式I的偶联物:其中R2是氢、卤素、烷基或芳基,其中所述烷基和芳基任选地被一个或多个烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、烷酰基、硝基、环烷基、链烯基、炔基、酰氧基、烷基或卤素原子取代;R3是亲脂性基团;R4和R5中的一个是生物活性的含氨基物质,选自含胺药物、天然或非天然氨基酸、肽和蛋白质,并且R4和R5中的另外一个是OR6,其中R6是氢、碱金属或负电荷;X是O或S;Y是桥连天然或非天然氨基酸;n是0或1;和m是0-10的整数。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供通式II的化合物:其中R2是氢、卤素、烷基或芳基,其中所述烷基和芳基任选地被一个或多个烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、烷酰基、硝基、环烷基、链烯基、炔基、酰氧基、烷基或卤素原子取代;R3是亲脂性基团;X是O或S;Y是桥连天然或非天然氨基酸;n是0或1;和m是0-10的整数。
按照本发明的一个方面,提供通式III的化合物或其无毒的可药用盐:其中R2是氢、卤素、烷基或芳基,其中所述烷基和芳基任选地被一个或多个烷氧基、烷氧基烷基、烷酰基、硝基、环烷基、链烯基、炔基、酰氧基、烷基或卤素原子取代;R3是亲脂性基团;X是O或S;Y是桥连天然或非天然氨基酸;n是0或1;和m是0-10的整数。
典型的烷基包括C1-6烷基,它包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、2-戊基、3-戊基、新戊基、己基、2-己基、3-己基、2-甲基-1-戊基、3-甲基-1-戊基、4-甲基-1-戊基等。
典型的烷氧基包括被上述任何烷基取代的氧。
典型的烷氧基烷基包括被烷氧基取代的任何上述烷基,例如甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、丁氧基甲基、戊氧基甲基、己氧基甲基、甲氧基乙基、甲氧基丙基、甲氧基丁基、甲氧基戊基、甲氧基己基等。
优选的芳基是C6-14芳基并且通常包括苯基、萘基、芴基、菲基和蒽基。
典型的烷氧基取代的芳基包括被一个或多个上述烷氧基取代的上述芳基,例如3-甲氧基苯基、2-乙氧基苯基等。
典型的烷基取代的芳基包括被任何C1-6烷基取代的任一上述芳基,包括Ph(CH2)n,其中n是1-6,例如甲苯基,邻-、间-和对二甲苯基,乙基苯基,1-丙基苯基,2-丙基苯基,1-丁基苯基,2-丁基苯基,叔丁基苯基,1-戊基苯基,2-戊基苯基,3-戊基苯基。
典型的链烯基包括C2-6链烯基,如乙烯基、2-丙烯基、异丙烯基、2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、4-戊烯基、3-戊烯基、2-戊烯基、5-己烯基、4-己烯基、3-己烯基和2-己烯基。
典型的炔基包括C2-6炔基,例如乙炔基、2-丙炔基、2-丁炔基、3-丁炔基、4-戊炔基、3-戊炔基、2-戊炔基、5-己炔基、4-己炔基、3-己炔基和2-己炔基。
典型的链烯基或炔基取代的芳基包括被任何上述C2-6烯基或C2-6炔基取代的上述C6-14芳基,例如乙烯基苯基、1-丙烯基苯基、2-丙烯基苯基、1-丁烯基苯基、2-丁烯基苯基、1-戊烯基苯基、2-戊烯基苯基、3-戊烯基苯基、1-己烯基苯基、2-己烯基苯基、3-己烯基苯基、乙炔基苯基、1-丙炔基苯基、2-丙炔基苯基、1-丁炔基苯基、2-丁炔基苯基、1-戊炔基苯基、2-戊炔基苯基、3-戊炔基苯基、1-己炔基苯基、2-己炔基苯基、3-己炔基苯基。
典型的卤素基团包括氟、氯、溴和碘。
典型的卤素取代的烷基包括被一个或多个氟、氯、溴或碘原子取代的C1-6烷基,例如氟代甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、全氟乙基、1,1-二氟乙基和三氯甲基。
典型的烷酰基包括C1-5C(O)烷酰基,例如乙酰基、丙酰基、丁酰基、戊酰基和己酰基,或芳基烷酰基,例如被任何上述芳基取代的C1-5C(O)烷酰基。
典型的环烷基包括C3-8环烷基,包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基和环辛基。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供由通式II的化合物和含氨基物质形成通式I的偶联物的方法。
按照本发明的又一个方面,提供由马来酸类衍生物和硫醇类化合物和醇类化合物形成通式II的化合物的方法。
按照本发明的再一个方面,提供增强生物活性的含氨基物质在哺乳动物中的吸收或延长血液和组织保留的方法,其中通式I的偶联物对哺乳动物给药(例如,以乳液、毫微颗粒(如固体脂质毫微颗粒)、脂质体、微球、微囊、气溶胶、经吸入和透皮剂型的形式)。
按照本发明的一个方面,提供提高亲水性含胺化合物向具有粘膜屏障的细胞的内部递送的方法,其中通式I的化合物与该细胞接触,由此偶联物渗透过细胞的粘膜屏障并且通过酰胺键的水解释放出游离胺。
在此所用术语“亲脂性基团”是指天然脂质本身,疏水性支链或非支链的含有约4-约26个碳原子、优选约5-约19个碳原子的烃,脂肪酸或其酯,或表面活性剂。适用的亲脂性基团包括但不限于长链烷酰基,包括:棕榈基(C15H31)、油基(C15H29)、硬脂基(C17H35)、月桂基(C11H23)、胆酰基(cholyl)、肉豆蔻基(C13H27)。
在此所用术语“天然或非天然氨基酸”是指:任何21种天然氨基酸以及D型氨基酸;被保护L-和D-型氨基酸,如通过酰胺化或酰化保护的那些;取代的氨基酸(如被位阻烷基或环烷基(如环丙基或环丁基)取代的那些),其中取代在氨基酸内引起构象限制。优选在本发明中作为氨基酸肽或蛋白质的组成的天然氨基酸是丙氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬酰胺、天门冬氨酸、瓜氨酸、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸、γ-谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、正亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、鸟氨酸、苯基丙氨酸、脯氨酸、炔基脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、γ-羧基谷氨酸或O-磷酸丝氨酸。优选在本发明中用作氨基酸或肽或蛋白质的组成的非天然氨基酸是任何的β-氨基酸类化合物,如β-丙氨酸、α-氨基丁酸、γ-氨基丁酸、γ-(氨基苯基)丁酸、α-氨基异丁酸、ε-氨基己酸、7-氨基庚酸、氨基苯甲酸、氨基苯基乙酸、氨基苯基丁酸、半胱氨酸(ACM)、甲硫氨酸砜、苯基甘氨酸、正缬氨酸、鸟氨酸、δ-鸟氨酸、对硝基苯丙氨酸、1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉-3-羧酸和硫代脯氨酸。也可考虑由下式衍生的氨基酸:其中p是1-10。
在此所用术语“生物活性的含氨基物质”是指任何当引入细胞内部时具有生物活性并在其结构中含有能够通过酰化形成酰胺键的伯胺或仲胺的物质。不含有伯或仲胺的物质可以被适当衍生由此能够与通式II或III的化合物偶联。例如具有羧基的化合物可以与适当的二胺、例如C2-C10二胺(如乙二胺、丙二胺、1,4-二氨基丁烷、精胺、亚精胺等)在通式II或III的化合物和水溶性碳二亚胺(如EDC)偶联剂的存在下反应。在这个途径中,二胺的作用是将不含有伯或仲胺的生物活性化合物通过酰胺键形成与通式II或III的化合物偶联。
优选的含胺化合物包括但不限于酪胺,精氨酸后叶加压素,胰岛素(Czech,M.P.,《生物活性年鉴》(Ann.Rev.Biochem.)46:359(1977)),降钙素(Brown,E.M.& Aurbach,G.D.,《维生素和激素》(Vitam.Horm.)38:236(1980)),去氨加压素(Vavar等人《药理学和试验治疗学杂志》(J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.)188:241(1974)),α,β和γ-干扰素(Stiem,E.R.,《国际医学年鉴》(Ann.Rev.Inter.Med.)96:80-93(1982)),白介素-2、-3、-4、-6和-11(Kluth,D-C.& Rees,A.J.,Semin.Nephrol.16:576-582(1996);Holyoake,T.L.,《血液学评论》(Blood Rev.)10:169-200(1996)),G-CSF(Spiekermann,K.,等人,《白血病》11:466-478(1997)),GM-CSF(Jonuleit,H.,等人,《皮肤病学研究文献》(Arch.Dermatol Res.)289:1-8(1996)),人生长激素(Strobl,J.S.& Thoms,M.J.,《药学研究》46:1-34(1994)),红细胞生成素(Spivak,J.L.,Semin.Hematol.30:2-11(1993)),后叶加压素(Schroder,E &Lubke,K.,《肽》(The Peptide)2:336-350(1966)),奥曲肽(Sheppard,M.C.& Stewart,P.M.,“代谢:临床和实验”45:63-64(1996)),抑肽酶(Haderland,G & Mcconn,R.,Fed.Proc.38:2760-2767(1979)),催产素(Nachtmann,F.,等人,Anal Prof.Drug Subst.,10卷,Florey,K.编辑Academic Press,New York,NY(1981),563-600),β-TGF(Moses,H.L.&Serra,R.,遗传发育当前详述(Curr.Opin.Genet.Dev.)6:581-586(1996)),BDNF(Apfel,S.C.& Kessler,J.A.,Baillieres.《临床神经病学》(Clin.Neurol),4:593-606(1995)),b-FGF(Bikfalvi,A.等人,《内分泌评论》(Endocr.Rev.)18:26-45(1997)),PDGF(Hughes,A.D.,等人,《普通药理学》(Gen Pharmacol.)27:1079-1089(1996)),TNF(Majno,P.E.等人,《瑞士外科学》(Swiss Surg.)4:182-185(1995)),人工促尿钠排泄肽(Nakao,L,Curr.Opin,Nephrol,Hypertens.2:45-50(1993)),松弛素(Schwabe,C.,等人,最新激素研究进展(RecentProgr.Horm Res.)34:123-211(1978)),香树精(Rink.T.J.等人,医药科学趋势(Trends.Pharmacol.Sci.)14:113-118(1993)),脱氧核糖核酸酶(Laskowski,《酶学》第2卷Boyer,P.D.编辑,Academic Press,newYork,NY(1971),289-311),EGF(Carpenter,G.,细胞生物学当前详述(Curr.Opin.Cell.Biol.)5:261-264(1993)),水蛭素(Markwardt,《酶学方法》19:924(1970)),新制癌菌素(Dedon,P.C.& Glodberg,I.H.,《化学毒理学研究》(Chem.Res.Toxicol)311-332(1992)),血液调节肽(Paukovits,E.R.等人,《癌症治疗评论》(Cancer Treat.Res.) 17:3470354(1990)),和促生长素抑制素(Moss,R.L.,《生理学年鉴》(Ann.Rev Physiol)41:617(1979))。
鉴于本发明的目的,术语“肽”是指天然或非天然的含有2至100个氨基酸的氨基酸链,术语“蛋白质”是指天然或非天然的含有100个以上氨基酸的氨基酸链。蛋白质和肽可以由天然来源分离或通过所属领域已知方法制备,例如DNA重组工程和固相合成。应理解本发明中所用的肽和蛋白质可以只包括天然L-氨基酸,L-氨基酸和其它氨基酸(D-氨基酸和修饰氨基酸)的形式,或仅仅是除L-氨基酸以外的氨基酸。为了形成通式I的偶联物,肽和蛋白质必须带有至少一个反应性氨基。该反应性氨基可以是氨基酸侧链的一部分,或是肽或蛋白质主链的末端氨基,或通过肽或蛋白质分子内官能团的化学修饰引入。肽可以是同源肽或异源肽,并且可以包括天然氨基酸、合成氨基酸或它们的任一组合。
本发明的范围内还包括本发明化合物的无毒可药用盐。特别是,构思了由已知方法如将碱金属卤化物加入相应羧酸生成的羧酸碱金属盐。所述盐包括钠、钾、锂和铵盐。
在此所用术语“负电荷”是指任何未溶剂化、溶剂化或复合的能够为羧基提供阴离子特性的孤电子对。
在此所用术语“碱金属”是指第I或II主族的金属,例如钠、钾、锂、钙和镁。
本发明优选的动物对象是哺乳动物。术语“哺乳动物”是指属于哺乳类的个体。本发明特别适用于治疗人类患者。
术语“治疗”是指出于包括预防、环境或治愈疾病或病症在内的目的给对象施用脂化的偶联物。
可考虑将药物与一种其它药物以“联合形式”提供,如果它们可以同时提供给患者,或各药物给药间的时间能够使生物活性叠加。
在一个优选实施方式中,至少一种偶联物作为药物组合物的一部分提供或给药。
本发明给予的药物组合物可以含有至少一种可药用形式的(任选地与可药用载体结合的)本发明偶联物。这些组合物可以以提供任何获得其预期目的的方式给药。譬如,给药可以通过口服、肠胃外、皮下、静脉内、肌肉内、腹膜内、经皮、鞘内、颅内或鼻内途径。给药的剂量取决于接受者的年龄、健康状况和体重,(如果存在的话)合并治疗的种类,治疗的频率,预期作用的本质。临床治疗领域中的普通技术人员很容易判断本发明给药的量和方案。
给药的形式也可以包括乳液、毫微颗粒(例如固体脂质毫微颗粒)、脂质体、微球、微囊、气溶胶、通过吸入和透皮剂型。
适合肠胃外给药的剂型包括水溶形式的化合物的水溶液。此外,化合物的悬浮液可作为合适地油性注射悬浮液给药。适用的亲脂性溶剂或载体包括脂肪油,如芝麻油,或合成脂肪酸酯,如油酸乙酯或甘油三酯。水性注射悬浮液可以含有提高悬浮液粘度的物质,包括例如羧甲基纤维素、山梨糖醇和/或葡聚糖。任选地,水性溶液和/或悬浮液也可以含有稳定剂和/或缓冲剂,如硼酸盐缓冲剂等。
本发明的药物制剂是以本身已知的方式制备,例如通过常规混合、造粒、糖衣制造、溶解或冷冻干燥法的方式。所以,口服用的药物制剂可以通过将活性化合物与固体赋形剂混合制得,任选地研磨所得混合物,并且加工为颗粒混合物,此后如果需要或必要可加入适当辅料,获得片剂或糖衣片芯。
适用的赋形剂例如是:填充剂,如糖、乳糖、蔗糖、甘露糖醇或山梨糖醇;纤维素制剂和/或磷酸钙,如磷酸三钙或磷酸氢钙;以及粘合剂,如淀粉糊,使用诸如玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、稻米淀粉、土豆淀粉、明胶、tagaranth、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠,和/或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。如果希望,可以加入崩解剂,如上述淀粉和羧甲基淀粉、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、琼脂或藻酸或其盐,如藻酸钠盐。首先,辅料是流动调节剂和润滑剂,如二氧化硅,滑石,硬脂酸或其盐(如硬脂酸镁或硬脂酸钙),和/或聚乙二醇。糖衣片芯带有适当的包衣,如果希望可耐受胃液。为了这个目的,可以采用浓缩糖溶液,该溶液可以任选地含有阿拉伯胶、滑石、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇和/或二氧化钛、紫胶漆溶液和适当的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物。为了制备耐胃液包衣,可采用适当纤维素制剂如邻苯二甲酸乙酰基纤维素或邻苯二甲酸羟丙基甲基纤维素的溶液。包衣也可以为本发明的脂化偶联物提供保护,使其不过早暴露在足以水解活性药物、肽或蛋白质与载体之间形成的酰胺键的酸性环境下。参见美国专利号4786505和4853230中保护片芯避免胃酸的剂型单位的制备方法。优选片剂是中性或碱性。碱性片芯含有一种或多种碱性反应化合物,如美国专利号4786505和4853230中公开的那些。染料或颜料可以加入在片剂或糖衣包衣中,例如用于鉴别出活性化合物给药的特定联合。
其它可应用的药物制剂包括但不限于由明胶制成的口服推入配合型胶囊,直肠栓剂,口腔和/或经鼻给药的吸入制剂,任选地与可药用载体、渗透促进剂、赋形剂和/或填充剂混合的鼻用或直肠用霜剂或软膏。适用的渗透促进剂包括阳离子、阴离子、两性和中性渗透促进剂,如苯扎氯铵、氯代丁醇、氮卓酮和所属领域其它已知促透剂。
在合成路线1和2中举例说明通式II的化合物例的合成方法。一般地,令溴甲基马来酸酐衍生物或其马来酸盐与带有亲脂性基团的醇或硫醇反应,形成通式III的醚或硫醚。带有亲脂性基团的醇或硫醇任选地含有与氧或硫原子桥连的桥连天然或非天然氨基酸部分以及键合亲脂性基团的羰基。桥连天然或非天然氨基酸部分可以与氧或硫原子或键合亲脂性基团的羰基在氨基酸的氨基末端、羧基末端或侧链处相连。参见合成路线I,Pal-半胱氨酸实际上包括键合于氨基末端的羰基并且经侧链与硫原子键合的甘氨酸桥。在合成路线2中十六烷硫醇的应用表示无需桥连天然或非天然氨基酸即可形成式III的化合物。通式III的产品随后处于脱水条件下以重新形成马来酸酐,目前的该酸酐经过醚或硫醚键被亲脂性基团取代,得到通式II的化合物。那些所属领域的技术人员应理解多种其它合成路线能够获得所需化合物。
合成路线1-试剂A的合成
合成路线2-试剂B的合物
合成路线3-5列出本发明的示例性pH敏感脂化偶联物实例的合成。一般地,令含胺、氨基酸、肽或蛋白质的药物与式II的化合物反应形成式I的酰胺。酰胺键在碱性条件下、优选在缓冲水性溶液中形成。在较低pH下(包括体内常见pH),酰胺键水解释放出游离胺和式III的化合物。可逆酰胺键的形成为亲水性胺与脂化试剂在一定pH下的偶联和在较低pH下胺由脂化试剂的释放提供了一种机制。
实施例实施例1. 3-S-(N-棕榈酰基-半胱氨酰基)甲基,2-甲基马来酸酐,试剂A
的合成(合成路线1)
N-棕榈酰基-半胱氨酸(Pal-CPD)的吡啶二硫化物衍生物通过已知方法获得。Pal-CPD是按照Ekrami等人FEBS Letters 371:283-286(1995)所述方法合成。Pal-CPD(0.7g,0.0015mol)溶解在10mlNaOH(pH11)中。二硫苏糖醇(DTT)(0.9g,0.006mol)溶解在5ml水中。在连续搅拌和室温条件下将Pal-CPD溶液滴加到DTT溶液中。2小时后,终止该反应。用0.01N HCl将混合物的pH调至3,期间出现白色沉淀(Pal-半胱氨酸)。沉淀用稀盐酸洗涤5次除去过量的DTT。
通过将一当量的溴化物原子团加入到2,3-二甲基马来酸酐(DMMA)中获得起始原料3-溴甲基,2-甲基马来酸酐(Br-DMMA)。由此,在40ml氯仿中将DMMA(1.5g,0.012mol)、NBS(2.3g,0.013mol)、苯甲酰过氧化物(0.3g,0.0012mol)和氧化镁(0.02g,0.0005mol)在回流下加热4小时。过滤该混合物并且在减压下蒸发氯仿。向褐色残余物中加入40ml四氯化碳并且过滤。收集滤液并且减压下除去溶剂。获得带有浅绿色的澄清油,其在4℃下储藏时固化。
参见合成路线1,Br-DMMA与Pal-半胱氨酸反应得到式III的Pal-半胱氨酸硫醚,其中R1是氢,R2是甲基,R3是棕榈基(C15H31),X是硫,Y是甘氨酸残基(-NHCH(CO2H)-),n=1和m=1。该反应通过室温下直接将Br-DMMA(0.3g,0.0014mol)加入到Pal-半胱氨酸在30ml稀HCl中的悬浮液内。用1N NaOH逐步地将该混合物的pH调节至7、9,最终为1l。该混合物的pH在2小时后稳定在pH11。25℃下搅拌16小时后,过滤该混合物并且用1N HCl酸化滤液。出现白色沉淀,用乙醚提取该沉淀。减压下蒸发乙醚。残余的绿色油在高真空下干燥。获得3-S-(N-棕榈酰基半胱氨酰基)甲基,2-甲基马来酸(420mg,0.84mmol),熔点为60-63℃。摩尔收率为56%。
将3-S-(N-棕榈酰基半胱氨酰基)甲基,2-甲基马来酸(420mg,0.84mmol)溶解在5ml无水THF中。将N,N-二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)(692mg,3.36mmol)溶解在1ml无水THF中,在冰浴中加入上述溶液中。在冰浴中将该反应搅拌5小时,随后过滤。收集滤液,减压下除去THF。将滤液加入30ml的冷却无水己烷中,在4℃下保存16小时。所得沉淀用冷却无水己烷洗涤并且施加高真空除去溶剂。获得浅褐色产物(试剂A),熔点为46-49℃。摩尔收率为54%。
实施例2 3S-(十六烷基)甲基2-甲基马来酸酐,试剂B
的合成(合成路线2)
参见合成路线2,Br-DMMA与十六烷硫醇反应得到式III的硫醚,其中R2是甲基,R3是十六烷(C16H33),n=0和m=0。在脱水条件下,得到式II的酸酐试剂B,其中R2、R3、n和m如上所述。
所以,如合成路线2所列,Br-DMMA(0.5g,0.0025mmol)在pH8的10ml水中水解,并且将0.63g十六烷硫醇(0.0025mol)溶解在50mlTHF中。三乙胺(1ml)加入该混合物中并且室温下搅拌16小时。过滤该反应混合物。滤液在减压下蒸发。所得残余物溶解在稀NaOH溶液(pH11)中并且用乙醚洗涤(3×20ml)。用1N HCl将滤液调至pH2,出现白色沉淀。将沉淀提取到乙醚中并且在减压下除去乙醚。高真空下干燥终产物3-(十六烷硫基)甲基2-甲基马来酸。
利用与上述试剂A相同的方法使3-(十六烷硫基)甲基2-甲基马来酸脱水。将试剂B溶解在热的DMF中并且4℃下保持16小时。出现白色沉淀,用冷DMF洗涤。高真空下除去溶剂。得到白色粉末(73mg),摩尔收率16%。实施例3.利用试剂A制备的可逆脂化酪胺(REAL-酪胺)(合成路线3)
将试剂A(2mg,0.00426mmol)溶解在60μl无水DMF中并且在冰浴中加入0.2mg(0.00146mmol)存在于200μl硼酸盐缓冲液USP(pH10,0.1M)中的酪胺。该反应在冰浴中进行4小时,并且在4℃下进行16小时。
实施例4.REAL-酪胺的pH敏感性的测定
通过监测游离酪胺的浓度可测定酰胺键形成的pH依赖性。制备pH为6、7和8的1M磷酸盐缓冲液。用这些缓冲液将REAL-酪胺1∶2稀释。酪胺的储备液也稀释为具有相同的REAL-酪胺浓度并且用作对照。样本在37℃下温育。在不同的时间点用荧光胺反应测定由REAL-酪胺释放出的游离酪胺的荧光。
酪胺脂化之后,游离酪胺的浓度最多减小到起始浓度的15%。在低pH下温育REAL-酪胺导致游离酪胺浓度的增高,表明酰胺键断裂。酰胺键水解的速率取决于pH(pH6>pH7>pH8)。在pH6下温育REAL-酪胺1小时后,酰胺键几乎全部水解,然而,在pH7下约为45%,并且在pH8下仅7%的REAL-酪胺的酰胺键水解(图1)。实施例5.利用试剂A制备的可逆脂化AVP(REAL-AVP)(合成路线4)
将精氨酸后叶加压素(AVP)(0.5mg)溶解在1ml硼酸盐缓冲液(pH10,0.1m)中。一等份的0.5ml(0.25mg,0.207μmol)该溶液在冰浴中与1mg(2.1μmol)溶解在50μl无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的试剂A反应。该混合物在4℃下搅拌16小时。REAL-AVP的终浓度为0.455mg/ml。实施例6.REAL-AVP在后叶加压素缺乏Brattleboro大鼠中的体内作用
将REAL-AVP皮下注射给动物(5μg/kg),并且在不同时间点收集尿。图2显示在注射后的前8小时中尿的累计体积。AVP和Pal-AVP具有类似的作用,使尿排泄延迟4小时。REAL-AVP注射后观察到更长延迟尿排泄,长达6小时。AVP用棕榈酸直接酯化,Pal-AVP无法如同REAL-AVP般有效。尿排泄量在注射Pal-AVP和AVP后恢复到起始24小时。然而,REAL-AVP的作用持续3天(图3)。
可以推断,AVP的pH敏感性脂化延长了AVP的生物活性。
实施例7.利用试剂A制备的可逆脂化的胰岛素(REAL-胰岛素)
(合成路线5)
将胰岛素(2mg)溶解在2ml硼酸盐缓冲液(pH10,0.1m)。将试剂A(1mg,2.1μmol)溶解在100μlDMF中并且与1ml(1mg,约0.14μmol)胰岛素溶液在冰浴中反应。该反应混合物在4℃下搅拌24小时,随后4℃下对500ml硼酸盐缓冲液(pH10,0.01M)透析24小时。用硼酸盐缓冲液(pH10,0.1M)调节透析的REAL-胰岛素的体积至2ml,得到REAL-胰岛素的浓度为0.5mg/ml。胰岛素母液的体积(1ml)也调节至2ml,得到浓度0.5mg/ml。
实施例8.REAL-胰岛素在高血糖大鼠中的作用
用静脉内注射60mg/kg链脲霉素在Sprague Dawley大鼠中引起糖尿病。在硼酸盐缓冲液(pH10,0.1M)中制备0.5单位/ml胰岛素或REAL-胰岛素的溶液。试验之前大鼠禁食16小时并且皮下注射0.5单位/kg的胰岛素或REAL-胰岛素。在9小时内的不同时间点监测大鼠的血糖水平。此时给大鼠进食并且在进食15小时后测量血糖水平。再次使大鼠禁食并且在16小时后测定血糖水平。
引发糖尿病后大鼠在1周内的血糖水平由平均100mg/dl升高至420mg/dl(非禁食大鼠)。在胰岛素治疗大鼠中,在第一个小时内观察到血糖水平明显降低。然而,在REAL-胰岛素治疗大鼠中,在第一个小时内血糖水平没有改变,并且在注射后第2小时观察到血糖明显降低(图4)。这可能归因于REAL-胰岛素水解和释放游离胰岛素需要时间。注射胰岛素后,禁食大鼠血糖水平在24小时内恢复至起始水平。然而,在用REAL-胰岛素治疗大鼠的情况中,药物对禁食血糖水平的影响持续3天(图5)。禁食糖尿病大鼠也通过口服方式给予10U/kg的胰岛素、REAL-胰岛素和安慰剂。口服给药之前大鼠禁食16小时。用水/油微乳液作为药物载体。图6显示在口服给予胰岛素或安慰剂后观察到血糖水平没有显著降低。然而,在用REAL-胰岛素处理的大鼠中,观察到在9小时中血糖水平降低28%。
可以推断,利用REAL-胰岛素,胰岛素的生物作用可以得到延长。利用适当制剂,REAL-胰岛素可以口服给药来降低血液葡萄糖水平。
现已全面描述了本发明,所属领域普通技术人员应理解,利用许多且等效的条件、制剂和其他参数同样可以实施而不影响本发明的范围或其任何实施方式。在此引用的所有专利和文献在此全文引入作为参考。
Claims (26)
1.通式I的化合物:其中R2选自氢、低级烷基或芳基,其中所述低级烷基或芳基任选地被一个或多个烷氧基、烷酰基、硝基、环烷基、链烯基、炔基、酰氧基、低级烷基或卤素原子取代;R3是亲脂性基团;R4和R5中的一个是生物活性的含氨基物质,选自含胺药物、天然或非天然氨基酸、肽和蛋白质,并且R4和R5中的另外一个是OR6,其中R6是氢、碱金属或负电荷;X是氧或硫;Y是桥连天然或非天然氨基酸;n是0或1;和m是0-10的整数。
2.按照权利要求1的化合物,其中R2是甲基,X是硫。
3.按照权利要求1的化合物,其中n=0,m=0,R3是直链或支链的具有4-26个碳原子的烃。
4.按照权利要求3的化合物,其中所述直链或支链烃含有5-19个碳原子。
5.按照权利要求4的化合物,其中所述直链或支链烃与羰基一起选自棕榈酰基、油酰基、硬脂酰基、月桂酰基、肉豆蔻酰基、胆酰基和脱氧胆酰基。
6.按照权利要求1的化合物,其中所述天然或非天然氨基酸是天然氨基酸。
7.按照权利要求1的化合物,其中所述含胺药物是酪胺。
8.按照权利要求1的化合物,其中所述肽选自精氨酸后叶加压素和胰岛素。
10.按照权利要求9的化合物,其中R2是甲基,X是硫。
11.按照权利要求9的化合物,其中n=0,m=0和R3是直链或支链的具有4-26个碳原子的烃。
12.按照权利要求11的化合物,其中所述直链或支链烃含有5-19个碳原子。
13.按照权利要求11的化合物,其中所述直链或支链烃与相邻羰基一起选自棕榈酰基、油酰基、硬脂酰基、月桂酰基、胆酰基和脱氧胆酰基。
14.按照权利要求9的化合物,其中所述天然或非天然氨基酸是天然氨基酸。
16.按照权利要求15的化合物,其中R2是甲基,X是硫。
17.按照权利要求15的化合物,其中n=0,m=0,R3是直链或支链的具有4-26个碳原子的烃。
18.按照权利要求17的化合物,其中所述直链或支链烃含有5-19个碳原子。
19.按照权利要求18的化合物,其中所述直链或支链烃与相邻羰基一起选自棕榈酰基、油酰基、硬脂酰基、月桂酰基、胆酰基和脱氧胆酰基。
20.按照权利要求15的化合物,其中所述天然或非天然氨基酸是天然氨基酸。
21.一种提高含胺物质的细胞吸收的方法,所述含胺物质选自含胺药物、肽和蛋白质,该方法包括给所述细胞施用权利要求1的化合物。
22.一种延长生物活性的含胺化合物在哺乳动物血液和组织中保留的方法,所述含胺化合物选自含胺药物、肽和蛋白质,该方法包括给所述哺乳动物施用权利要求1的化合物。
23.一种形成权利要求1的化合物的方法,包括将选自含胺药物、肽和蛋白质的生物活性的含氨基物质与权利要求9的化合物在一定条件下反应,由此得到权利要求1的化合物。
24.一种使生物活性的含氨基物质递送到细胞内部的方法,包括:
令该细胞暴露在权利要求1的化合物下,由此所述化合物被该细胞吸收,并且在该细胞中暴露于足够低的pH下以水解酰胺键,并且释放出该生物活性的含氨基物质。
25.一种药物组合物,该组合物含有:
(a)有效量的权利要求1的化合物;和
(b)可药用载体。
26.按照权利要求25的药物组合物,其中所述组合物包括肠溶包衣,该包衣保护所述化合物不发生酰胺键水解,由此防止该生物活性的含氨基物质释放直至该包衣被除去或溶解。
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NZ532427A (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2008-07-31 | Imp Innovations Ltd | Modification of feeding behavior using PYY (peptide YY) and its agonists such as NPY (neuropeptide Y) |
CA2472882A1 (en) | 2002-01-10 | 2003-07-17 | Imperial College Innovations Ltd | Use of pyy and glp-1, or an agonist thereof, for the modification of feeding behaviour |
US8008355B2 (en) * | 2002-03-11 | 2011-08-30 | Roche Madison Inc. | Endosomolytic poly(vinyl ether) polymers |
US8138383B2 (en) * | 2002-03-11 | 2012-03-20 | Arrowhead Madison Inc. | Membrane active heteropolymers |
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US20040151766A1 (en) * | 2003-01-30 | 2004-08-05 | Monahan Sean D. | Protein and peptide delivery to mammalian cells in vitro |
US20090074885A1 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2009-03-19 | Roche Madison Inc. | Reversible Hydrophobic Modification of Drugs for Improved Delivery to Cells |
US20050054612A1 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2005-03-10 | Monahan Sean D. | Delivery by labile hydrophobic modification of drugs |
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