CN1321184C - 一种以基因优化方法获得的抗草甘膦基因及其表达载体 - Google Patents
一种以基因优化方法获得的抗草甘膦基因及其表达载体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1321184C CN1321184C CNB2005100671223A CN200510067122A CN1321184C CN 1321184 C CN1321184 C CN 1321184C CN B2005100671223 A CNB2005100671223 A CN B2005100671223A CN 200510067122 A CN200510067122 A CN 200510067122A CN 1321184 C CN1321184 C CN 1321184C
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Abstract
本发明利用DNA序列同源重组的特性和传统PCR扩增法的热循环反应,设计出以两个或两个以上同源性大于50%的基因序列为源模板,并采用两步PCR扩增反应的简便高效的基因优化方法。并以此方法获得了两个发生多点突变的,具有较强草甘膦抗性的EPSP合成酶基因。其编码的酶具有比野生型低得多的K[PEP],而K[草甘膦]却明显增加。既提高了酶的催化效率,又减低了酶与草甘膦的亲和力,使该酶抵御草甘膦的能力大幅度提高。
Description
本发明属于生物工程技术领域,具体涉及一种基因优化的方法,以此方法获得的抗草甘膦的EPSP合成酶基因,含有此基因的质粒和转化子。
草甘膦是使用最为广泛的广谱除草剂,具有对人畜基本无毒,杂草难以对它产生抗性,低土壤残留量等特点,市场潜力巨大。为适应大规模机械化生产及施用草甘膦的需要,从二十世纪八十年代中期开始,人们为培育抗草甘膦农作物作了大量的工作。目前,通过农业基因工程技术获得了许多抗草甘膦作物,它们具有如下特点:(1)改变了农业传统耕作方式,使耕作管理更加容易:(2)除草效果更加明显:(3)减少除草剂用量,有利于保护环境:(4)增产增收。抗草甘膦作物的种植将大大减少除草剂的使用量,1996年美国种植抗草甘膦的大豆,每公顷除草剂用量减少9%至39%:1996年加拿大种植抗草甘膦的作物,使平均每公顷的除草剂用量比常规减少了1.0千克。美国孟山都公司开发的抗草甘膦作物,也即抗农达系列,已经被大面积种植,并产生了巨大的经济效益。
由aroA基因编码的EPSP合成酶仅存在于微生物和植物中,在芳香族氨基酸代谢途径中起作用,催化莽草酸-3-磷酸(S-3-P)与磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)作用,生成5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸(EPSP)。已鉴定的EPSP合成酶可分为两类:第一类可由大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌等产生(下称第一类EPSP合成酶或第一类酶);第二类在根瘤农杆菌CP4、无色细菌LBAA及假单胞菌PG2982中发现(下称第二类EPSP合成酶或第二类酶)。这两类EPSP合成酶的同源性不高,氨基酸的相似性少于50%,第二类酶不能与第一类酶的单克隆抗体发生交叉反应,而且两者的酶学性质也有区别。
由于草甘膦具有与PEP相似的结构,可作为竞争性抑制剂,形成EPSP合成酶·S-3-P·草甘膦复合物,阻遏PEP与酶的结合,从而阻断芳香族氨基酸的的合成,杀灭绝大多数的植物,杂草和农作物皆不例外。
过去,获得抗草甘膦转基因农作物研究遵循的途径主要有:一、导入过量表达的EPSP合成酶基因,以此抵御草甘膦的竞争性抑制;二、通过定点突变,获得对草甘膦低亲和性或无亲和性的EPSP合成酶,从而消除草甘膦的抑制作用。因为细菌的EPSP合成酶对草甘膦的抗性比植物来源的酶高两个数量级左右,所以,用基因工程的方法,把细菌的EPSP合成酶基因导入植物中,可使植物获得一定的抗性。为提高抗性水平,可采用提高外源EPSP合成酶基因的表达量或通过定点突变降低该酶对草甘膦亲和力等措施。Comai,L.等人将鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的aroA基因作定点突变,使EPSP合成酶的第101位脯氨酸变成丝氨酸,用突变后的基因转化烟草,可使烟草对草甘膦表现出较强的抗性;Padgette SR等人将大肠杆菌的aroA基因表达蛋白的第96位甘氨酸改成丙氨酸,突变后的EPSP合成酶无论存在于大肠杆菌内还是在豌豆内,都因对草甘膦亲和力的降低而表现出较高水平的草甘膦抗性。此外,把来源于农杆菌变种CP4的抗草甘膦的EPSP合成酶基因引入甜菜、棉花和大豆中,均成功获得具有草甘膦抗性的转基因作物。
但是,外源基因过量表达必然会影响植物自身的生长。而由于对酶活性中心附近氨基酸残基的作用并不明了,所以,定点突变的效果十分有限。目前,遇到的困难是,定点突变后的EPSP合成酶对草甘膦亲和力的下降也伴随着对原底物亲和力的下降,也即影响了酶的催化活性。
本发明的目的是提供一种基因优化的方法,以此方法可以人为加大发生基因突变的几率;并通过该基因优化方法获得发生修饰突变的高活性的抗草甘膦的EPSP合成酶基因,以及含有此基因的质粒和转化子。该基因编码的EPSP合成酶具有较高的抗草甘膦的水平,可作为培育抗草甘膦农作物新品种的优良材料。
本发明的基因优化方法是同时用两个或两个以上同源性大于50%的基因序列作为源模板,设计与源模板序列相对应的两端引物,并采用两步扩增反应的PCR扩增方法,从而得到一系列具有多点突变的基因片段。
首先,要选择两个或两个以上同源性大于50%的基因序列作为源模板,并设计出与源模板序列相对应的两端引物。第一步扩增的目的是通过一端引物与源模板的随机结合,交错延伸,合成一系列序列各异的重组的DNA单链。引物的用量较少,大约是1pmol-5pmol即可。DNA链延伸的时间也较短,可取1-5秒,即每次引物与模板退火结合后,最多只延伸几十bp,便进入下一个变性-复性-延伸的循环。由于DNA具有同源重组的特性,所以,在每一次退火时,引物与各模板间的结合机会是相等的。引物与模板结合的随机性,就造成了延伸的DNA链的不均一性。为增大延伸中的DNA链与模板结合的机会,本发明设计了两个循环程序,第一个循环只进行5-10次,退火温度较低,约40-50℃,以保证起始引物与模板的退火结合;第二个循环进行30-60次,并且退火温度也要相应提高到50-60℃,使上述循环中合成的短DNA链与模板的结合比起始引物与模板的结合更有优势。在每一次循环中,延伸链在各模板间随机结合,随机读取各模板序列信息,指导自身的合成。最终,合成出一系列不均一地携带了各源模板序列信息的新的DNA片段。
以第一步扩增所获得的产物作为模板,加入根据源模板设计的两端引物,进行第二步扩增。热循环所需的各温度时间参数按常规要求即可。30次循环后,便可获得一系列发生多点突变的完整的基因片段。
本发明的基因优化方法的具体条件和操作步骤如下:
第一步扩增反应:
反应系统:1×taqDNA聚合酶缓冲液,4种dNTP各200umol/L,根据各模板5’-端设计的引物各1pmol-5pmol,各源模板DNA约102-104拷贝,taqDNA聚合酶约0.5-5U。
反应程序及参数变化范围:
[1]预变性:94℃,5-10分钟;
[2]循环1:94℃60秒,40-50℃60秒, 72℃1-5秒,循环5-10次;
[3]循环2:94℃60秒,50-60℃60秒, 72℃5秒,循环30-60次;
[4]72℃10分钟。
第二步扩增反应:
反应系统:1×taqDNA聚合酶缓冲液,4种dNTP各200umol/L,根据各模板5’-端和3’-端设计的引物各10pmol-50pmol,取上述第一步扩增反应的反应产物1ul作为模板,taqDNA聚合酶约0.5-5U。
反应程序及参数变化范围:
[1]94℃5分钟;
[2]循环:94℃90秒,45-55℃30-90秒,72℃60-240秒,循环30次;
[3]72℃10分钟。
按照上述本发明的基因优化方法,选择大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的EPSP合成酶基因序列为源模板,并设计出如下三条与该两个模板相对应的两端引物:
引物1:5’-CATG
CCATGGAATCCCTGACGTTACAA-3’,
引物2:5’-CGC
GGATCCTCAGGCTGCCTGGCTAATCC-3’,
引物3:5’-CGC
GGATCCTTAGGCAGGCGTACTCATTC-3’;
即可合成突变的EPSP合成酶基因。产物包括命名为aroAM12的DNA序列和命名为aroAM13的DNA序列,它们分别如序列表1和序列表2所示。
将上述得到的aroAM12 DNA序列插入到质粒pET11d的NcoI和BamHI酶切位点之间,即可得到含有aroAM12 DNA序列的质粒pET-aroAM12,其结构如图1所示;将上述得到的aroAM13 DNA序列插入到质粒pET11d的NcoI和BamHI酶切位点之间,即可得到含有aroAM13 DNA序列的质粒pET-aroAM13,其结构如图2所示。
用上述得到的质粒pET-aroAM12转化大肠杆菌BL-21(DE3),即可获得命名为BL21(aroAM12)的具有草甘膦抗性的转化子;用上述得到的质粒pET-aroAM13转化大肠杆菌BL-21(DE3),即可获得命名为BL21(aroAM13)的具有草甘膦抗性的转化子。
下面通过实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
图1是pET-aroAM12质粒结构图;
图2是pET-aroAM13质粒结构图;
图3是转化子在含20mM草甘膦的M9液体培养基中的生长曲线;
图4是转化子在含30mM草甘膦的M9液体培养基中的生长曲线;
图5是转化子在含60mM草甘膦的M9液体培养基中的生长曲线;
图6是各转化子的蛋白电泳图;
图7是EPSP合成酶表达载体的构建图。
实施例1、突变EPSP合成酶基因的合成
根据从GENE BANK中查知的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌(Salmonellatyphimurium)的EPSP合成酶基因的DNA序列,并通过比较发现,这两个序列的同源性为79%,符合基因优化法的要求,可作为源模板。由于该两个序列的5’-端序列是相同的,所以,5’-端引物也可相同。根据基因优化法的要求,设计出三条引物:
引物1:5’-CATG
CCATGGAATCCCTGACGTTACAA-3’,
引物2:5’-CGC
GGATCCTCAGGCTGCCTGGCTAATCC-3’,
引物3:5’-CGC
GGATCCTTAGGCAGGCGTACTCATTC-3’;
上述带下划线处,表示相应的酶切位点。其中,引物1是在前面加有一个Nco I酶切位点的大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的EPSP合成酶基因的相同的起始序列。引物2和引物3分别是大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的EPSP合成酶基因1284bp前的序列加上BamHI的酶切位点。
合成反应包括两步PCR扩增,可按如下步骤和条件进行:
第一步扩增反应:
反应系统:在反应液中有两个模板(大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的核DNA)各约102-104拷贝以及1.5pmol引物1,各种dNTP200umol/L,1×taqDNA聚合酶缓冲液,taqDNA聚合酶约0.5-5U。
反应条件:
[1]预变性:94℃,10分钟;
[2]循环1:94℃60秒,45℃60秒,72℃5秒;循环5次;
[3]循环2:94℃60秒,55℃60秒,72℃5秒;循环30次;
[4]72℃10分钟。
第二步扩增:
第一步扩增反应完毕,取反应液1微升作为第二轮反应的模板,并以1×taqDNA聚合酶缓冲液,4种dNTP各200umol/L,引物1-3各15pmol,taqDNA聚合酶约0.5-5U构成反应系统。
反应条件:
[1]94℃5分钟;
[2]循环:94℃90秒,55℃90秒,72℃120秒;循环30次;
[3]72℃10分钟。
两步扩增反应进行完毕后,琼脂糖电泳鉴定PCR扩增结果。发现经PCR扩增,获得长约1.3kb左右的DNA片段,与预期的EPSP合成酶基因的大小相吻合。由于采用了特定的基因优化方法,所以,所获得的DNA片段并非序列均一的野生型的大肠杆菌或鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的EPSP合成酶基因,而是不同程度地携带着两源模板序列信息的,也即发生了不同程度突变的一组重组的EPSP合成酶基因。
实施例2、EPSP合成酶表达载体的构建及转化子的获得
把上述实施例1经PCR扩增后所获得的序列不均一DNA片段走琼脂糖凝胶电泳,并割下含有大小约为1.3kb的DNA的凝胶带,用QIAGEN公司的“QIAquick Gel Extration Kit”,分离纯化这些DNA片段。分离完毕,与质粒pET 11d同时分别用限制性内切酶NcoI和BamHI酶切,再把两者按载体:插入片段=1∶3的比例混合,用T4连接酶在16℃连接12小时。
取部分连接液,用标准氯化钙转化法转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),获得的转化子转点到含有30mM草甘膦和1mM IPTG的M9固体培养基上,筛选能在该培养基上生长的具草甘膦抗性的转化子。把这些初步筛选获得的抗性转化子转点到含有60mM草甘膦和1mM IPTG的M9固体培养基上,得到了两个具有较强抗草甘膦活性的转化子,分别命名为BL21(aroAM12)和BL21(aroAM13)。
用QIAGEN公司的“QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit”从转化子BL21(aroAM12)和BL21(aroAM13)中提取质粒,分别命名为pET-aroAM12、pET-aroAM13(其结构分别如图1、图2所示)。以NcoI和BamHI双酶切这两个重组质粒,琼脂糖电泳分析,得到大小分别约为5.7kb和1.3kb的片段。电泳结果说明,在这两个质粒的NcoI和BamHI两酶切位点间,分别含有PCR扩增所获得的1.3Kb片段。用ABI377测序仪测定插入片段的DNA序列,进一步证明克隆到载体pET 11d的NcoI和BamHI两酶切位点间的,是发生突变的EPSP合成酶基因。我们把这两个突变的基因片段,分别命名为aroAM12和aroAM13。aroAM12和aroAN13的DNA序列及其所编码的具有草甘膦抗性的EPSP合成酶的氨基酸序列分别见序列表1和序列表2。
同时,用上述实施例1的引物1-3,以大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的核DNA为模板,采用标准的PCR扩增法,获得野生型的大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的EPSP合成酶基因,分别命名为EcaroA和StaroA,分别克隆到质粒pET-11d的NcoI和BamHI酶切位点间。重组质粒分别命名为pET-EcaroA和pET-StaroA,用该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),所得转化子分别命名为BL21(EcaroA)和BL21(StaroA),作为上述含突变基因的转化子的对照。
以上所述的质粒pET-aroAM12、pET-aroAM13、pET-EcaroA和pET-StaroA的构建过程如图7所示。图7中的“aroA”代表EPSP合成酶基因aroAM12、aroAM13、EcaroA或StaroA;“pET-aroA”代表质粒pET-aroAM12、pET-aroAM13、pET-EcaroA或pET-StaroA。
实施例3、转化子aroAM12、aroAM13草甘膦抗性的检验
将转化子BL21(aroAM12)和BL21(aroAM13)以及BL21(EcaroA)和BL21(StaroA),分别接种到含有1mM IPTG、50μg/ml氨卞青霉素以及20、30或60mM草甘膦的M9基础培养基中,以200rpm、37℃空气浴的条件培养。从培养至16小时开始,每隔2小时测定一次培养液OD600,记录其生长情况,测定结果如图3至图5所示。从图3至图5的生长曲线可以看出,携带突变基因的转化子在含有60mM草甘膦的M9基本培养基上仍能生存,而携带有野生型基因的转化子在含有20mM的草甘膦的M9基本培养基上的生长已受到严重的抑制。由此可见,突变子的抗草甘膦能力比野生型有了明显提高。
实施例4、突变EPSP合成酶基因DNA序列的测定及与野生型基因的比较
将本发明的突变基因aroAM12和aroAM13分别与野生型的EPSP合成酶基因(EcaroA和StaroA)作序列相似性的比较,发现aroAM112与对照StaroA相似,aroAM13与对照EcaroA相似,分别在不同位点发生突变,结果如下述序列所示。
aroAM12编码的EPSP合成酶的氨基酸突变位点:
StaroA MESLTLQPIARVDGAINLPGSKSVSNRALLLAALPCGKTALTNLLDSDDVRHMLNALSAL 60
M12 L
AC T
VL
MN 60
StaroA GINYTLSADRTRCDITGNGGALRAPGALELFLGNAGTAMRPLAAALCLGQNEIVLTGEPR 120
M12 L
HA 120
StaroA MKERPIGHLVDSLRQGGANIDYLEQENYPPLRLRGGFTGGDIEVDGSVSSQFLTALLMTA 180
M12 180
StaroA PLAPKDTIIRVKGELVSKPYIDITLNLMKTFGVEIANHHYQQFVVKGGQQYHSPGRYLVE 240
M12 P
ED Y
ND Q
KY 240
StaroA GDASSASYFLAAGAIKGGTVKVTGIGRKSMQGDIRFADVLEKMGATITWGDDFIACTRGE 300
M12 300
StaroA LHAIDMIMNHIPDAAMTIATTALFAKGTTTLRNIYNWRVKETDRLFAMATELRKVGAEVE 360
M12 360
StaroA EGHDYIRITPPAKLQHADIGTYNDHRMAMCFSLVALSDTPVTILDPKCTAKTFPDYFEQL 420
M12 420
StaroA ARMSTPA 427
M12 427
aroAM13编码的EPSP合成酶的氨基酸突变位点:
EcaroA MESLTLQPIARVDGTINLPGSKTVSNRALLLAALAHGKTVLTNLLDSDDVRHMLNALTAL 60
aroAM13 K
SV 60
EcaroA GVSYTLSADRTRCEIIGNGGPLHAEGALELFLGNAGTAMRPLAAALCLGSNDIVLTGEPR 120
aroAM13 120
EcaroA MKERPIGHLVDALRLGGAKITYLEQENYPPLRLQGGFTGGNVDVDGSVSSQFLTALLMTA 180
aroAM13 180
EcaroA PLAPEDTVIRIKGDLVSKPYIDITLNLMKTFGVEIENQHYQQFVVKGGQSYQSPGTYLVE 240
aroAM13 240
EcaroA GDASSASYFLAAAAIKGGTVKVTGIGRNSMQGDIRFADVLEKMGATICWGDDYISCTRGE 300
aroAM13 300
EcaroA LNAIDMDMNHIPDAAMTIATAALFAKGTTRLRNIYNWRVKETDRLFAMATELRKVGAEVE 360
aroAM13 T
TL 360
EcaroA EGHDYIRITPPEKLNFAEIATYNDHRMAMCFSLVALSDTPVTILDPKCTAKTFPDYFEQL 420
aroAM13 420
EcaroA ARISQAA 427
aroAM13 427
从上述序列可见:
命名为aroAM12的DNA序列的特征是,其所编码的具有草甘膦抗性的EPSP合成酶的氨基酸序列与鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌aroA基因(StaroA)所编码的氨基酸序列相比,含有下列氨基酸置换:脯氨酸35→丙氨酸;丙氨酸40→缬氨酸;苏氨酸42→蛋氨酸;精氨酸83→组氨酸;赖氨酸185→谷氨酸;异氨酸201→天冬酰胺;谷氨酰胺230→赖氨酸。
命名为aroAM13的DNA序列的特征是,其所编码的具有草甘膦抗性的EPSP合成酶的氨基酸序列与大肠杆菌aroA基因(EcaroA)所编码的氨基酸序列相比,含有下列氨基酸置换:苏氨酸23→丝氨酸;精氨酸330→苏氨酸。
实施例5、各转化子的蛋白质表达情况的分析
分别用5ml含有50μg/ml氨卞青霉素的LB液体培养基培养转化子BL21(aroAM12)、BL21(aroAM13)以及BL21(EcaroA)、BL21(StaroA),以200rpm、37℃空气浴的条件至细胞浓度达108/ml,以1%的接种量,转接到新鲜的含有50μg/ml氨卞青霉素的LB液体培养基中,200rpm、37℃继续培养至OD600=0.75时,加入IPTG至1mM以诱导重组蛋白的合成。在前述条件下,继续培养三小时。离心收取菌体,采用Laemmli所述的方法,先用SDS-PAGE样品缓冲液重悬菌体,12.5%SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离蛋白质。电泳完毕,用20%的考马氏亮蓝染色。电泳结果如图4所示,第一道为不含质粒的大肠杆菌BL-21的蛋白粗提物;第二至第五道分别是含有质粒pET-StaroA,pET-EcaroA,pET-aroAM12和pET-aroAM13的BL-21的蛋白粗提物。从蛋白图谱上可见,经IPTG诱导之后,在所有含有质粒的转化子的蛋白样品中均检测到了EPSP合成酶45KD的特异性蛋白带(如图中箭头所指位置),而作为空白对照的不含质粒的大肠杆菌BL-21,则没有产生该蛋白带。蛋白电泳结果表明,EPSP合成酶基因得到有效表达。所检测的两个突变基因及其对照,即分别携带aroAM12、aroAM13以及EcaroA、StaroA基因的转化子,在相同培养条件下,对EPSP合成酶蛋白的表达水平没有明显不同。该结果提示我们,对草甘膦抗性的提高,不是由于EPSP合成酶表达量的提高而引起的。
实施例6、EPSP合成酶粗提物的制备
分别用5ml含有50μg/ml氨卞青霉素的LB液体培养基培养转化子aroAM12、aroAM13以及EcaroA、StaroA,以200rpm、37℃空气浴的条件至细胞浓度达108/ml,以1%的接种量,转接到新鲜的含有50μg/ml氨卞青霉素的LB液体培养基中,200rpm、37℃继续培养至OD600=0.75时,加入IPTG至1mM以诱导重组蛋白的合成。在前述条件下,继续培养三小时。离心收取菌体。用缓冲液A(50mM Tris-Cl,0.1mM DTT,pH7.2)重悬菌体。细胞悬液置-70℃冻结,再在室温中重融。然后用Fluko公司的乳化机处理细胞悬液使其破壁。以12000rpm离心30分钟,弃去细胞碎片。上清液即为EPSP合成酶粗提物,可用于有关该酶的各项指标的测定。
实施例7、制备S-3-P(shikimate-3-phosphate)
S-3-P的制备采取P.F.Knowles等的方法,从Klebsiella pneumoniae(ATCC 25597)的培养液中提取。接种该菌于12升营养肉汤液体培养基(酵母提取物2.8g/L,牛肉膏7.8g/L,酪蛋白7.8g/L,葡萄糖5.6g/L,氯化钠5.6g/L,pH7.5)中,37℃振摇培养90小时。离心去菌体,用盐酸调节上清液pH至3,并加入0.5ml甲苯,上30目活性炭柱,依次用2升已用盐酸调节pH至2.5的水:1.5%,5%和10%的乙醇洗柱。最后,用500ml没酸化的5%乙醇洗柱子一次。然后,用2.5升5%乙醇、3升10%乙醇、2升25%乙醇洗脱所要的S-3-P。合并所有的洗脱液,用真空干燥法干燥除水,得到糖浆状的残留物。把该糖浆状物溶于150ml水中,用氨水调pH至7,加入100ml乙酸钡与之反应,然后加乙醇至80%(v/v)的浓度,0℃放置过夜。离心收取沉淀,并用75%乙醇洗沉淀两次,用无水乙醇洗沉淀一次,真空干燥后,便获得S3P的钡盐,可用于EPSP合成酶酶活的测定。
实施例8、EPSP合成酶活力及米氏常数的测定
EPSP合成酶活力的测定采用Lanzetta所述的孔雀绿显色定量测定无机磷的方法。反应系统含有50mM Hepes/NaOH,pH7.2,1mM PEP,0.5mM S-3-P,0.1mM(NH4)Mo7O24·4H2O。各组分按量加好后,先在30℃预热5分钟,然后加入适量上述粗提酶液,酶反应持续20分钟,即加入孔雀绿溶液终止反应。精确反应60秒,立刻加入34%柠檬酸钠溶液,混匀后静置15分钟,测定0D660,所用的空白对照管的成分与反应管起始成分相同,区别在于没有酶作用的时间,即加入酶液后,立刻加入孔雀绿溶液,其它各步操作与酶反应管相同。
米氏常数的测定,采用传统的双倒数作图法。测定结果如表一所示。
表一
酶的名称 | 酶的比活a(nkat/mg protein) | 米氏常数Km(PEP) b(mM) | 米氏常数Ki[草甘膦] c(mM) |
StaroAEcaroAaroA-M12aroA-M13 | 0.096±0.0140.107±0.0151.358±0.211.245±0.20 | 0.801±0.0080.464±0.0140.038±0.00040.025±0.002 | 0.003±0.0010.012±0.0010.351±0.0280.338±0.017 |
a.酶的比活,是在底物过量的条件下,即在含1.0mMPEP和0.5mM S-3-P的反应系统中测定的酶的比活力。
b.表示底物之一PEP所对应的米氏常数,反应系统中,S-3-P的含量固定在0.5mM,而PEP则取由0.1mM至0.5mM的一系列变化值。
c.表示PEP的竞争性抑制剂草甘膦与酶的解离常数。
d.以上各数据均为对两批EPSP合成酶粗提物,各测定三次后获得。
虽然在现有的报导中,不乏用遗传工程的手段使第一类EPSP合成酶的草甘膦抗性提高的成功例子。但是,第一类酶却有一个典型的特点:抗性的提高,伴随着酶与底物之一PEP的亲和力的下降,也即K[PEP]的增大,从而导致酶的催化效率的下降。前述的较成功的例子,即将突变后的第101位脯氨酸变成丝氨酸的鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的aroA基因转化烟草,使烟草对草甘膦表现出较强的抗性;以及将突变后的第96位甘氨酸变成丙氨酸的大肠杆菌的aroA基因转化豌豆,因EPSP合成酶对草甘膦亲和力的降低而使转化后的豌豆表现出较高水平的草甘膦抗性,都属于这种情况。由于K[PEP]的增大,降低了酶的催化效率,因此抗性的获得,依赖于EPSP合成酶的过量表达,而这样往往会导致作物产量的减少。
从测序结果亦可见,酶蛋白的突变,是由于氨基酸的置换而非由于氨基酸的增加或缺失而引起的。并且,发生置换的氨基酸,并不包含在前人报导的与酶的活性中心或酶与底物(包括PEP,S-3-P和草甘膦)的结合位点相关的氨基酸中。根据前人的研究推测,K22,R27,G96,R100和P101等氨基酸是酶与底物S-3-P结合的相关位点;而H385,C408和K411等氨基酸则和酶与PEP的结合有关。并且,本发明所涉及的氨基酸置换,也未见有关其在草甘膦抗性中起重要作用的报导。
本发明创立了一个独特而有效的基因优化的方法,在传统PCR扩增法的基础上加以改良,选用了多于一个的模板,并设计出与之相适应的引物,通过随机结合,交错延伸的PCR扩增过程,克服了定点突变的局限性,增大了基因突变的几率和幅度。并运用本方法,获得了发生多点突变的EPSP合成酶基因,从中筛选到正向突变的两个高抗性的突变子,与作为模板的野生型酶相比,具有高得多的酶活力(降低的K[PEP])和大大增强的草甘膦抗性(升高的Ki[草甘膦])。这是首次有关第一类EPSP合成酶具有该性质的报导。aroAM12的Ki[草甘膦]比鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的提高了117倍,而K[PEP]却仅为鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的0.047%。aroAM13的Ki[草甘膦]比大肠杆菌的提高了28倍,而K[PEP]却仅为大肠杆菌的0.054%。aroAM12的Ki[草甘膦]/K[PEP]值比鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌的增大了2600倍;而aroAM13的Ki[草甘膦]/K[PEP]值比大肠杆菌的增大了510倍。本发明提供的两个突变基因,都有望成为构建抗草甘膦农作物新品种的优良材料。
序列表1
1.序列特征:长度:1284bp;类型:核酸及相应蛋白质;链数:单链;几何结构:线性;
2.分子类型:DNA;
3.来源:人工合成;
4.序列描述:SEQ ID NO.1
ATG GAA TCC CTG ACG TTA CAA CCC ATC GCG CGG GTC GAT GGC GCC ATT 48
M E S L T L Q P I A R V D G A I
1 5 10 15
AAT TTA CCT GGC TCC AAA AGT GTT TCA AAC CGT GCT TTG CTC CTG GCG 96
N L P G S K S V S N R A L L L A
20 25 30
GCT TTA GCT TGT GGT AAA ACC GTT CTG ATG AAT CTG CTG GAT AGC GAT 144
A L A C G K T V L M N L L D S D
35 40 45
GAC GTC CGC CAT ATG CTC AAT GCC CTG AGC GCG TTG GGG ATC AAT TAC 192
D V R H M L N A L S A L G I N Y
50 55 60
ACC CTT TCT GCC GAT CGC ACC CGC TGT GAT ATC ACG GGT AAT GGC GGC 240
T L S A D R T R C D I T G N G G
65 70 75 80
GCA TTA CAT GCG CCA GGC GCT CTG GAA CTG TTT CTC GGT AAT GCC GGA 288
A L H A P G A L E L F L G N A G
85 90 95
ACC GCG ATG CGT CCG TTA GCG GCA GCG CTT TGT CTG GGG CAA AAT GAG 336
T A M R P L A A A L C L G Q N E
100 105 110
ATA GTG TTA ACC GGC GAA CCG CGT ATG AAA GAG CGT CCG ATA GGC CAT 384
I V L T G E P R M K E R P I G H
115 120 125
CTG GTC GAT TCG CTG CGT CAG GGC GGG GCG AAT ATT GAT TAC CTG GAG 432
L V D S L R Q G G A N I D Y L E
130 135 140
CAG GAA AAC TAT CCG CCC CTG CGT CTG CGC GGC GGT TTT ACC GGC GGC 480
Q E N Y P P L R L R G G F T G G
145 150 155 160
GAC ATT GAG GTT GAT GGT AGC GTT TCC AGC CAG TTC CTG ACC GCT CTG 528
D I E V D G S V S S Q F L T A L
165 170 175
CTG ATG ACG GCG CCG CTG GCG CCT GAA GAC ACA ATT ATT CGC GTT AAA 576
L M T A P L A P E D T I I R V K
180 185 190
GGC GAA CTG GTA TCA AAA CCT TAC AAC GAT ATC ACG CTA AAT TTA ATG 624
G E L V S K P Y N D I T L N L M
195 200 205
AAA ACC TTT GGC GTG GAG ATA GCG AAC CAT CAC TAC CAA CAA TTT GTC 672
K T F G V E I A N H H Y Q Q F V
210 215 220
GTG AAG GGC GGT CAA AAG TAT CAC TCT CCA GGT CGC TAT CTG GTC GAG 720
V K G G Q K Y H S P G R Y L V E
225 230 235 240
GGC GAT GCC TCG TCA GCG TCC TAT TTT CTC GCC GCT GGG GCG ATA AAA 768
G D A S S A S Y F L A A G A I K
245 250 255
GGC GGC ACG GTA AAA GTG ACC GGG ATT GGC CGC AAA AGT ATG CAG GGC 816
G G T V K V T G I G R K S M Q G
260 265 270
GAT ATT CGT TTT GCC GAT GTG CTG GAG AAA ATG GGC GCG ACC ATT ACC 864
D I R F A D V L E K M G A T I T
275 280 285
TGG GGC GAT GAT TTT ATT GCC TGC ACG CGC GGC GAA TTG CAC GCC ATA 912
W G D D F I A C T R G E L H A I
290 295 300
GAT ATG GAT ATG AAC CAT ATT CCG GAT GCG GCG ATG ACG ATT GCC ACC 960
D M D M N H I P D A A M T I A T
305 310 315 320
ACG GCG CTG TTT GCG AAA GGA ACC ACG ACG TTG CGC AAT ATT TAT AAC 1008
T A L F A K G T T T L R N I Y N
325 330 335
TGG CGA GTG AAA GAA ACC GAT CGC CTG TTC GCG ATG GCG ACC GAG CTA 1056
W R V K E T D R L F A M A T E L
340 345 350
CGT AAA GTG GGC GCT GAA GTC GAA GAA GGG CAC GAC TAT ATT CGT ATC 1104
R K V G A E V E E G H D Y I R I
355 360 365
ACG CCG CCG GCG AAG CTC CAA CAC GCG GAT ATT GGC ACG TAC AAC GAC 1152
T P P A K L Q H A D I G T Y N D
370 375 380
CAC CGT ATG GCG ATG TGT TTC TCA CTG GTC GCA CTG TCC GAT ACG CCA 1200
H R M A M C F S L V A L S D T P
385 390 395 400
GTC ACG ATC CTG GAC CCT AAA TGT ACC GCA AAA ACG TTC CCT GAT TAT 1248
V T I L D P K C T A K T F P D Y
405 410 415
TTC GAA CAA CTG GCG CGA ATG AGT ACG CCT GCC TAA 1284
F E Q L A R M S T P A *
420 425
序列表2
1.序列特征:长度:1284bp;类型:核酸及相应蛋白质;链数:单链;几何结构:线性;
2.分子类型:DNA;
3.来源:人工合成;
4.序列描述:SEQ ID NO.2
ATG GAA TCC CTG ACG TTA CAA CCC ATC GCT CGT GTC GAT GGC ACT ATT 48
M E S L T L Q P I A R V D G T I
1 5 10 15
AAT CTG CCC GGT TCC AAG AGC GTT TCT AAC CGC GCT TTA TTG CTG GCG 96
N L P G S K S V S N R A L L L A
20 25 30
GCA TTA GCA CAC GGC AAA ACA GTA TTA ACC AAT CTG CTG GAT AGC GAT 144
A L A H G K T V L T N L L D S D
35 40 45
GAC GTG CGC CAT ATG CTG AAT GCA TTA ACA GCG TTA GGG GTA AGC TAT 192
D V R H M L N A L T A L G V S Y
50 55 60
ACG CTT TCA GCC GAT CGT ACG CGT TGC GAA ATT ATC GGT AAC GGC GGT 240
T L S A D R T R C E I I G N G G
65 70 75 80
CCA TTA CAC GCA GAA GGT GCC CTG GAG TTG TTC CTC GGT AAC GCC GGA 288
P L H A E G A L E L F L G N A G
85 90 95
ACG GCA ATG CGT CCG CTG GCG GCA GCT CTT TGT CTG GGT AGC AAT GAT 336
T A M R P L A A A L C L G S N D
100 105 110
ATT GTG CTG ACC GGT GAG CCG CGT ATG AAA GAA CGC CCG ATT GGT CAT 384
I V L T G E P R M K E R P I G H
115 120 125
CTG GTG GAT GCG CTG CGC CTG GGC GGG GCG AAG ATC ACT TAC CTG GAA 432
L V D A L R L G G A K I T Y L E
130 135 140
CAA GAA AAT TAT CCG CCG TTG CGT TTA CAG GGC GGC TTT ACT GGC GGC 480
Q E N Y P P L R L Q G G F T G G
145 150 155 160
AAC GTT GAC GTT GAT GGC TCC GTT TCC AGC CAA TTC CTC ACC GCA CTG 528
N V D V D G S V S S Q F L T A L
165 170 175
TTA ATG ACT GCG CCT CTT GCG CCG GAA GAT ACG GTG ATT CGT ATT AAA 576
L M T A P L A P E D T V I R I K
180 185 190
GGC GAT CTG GTT TCT AAA CCT TAT ATC GAC ATC ACA CTC AAT CTG ATG 624
G D L V S K P Y I D I T L N L M
195 200 205
AAG ACG TTT GGT GTT GAA ATT GAA AAT CAG CAC TAT CAA CAA TTT GTC 672
K T F G V E I E N Q H Y Q Q F V
210 215 220
GTA AAA GGC GGG CAG TCT TAT CAG TCT CCG GGT ACT TAT TTG GTC GAA 720
V K G G Q S Y Q S P G T Y L V E
225 230 235 240
GGC GAT GCA TCT TCG GCT TCT TAC TTT CTG GCA GCA GCA GCA ATC AAA 768
G D A S S A S Y F L A A A A I K
245 250 255
GGC GGC ACT GTA AAA GTG ACC GGT ATT GGA CGT AAC AGT ATG CAG GGT 816
G G T V K V T G I G R N S M Q G
260 265 270
GAT ATT CGC TTT GCT GAT GTG CTG GAA AAA ATG GGC GCG ACC ATT TGC 864
D I R F A D V L E K M G A T I C
275 280 285
TGG GGC GAT GAT TAT ATT TCC TGC ACG CGT GGT GAA CTG AAC GCT ATT 912
W G D D Y I S C T R G E L N A I
290 295 300
GAT ATG GAT ATG AAC CAT ATT CCT GAT GCG GCG ATG ACC ATT GCC ACG 960
D M D M N H I P D A A M T I A T
305 310 315 320
GCG GCG TTA TTT GCA AAA GGC ACC ACC ACG CTG CGC AAT ATC TAT AAC 1008
A A L F A K G T T T L R N I Y N
325 330 335
TGG CGT GTT AAA GAG ACC GAT CGC CTG TTT GCG ATG GCA ACA GAA CTG 1056
W R V K E T D R L F A M A T E L
340 345 350
CGT AAA GTC GGC GCG GAA GTG GAA GAG GGG CAC GAT TAC ATT CGT ATC 1104
R K V G A E V E E G H D Y I R I
355 360 365
ACA CCT CCG GAA AAA CTG AAC TTT GCC GAG ATC GCG ACA TAC AAT GAT 1152
T P P E K L N F A E I A T Y N D
370 375 380
CAC CGG ATG GCG ATG TGT TTC TCG CTG GTG GCG TTG TCA GAT ACA CCA 1200
H R M A M C F S L V A L S D T P
385 390 395 400
GTG ACG ATT CTT GAT CCC AAA TGC ACG GCC AAA ACA TTT CCG GAT TAT 1248
V T I L D P K C T A K T F P D Y
405 410 415
TTC GAG CAG CTG GCG CGG ATT AGC CAG GCA GCC TGA 1284
F E Q L A R I S Q A A *
420 425
Claims (3)
1.一种aroAM13的DNA序列,其特征是其所编码的具有草甘膦抗性的EPSP合成酶与大肠杆菌aroA基因所编码的氨基酸序列相比,只含有下列氨基酸置换:苏氨酸23→丝氨酸和精氨酸330→苏氨酸。
2.含有权利要求1所述的aroAM13 DNA序列的质粒pET-aroAM13,其特征是权利要求1所述的aroAM13 DNA序列插入到质粒pET11d的NcoI和Bam HI酶切位点之间。
3.命名为BL21(aroAM13)的具有草甘膦抗性的转化子,由如权利要求2所述的质粒pET-aroAM13转化大肠杆菌BL-21(DE3)而获得。
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CN95104094A Expired - Fee Related CN1083850C (zh) | 1994-03-15 | 1995-03-15 | 微胶囊型固化剂和热固性树脂组合物 |
CN01104745A Pending CN1314243A (zh) | 1994-03-15 | 2001-02-19 | 预浸渍物以及纤维增强的复合材料 |
CNB2005100671223A Expired - Fee Related CN1321184C (zh) | 1994-03-15 | 2001-05-24 | 一种以基因优化方法获得的抗草甘膦基因及其表达载体 |
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CN95104094A Expired - Fee Related CN1083850C (zh) | 1994-03-15 | 1995-03-15 | 微胶囊型固化剂和热固性树脂组合物 |
CN01104745A Pending CN1314243A (zh) | 1994-03-15 | 2001-02-19 | 预浸渍物以及纤维增强的复合材料 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US5589523A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0672707B1 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR950032394A (zh) |
CN (3) | CN1083850C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69531641T2 (zh) |
TW (1) | TW305860B (zh) |
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- 1995-03-15 CN CN95104094A patent/CN1083850C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1995-06-06 US US08/468,445 patent/US5589523A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0672707A2 (en) | 1995-09-20 |
CN1083850C (zh) | 2002-05-01 |
DE69531641T2 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
US5589523A (en) | 1996-12-31 |
CN1314243A (zh) | 2001-09-26 |
EP0672707B1 (en) | 2003-09-03 |
TW305860B (zh) | 1997-05-21 |
EP0672707A3 (en) | 1996-07-03 |
DE69531641D1 (de) | 2003-10-09 |
US5726222A (en) | 1998-03-10 |
KR950032394A (ko) | 1995-12-20 |
CN1112142A (zh) | 1995-11-22 |
CN1680556A (zh) | 2005-10-12 |
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