CN1320540A - 一种将压缩蒸气再液化的装置 - Google Patents

一种将压缩蒸气再液化的装置 Download PDF

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CN1320540A
CN1320540A CN01104584A CN01104584A CN1320540A CN 1320540 A CN1320540 A CN 1320540A CN 01104584 A CN01104584 A CN 01104584A CN 01104584 A CN01104584 A CN 01104584A CN 1320540 A CN1320540 A CN 1320540A
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J·波兹维尔
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Abstract

一种用在船上将压缩蒸气再液化的装置,其采用部件预装件的形式。再液化在一闭式循环中进行。该循环中,工作流体在至少一个压缩机22、24、26中被压缩,经一个第一热交换器40被冷却,经一涡轮28膨胀,由第二热交换器46加热,在第二热交换器46中被压缩了的蒸气至少被部分冷凝。该装置包括一个第一预装件72和一个第二预装件82。第一预装件72包括第二热交换器40;第二预装件82包括第一热交换器46,压缩机22、24、26以及膨胀涡轮28。预装件72和82分别装在平台70和80上。

Description

一种将压缩蒸气再液化的装置
本发明涉及一种经组装后能用来再液化压缩蒸汽的装置，特别是一种用于船板上对气态天然气蒸汽再液化的装置。
天然气在液化状态下通常要运送很长的距离。比如，用海轮将液化天然气从天然气被液化的第一地点运送到第二地点，液化天然气在这里气化后被送到天然气分配系统。由于天然气液化需在深冷条件下进行，如-100℃以下，因此在任何实际存在的存贮系统中，液化的天然气都在不断地气化，这就需要一个装置来将气化的天然气再液化。该装置中，所进行的制冷循环包括：将一工作流体在多个压缩机中压缩；将压缩后的工作流体通过间接热交换冷却下来；使工作流体膨胀；以间接热交换的方式加热膨胀后的工作流体；以及将被加热的工作流体返回到其中一个压缩机中。天然气蒸气在压缩循环的下游经与工作流体间接热交换后至少部分得到冷凝，同时工作流体加热。美国专利文献US3857245中公开了一个采用这种制冷方式装置的例子。
根据美国专利文献US3857245，工作流体取自天然气自身，因此制冷循环为开式循环。工作流体的膨胀是由阀门来完成的，所获得的是部分冷凝的天然气。部分冷凝的天然气被分成气、液两相，液相被送回到存贮容器，气相则与准备送到燃烧器去燃烧的天然气混合。由于工作流体在同一个热交换器中被加热和冷却，因此只需一个热交换器。热交换器布置在一个滑板式的第一平台而工作流体压缩机则布置在一个滑板式的第二平台。
现在，都优先采用非燃性气体来做工作流体，而且，为了减少外部供给的压缩功，优选采用膨胀涡轮而不是阀门来膨胀工作流体。
专利文献WO-A-98/43029中给出了一个包括这些改进的装置的例子。这里采用了两个热交换器，一个用来使工作流体与被压缩的气态天然气热交换，工作流体被加热的同时气态天然气被部分冷凝，另一个用来冷却被压缩的工作流体。此外，工作流体在两个独立的压缩机中被压缩，其中一个与膨胀涡轮相连。虽然专利文献WO-A-98/43029没有公开，但这种装置通常都是按如下方式装在船板上的，即热交换器和与涡轮相连的压缩机位于货物机房，而其它的压缩机则位于发动机房内，这就需要简化这种装置的机械布置。
本发明提供一种装置，该装置在组装后通过一方法能用来将压缩蒸气再液化，其中该方法包括一个主要为闭式的制冷循环，该制冷循环包括：在至少一个压缩机中压缩一工作流体；在第一热交换器内通过间接热交换来冷却工作流体，在至少一个膨胀涡轮中膨胀冷却了的工作流体，在第二热交换器中通过间接热交换来加热膨胀了的工作流体，将加热了的、膨胀了的工作流体通过第一热交换器返回到所述压缩机，在第二热交换器中将压缩了的蒸气至少部分冷凝，其中该装置包括一个第一支撑平台和一个第二支撑平台，一个包括第二热交换器的第一预装件位于第一平台上，一个第二预装件位于第二平台上，其特征在于：所述压缩机、所述膨胀涡轮以及第一热交换器均在第二预装件中。
通过将所述压缩机和所述膨胀涡轮装在同一平台上，就可将它们一起放到该装置所用海轮的发动机房内，或者海轮甲板室内一个专门通风的货物电机房内。在这些地方，压缩机和膨胀涡轮必须达到的安全要求并不比船上的其它部分如不带通风的货物机房高。因此可对装置进行简化。此外，通过将压缩机和膨胀涡轮放置在同一平台上，它们可合并成一个机器。如果需要，所述压缩机和所述膨胀涡轮可装在同一轴上，或者，作为选择它们在操作上可连在同一齿轮箱上。采用一个单一的压缩/膨胀机不仅能简化该装置，还有助于本发明装置组装前在船板上对机器进行测试。
所有与所述压缩机相连的级间冷却器和后冷却器都位于第二平台上。这样可对已知现有装置做进一步简化。现有装置中，压缩机位于船体的不同部位，因此冷却水也要求供到这些部位。
压缩/膨胀机优选为不超过三级压缩。
所述压缩机和所述膨胀涡轮优选采用能够将从工作流体循环渗漏出来的工作流体减到最少的密封。因此，不能采用常规的迷宫式密封而要采用干气密封或浮碳环密封。尽管如此，装置还需包括一个备用工作流体源。通过将工作流体的损失减到最少，所需要的备用工作流体源也同样可减到最少。由于工作流体在循环低压侧所需的压力通常在10到20bar(1000到2000kPa)之间，所以这使得所用任何备用工作流体压缩机的尺寸都很小。如果用氮作为工作流体，就可使用压力已处于所需压力的氮源，从而不再需要任何备用工作流体压缩机。如，备用氮源是一组压缩氮气缸，或者，如果船上有液氮源，则可用一个液氮蒸发器在10到20bar之间一个所选压力下来气化并提供气氮。这种液氮蒸发器属于公知技术。
本发明优选方案为，在第三平台上有一个包括备用工作流体供应装置的预装件。
用于本发明装置中的平台优选为滑板式。
第一热交换器优选位于第一绝热外套中，第二热交换器位于第二绝热外套中。
尽管本发明装置特别适合于用在对天然气再液化，但其同样可用来再液化在船罐中运输的其它挥发性液体或有机化合物的蒸气，也可用来再液化存贮在罐中的其它挥发性液体或有机化合物的蒸气，所述罐可以是岸上装置的部件，也可以是离岸装置的部件。
下面参见附图，采用举例的方式来描述本发明装置，附图示意性的展示了装置中的不同的预装件以及流体的流路。
附图并非按比例绘制。
参见附图，在船2的底舱内有绝热罐4来存贮液化天然气(LNG)。船2还有一个发动机房6和一个甲板舱8，甲板舱8被分成不需专门通风的货物机房8A和需专门通风保证安全的货物电机房8B。
当LNG在低温下沸腾时，通常不可避免地总是有一小部分LNG连续气化出存贮罐4，生成的蒸气大多数都流到气化压缩机14，气化压缩机14通常位于货物机房8A而其电机则位于货物电机房8B，压缩机14的轴上带有隔壁式密封结构(图中未示出)。压缩机14将过量天然气蒸气压缩到一个通过与工作流体间接热交换能使其部分或全部冷凝的合适的压力。(通常情况下，如果没有蒸气再液化装置，气化气就用来给一个或多个与蒸汽涡轮推进系统相连的锅炉加热或用于柴油机或内燃机。本发明的装置中，任何过量蒸气通常也可如此使用。)通常为氮的工作流体在一个闭式循环中流动。现在来描述该闭式循环。
工作流体氮在循环压力最低处通过入口进入到压缩/膨胀机20中的第一压缩段22并流过压缩段26的下游和一个单一的涡轮膨胀机28。其中压缩/膨胀机20(有时也称作“压缩膨胀机”)有三个串联的压缩段22、24和26。三个压缩段和涡轮膨胀器都装在同一个由电机32或其它合适的驱动装置驱动的驱动轴30上。作为选择，压缩段22、24、26以及涡轮膨胀机28在操作上可与一个齿轮箱(图中未示出)相连，并带有各自独立的驱动轴(图中未示出)。然而，无论该结构如何，包括电机32的压缩/膨胀机20要么位于发动机房6中要么位于货物电机房8B中。运行中，氮按顺序流过压缩/膨胀机20中的压缩段22、24、26，并在压缩段22、24之间被第一个级间冷却器34冷却到大约环境温度，在压缩段24和压缩段26之间，经压缩的氮被第二级间冷却器36冷却。此外，离开最后一个压缩段26的压缩氮气还在后冷却器38中被冷却。冷却器34、36和38所用的水由船上的纯水回路(图中未示出)提供，从这些冷却器出来的水还可返回到船2上纯水回路中的水净化系统中(图中未示出)。
后冷却器38的下游，压缩氮气流过第一热交换器40并在其中与返回的氮流间接热交换器而被进一步冷却。该热交换器位于绝热容器42内，绝热容器42有时也被称为“冷箱”。热交换器40及其绝热容器42与压缩/膨胀机20一样位于发动机房6内或船2上的货物电机房8B内。
所得的压缩了的冷却氮流流到涡轮膨胀机28并在其中膨胀对外作功。该外部功可用作压缩段22、24、26中压缩氮气的一部分能量。因此涡轮膨胀机28可减少电机32的负荷。工作流体氮膨胀后其温度降低，该温度适于将压缩了的天然气蒸气部分或全部冷凝。膨胀后的工作流体氮流到绝热容器48(“冷箱”)内的第二热交换器46，并将经压缩机14压缩后逆流穿过绝热容器48的天然气蒸气部分或全部冷凝。热交换器46和绝热容器48均在货物机房8A中。
这里，工作流体氮在与冷凝天然气蒸气的热交换过程中被加热，然后其流过第一热交换器40并为其提供所需冷量后回到压缩段22的入口，从而完成工作流体循环。
虽然如图所推导出来的一样，通过热交换器46有可能将天然气流完全液化，但实际操作中仅有一部分(通常从80％到99％)的天然气被冷凝。根据众所周知的热力学原理，冷凝效率取决于冷凝发生时的压力和温度。冷凝液与残留蒸气的混合物流过一个相分离器50(其位于冷箱48中)并在其中将液相与气相分离，液相从相分离器50返回到罐4中，而剩下的蒸气可根据其组成被送到任何配用锅炉或排到大气中。
图中所示的装置在运行中，气化的天然气通常在4.5bar左右的压力和-70℃左右的温度下离开压缩机14，离开热交换器46时的温度根据其成分和冷凝比在-140℃到-150℃之间变化。循环工作流体氮通常在20℃到40℃之间和12bar到16bar之间进入第一压缩段22。氮离开后冷却器38的温度通常为25℃到50℃之间、压力在40bar到50bar之间。在第一热交换器40中通常被冷却到约-110℃到-120℃之间。经涡轮膨胀机28膨胀后的压力在12bar和16bar之间、温度则低到足以使天然气在第二热交换器46中实现冷凝。
虽然工作流体氮的循环基本为闭式循环，但在压缩/膨胀机20的各个压缩和膨胀的密封处总会有一些氮的损失。如上所述，这种损失可通过选择合适的密封而减到最少。然而，还是要为该闭式循环提供备用的氮气。该氮气的加入优选为在循环中氮压力最低的地方。为此，本发明装置最好包括一个备用氮气提供装置60，提供装置60可包括如一组氮气缸。如果含有少量的碳氢化合物，则还可能使用相分离器50中分离出来的气态氮作为备用氮源。如果真是这样，则还需要一个小的备用压缩机(图中未示出)将氮气加压到第一压缩段22的入口压力。
根据本发明，采用氮循环的装置可一起装在两个预装件中，这两个预装件分别位于滑板式的平台上。因此，第二热交换器46及其绝热容器48和相离器50及所有必须的管道都预装在一起形成一个第一预装件72，其中相分离器50最好为与热交换器46一样放在同一绝热容器中。第一预装件装配在一个滑板式的第一平台70上。压缩/膨胀机20和热交换器40及其绝热容器42还有所有必须的管道都预装在一起以形成一个第二预装件82，第二预装件82位于一个滑板式的平台80上。如果需要，备用氮气提供装置60可装在一个滑板式的第三平台90上，还可以将气化压缩机装配在一个位于货物机房8A内的、滑板式第四平台100上。预装件优选为在预装现场进行测试，再运到船上或其它安装预装件的轮船上，然后用绝热管或管道将其按正确方式连接起来，从而使装置能按本发明正常工作。
根据本发明，该装置还可以有不同的变化并增加其它部件。比如，如前所述，所有进入第二热交换器46的天然气蒸气可在其中被完全冷凝，从而可将相分离器50省去。此外，如果需要，可使工作流体循环产生的冷量多于天然气蒸气部分或全部冷凝时所需要的冷量。这样，额外的冷量可用于其它冷却目的，而为了实现该冷却，可能还需要提供一个额外的热交换器。

Claims (10)

1、一种组装后通过一方法用来将压缩蒸气再液化的装置，其中的方法包括进行一个基本为闭式的制冷循环，该制冷循环包括：在至少一个压缩机中压缩一工作流体；在第一热交换器内通过间接热交换来冷却工作流体；在至少一个膨胀涡轮中膨胀冷却了的工作流体；在第二热交换器中通过间接热交换来加热膨胀了的工作流体；将加热了的膨胀了的工作流体通过第一热交换器返回到所述压缩机；并且在第二热交换器中将压缩了蒸气至少部分冷凝；其中该装置包括一个第一支撑平台和一个第二支撑平台，一个包括第二热交换器的第一预装件位于第一平台上，一个第二预装件位于第二平台上，其特征在于：所述压缩机、所述膨胀涡轮以及第一热交换器均在第二预装件中。
2、如权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述压缩机和所述膨胀涡轮组装成一个单一的机器。
3、如权利要求1或2所述的装置，其中所有与所述压缩机相连的级间冷却器和后冷却器都位于第二平台上。
4、如前述权利要求中任何一项所述的装置，其中所述压缩机和所述膨胀涡轮采用干气密封或浮碳环密封，从而在运行中使工作流体循环中渗漏出来的工作流体减到最少。
5、如前述权利要求中任何一项所述的装置，还包括一个备用工作流体源。
6、如权利要求5所述的装置，还在第三平台上有一个包括备用工作流体供应装置的第三预装件。
7、如前述权利要求中任何一项所述的装置，其中第一和第二平台为滑板式的。
8、如前述权利要求中任何一项所述的装置，还包括将未液化蒸气返回到存贮罐的装置，需要再液化的蒸气从该贮罐放出。
9、如前述权利要求中任何一项所述的装置，还包括将未液化蒸气输送到内燃机或柴油机入口的装置。
10、一种船或海轮，其包括前述任何一项权利要求所述的装置。
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US6530241B2 (en) 2003-03-11
ATE340346T1 (de) 2006-10-15
DE60123143D1 (de) 2006-11-02
US20010018833A1 (en) 2001-09-06
ES2269310T3 (es) 2007-04-01
CN1172149C (zh) 2004-10-20
DE60123143T2 (de) 2007-09-06
GB0001801D0 (en) 2000-03-22
EP1120615A3 (en) 2002-01-09
JP2001248977A (ja) 2001-09-14
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EP1120615A2 (en) 2001-08-01

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