CN1296476A - 1-(2-磺乙基)吡啶鎓内铵盐的合成 - Google Patents
1-(2-磺乙基)吡啶鎓内铵盐的合成 Download PDFInfo
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- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- WXNLLEDALLWEDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pyridin-1-ium-1-ylethanesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)CC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 WXNLLEDALLWEDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 2
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 title 1
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- VSANMHWDSONVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbyl sulfate Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCOS(=O)(=O)O1 VSANMHWDSONVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethenesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
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- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- XVMSFILGAMDHEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(4-aminophenyl)sulfonylpyridin-3-amine Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=N1 XVMSFILGAMDHEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 2
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PAAZPARNPHGIKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibromoethane Chemical compound BrCCBr PAAZPARNPHGIKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromotrifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)Br RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QKBVTWDBOAOUNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenesulfonic acid;pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=C QKBVTWDBOAOUNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- BBFCIBZLAVOLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;bromide Chemical compound Br.C1=CC=NC=C1 BBFCIBZLAVOLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom containing only one pyridine ring
- C07D213/20—Quaternary compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B45/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing sulfur
- C07B45/02—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing sulfur of sulfo or sulfonyldioxy groups
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及生产1-(2-磺乙基)吡啶鎓内铵盐的方法,包括在水溶液中或吡啶中,吡啶与选自亚乙基磺酸酐、乙二磺酸或其盐和乙烯基磺酸或乙烯基磺酸盐的磺乙基化剂反应。
Description
本发明涉及1-(2-磺乙基)吡啶鎓内铵盐的制备。
1-(2-磺乙基)吡啶鎓内铵盐(PES)属于由磺基内铵盐构成的一类化合物,包括其中阳电荷是在氮原子上和阴电荷是在磺基上的内盐(两性离子化合物)。PES是一种重要的化合物,例如,在镍的电解沉积中作为辅助光亮剂。
WO 91/16474叙述了在镍从酸性镍沿沉淀中,PES用作辅助光亮剂。辅助光亮剂被用于平坦的粗糙表面,它是从镍电解液的镍沉积而得,这种光亮剂的使用不会变脆沉积物。为了提高镍涂料的质量,它们几乎总是与一种或多种产生光亮而不是无光泽的镍沉积物的底层光亮剂一起使用。
PES的制备已描述于文献中。
US 3131189公开了从亚乙基磺酸酐或其衍生物和叔胺合成季铵内铵盐。特别描述了在室温下在二氯乙烷中从吡啶和亚乙基磺酸酐合成PES。
J.Org.Chem.29(1964)2489也叙述了在二氯乙烷中亚乙基磺酸酐与吡啶的反应,PES的产率为60%。
然而,在这两种方法中,完成的批量都较小,大约5g PES的范围。另外的缺点是有机溶剂如二氯乙烷的使用,已有报导称在动物试验中它们是致癌物。
在J.Org.Chem.26(1961)4520中报导了PES的两步合成法。第一步,吡啶与1,2-二溴乙烷反应生成溴乙基取代的溴化吡啶鎓,然后,再与亚硫酸钠反应得到PES。
FR-B 2270241叙述了用乙烯磺酸的脂族酯作为磺化剂磺乙基化叔胺的方法,产物是叔胺的磺乙基内铵盐,产率达95%的PES。该方法的缺点是,所用乙烯基磺酸酯比乙烯基磺酸费用更高。这些酯必须首先由原甲酸烷基酯、氯甲酸酯或氯亚硫酸烷基酯酯化相应的酸类制备,或如H.Distler,Angew.Chem。77(1965)291所述。通过醇盐与β-氯乙磺酰氯反应来制备。另一缺点是,作为废物产生化学计算量的酯醇。
Bull.Soc.Chim.Fr.1973,7-8,2404叙述了从乙烯磺酸和/或其盐和叔胺制备磺基内铵盐类,包括PES。从乙烯磺酸开始合成PES是非常困难的。无溶剂盐乙烯基磺酸吡啶鎓在低于150℃下加热,只能得到痕量PES。吡啶与乙烯基磺酸盐在沸腾的乙酸中反应,虽然反应非常慢,但转化率较好。
本发明的目的是提供一种成本一效果工业适合的PES合成法。另一目的是克服上述先有技术中,不使用可能会致癌的氯化有机溶剂。
本发明提供的PES制备方法实现了上述目的。本发明制备PES的方法包括,在水溶液或在吡啶中。吡啶与选自亚乙基磺酸酐、乙二磺酸及其盐和乙烯基磺酸和乙烯基磺酸盐的磺乙基化剂反应。
本发明的方法提供了工业规模可实施的成本一效果较好的合成法。它能够避免可能致癌的昂贵的氯化有机溶剂的使用,并且该合成法可以“一釜法”进行,即一步法不必分离中间体。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,可以通过在水溶液中吡啶与选自亚乙基磺酸酐、乙二磺酸及其盐和乙烯基磺酸和乙烯基磺酸盐的磺乙基化剂反应制备PES。
本文中的水溶液是含至少20%(重量)优选20-80%(重量)特别优选30-70%(重量),更特别优选45-65%(重量)水的反应混合物。
当反应在水溶液中进行时,pH范围为1.0-11.0,优选4.0-9.0,特别优选5.0-8.0,此pH值由酸优选硫酸,或碱金属氢氧化物水溶液确立。
磺乙基化剂与吡啶的混合比为1∶0.1-1∶3摩尔,优选1∶0.5-1∶2摩尔,特别优选1∶0.6-1∶1摩尔。一般,在搅拌下,在20-250℃,优选80-160℃,特别优选130-160℃下加热反应混合物。压力一般为1-200个大气压,优选1-50个大气压,特别优选2-10个大气压。更特别地优选反应在高夺釜中在约3-8个大气压的自动压力下进行。
根据所选条件,反应时间为3-40小时,优选4-20小时。
所得产物是含有PES和碱金属硫酸盐的透明水溶液至浅棕色水溶液。如果用硫酸以外的酸来调节pH值,那么,该水溶液含相应于该酸的盐而不是碱金属硫酸盐。此外,还可能有未反应的磺乙基化剂和吡啶。根据所选原料和反应条件,可能有另外的副产物,如来自磺乙基化剂合成的任何副产物,和反应期间已生成的任何水解产物。
根据反应条件所得的盐可以通过已知的方法从产物水溶液中至少除去一部分。例如,在产物水溶液中的碱金属硫酸盐的量,可以通过例如冷却和接着过滤而减少。如果转化不完全,剩余的乙烯基磺酸盐一般留在溶液中,随后与PES一起作为辅助光亮剂使用。未反应的吡啶可通过蒸汽蒸馏除去,和如果合适,可以在下一批再用。PES溶液可以通过已知的方法转变成固体形式,典型的方法是喷雾干燥。类似地,可以通过本技术领域已知的方法,将PES从这些溶液中分离出。
当亚乙基磺酸酐在水溶液中用作磺乙基化剂时,从EP-B-0054142知,除上述外第一步是,亚乙基磺酸酐与10-50%(重量)碱金属氢氧化物溶液于10-70℃反应。加亚乙基磺酸酐期间,pH值优选大于或等于7和温度小于或等于50℃。
加亚乙基磺酸酐后,如上所述加热反应混合物,pH值最初大于7.0优选大于9.0,用碱金属氢氧物水溶液调节,然后,加酸调节至pH1.0-9.0,优选4.0-8.5,特别优选5.0-8.0。pH值的波动可以在所述上限和下限的±2范围内。
紧接的合成发生于上述反应条件下。在本方法中,吡啶是在反应开始时加还是在亚乙基磺酐和碱金属氢氧化物溶液反应后加,不是关键的。
在反应过程中,该反应可以沿以下途径,各自独立地或相互并立地进行:
a)从亚乙基磺酸酐直接生成PES;
b)从亚乙基磺酸酐生成乙二磺酸和/或其盐,就地直接反应生成PES或通过从乙二磺酸和/或其盐生成乙烯基磺酸盐生成PES;
c)从亚乙基磺酸酐生成乙烯基磺酸盐,再就地反应成PES。
在本发明的反应条件下,亚乙基磺酸酐和吡啶反应作为中间体生成的化合物,如乙烯基磺酸或乙烯基磺酸盐和乙二磺酸和/或其盐,在上述的反应条件下也可直接作为PES合成中的磺乙基化剂。在此情形下,乙烯基磺酸和/或乙烯基磺酸盐和乙二磺酸和/或其盐,不仅可从亚乙基磺酸酐获得,也可从其它原料获得。乙烯基磺酸盐,例如可从J.Am.Chem.Soc.76(1954)5361和US 3637793已知的方法,由乙醇和三氧化硫反应获得。在此反应中,乙二磺酸作为中间体产生。
应用乙烯基磺酸盐作为磺乙基化剂是特别优选的。优选使用以工业规模获得的乙烯基磺酸的钠盐,特别优选以10-40%(重量)更特别优选25-30%(重量)的水溶液形式。
本文中工业上可获得的乙烯基磺酸钠盐溶液是指包括常规副产物的溶液。
通过加酸调节pH,pH范围1.0-9.0,优选4.0-9.0,特别优选5.0-8.0,反应期间连续加酸或分批加酸来维持要求的pH值。此外,所需酸量可以一次加入。pH的波动范围可以是所述上限和下限的大约±2。特别优选pH调节计量的酸。
所用酸优选是硫酸。另一可能性是使用弱酸,优选乙酸水溶液作为溶剂。在此情形下,需要附加计量的酸和进行pH调节。接着的反应在上述反应条件下发生。
当反应在乙酸的沸点以上温度,优选130-160℃和自生压力下进行反应时,可另选用乙酸酐作为溶剂。不需要附加计量的酸和进行pH调节。
可以加聚合抑制剂以阻止乙烯基磺酸盐的聚合。
另一方面,吡啶与选自亚乙基磺酸酐、乙二磺酸及其盐和乙烯基磺酸和乙烯基磺酸盐的磺乙基化剂在水溶液中反应制备PES的反应,可以在吡啶或其它有机溶剂中进行。在此反应中,所用的磺乙基化剂优选是亚乙基磺酸酐。
在此情况中,吡啶一般以不大于50倍磺乙基化剂,优选不大于25倍磺乙基化剂的过量被使用。
该反应一般在搅拌下,在温度为20°-250℃优选80°-160℃特别优选130°-160℃,压力为1-200个大气压优选1-50个大气压特别优选1-10个大气压下进行。反应的特别优选条件是150℃和在高压釜中大约2-4个大气压的自生压力。
反应后通过蒸馏除去过量的吡啶,和若合适,在紧接的反应中再使用。
以下实施例进一步说明本发明。
实施例1
520g 25%(重量)工业级乙烯基磺酸盐水溶液和79g吡啶,用96%(重量)硫酸调节至pH 5.9,在搅拌下在自生压力釜中加热至150℃。连续加入大约39g 96%(重量)硫酸,使pH值调至7.5-5.0(在室温下测量)。10小时后,得到含150g PES,26g未反应的乙烯基磺酸盐和56.8g硫酸钠的水溶液。也存在来自乙烯基磺酸盐工业合成中的少量副产物。蒸汽蒸馏除去未反应的吡啶并可用于接着的反应。
实施例2
将79g吡啶、200g 50%(重量)氢氧化钠水溶液和188g亚乙基磺酸酐(片状或熔融状)加到210g水中(注意:放热反应)并若需要,以NaOH调节至pH大于9。在加亚乙基磺酸酐期间,pH值不应低于7.0和温度不应超过50℃。在自生压力下将高压釜中的物料加热至145°-150℃,接着加96%(重量)硫酸调节pH至5.0-7.5。大约10小时后,得到含140g PES、17.5g乙二磺酸二钠、23.4g乙烯基磺酸盐和170g硫酸钠的溶液。
实施例3
在自生压力和搅拌下,将520g 25%(重量)工业级乙烯基磺酸盐溶液和63.2g吡啶加热至145℃。以96%(重量)硫酸将混合物调节至pH 7.5-5.0。大约7小时后,得到主要组分含有142g PES、31.2g乙烯基磺酸盐和大约54g硫酸钠的水溶液。如果所用的工业级乙烯基磺酸盐溶液已包括硫酸钠,那么,硫酸盐含量相应地增加。经蒸汽蒸馏除去未反应的吡啶并用于接着的反应中。将所得溶液冷却至10℃以下,过滤除去沉淀出的硫酸钠。
实施例4
将13.0g乙烯基磺酸钠和7.9g吡啶与100ml冰醋酸混合并在自生压力下于160℃加热。50小时后,93%的乙烯基磺酸盐已转化为PES。
Claims (10)
1.一种制备1-(2-磺乙基)吡啶鎓内铵盐(PES)的方法,其中吡啶与选自亚乙基磺酸酐、乙二磺酸及其盐和乙烯基磺酸和乙烯基磺酸盐的磺乙基化剂反应,该反应在水溶液或吡啶中进行。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中吡啶和磺乙基化剂以0.1∶1-3∶1的摩尔比反应。
3.权利要求1和2中任一项所述的方法,其中pH值调节至1.0-11.0并在反应期间维持该pH范围。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中反应在20°-250℃的温度和1-200个大气压的压力下进行。
5.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,其中亚乙基磺酸酐用作磺乙基化剂。
6.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,其中乙二磺酸和/或其盐用作磺乙基化剂。
7.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,其中乙烯基磺酸和/或乙烯基磺酸盐用作磺乙基化剂。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中乙烯基磺酸盐以10-40%重量乙烯基磺酸钠盐的工业上可得的溶液形式使用。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中通过加酸确立所要pH值并保持该值。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所用酸是硫酸,并一次加入。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19805487A DE19805487A1 (de) | 1998-02-11 | 1998-02-11 | Synthese von 1-(2-Sulfoethyl)-pyridiniumbetain |
DE19805487.4 | 1998-02-11 |
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CN1296476A true CN1296476A (zh) | 2001-05-23 |
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US (1) | US6403800B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1054866B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2002503651A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20010040860A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1118453C (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2320173A1 (zh) |
DE (2) | DE19805487A1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2197619T3 (zh) |
TR (1) | TR200002359T2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1999041236A1 (zh) |
Cited By (2)
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CN100513396C (zh) * | 2006-05-23 | 2009-07-15 | 华南理工大学 | N-酰胺基吡啶离子液体及其制备方法 |
CN110204463A (zh) * | 2019-06-12 | 2019-09-06 | 山东星之联生物科技股份有限公司 | 一种乙烯基磺酸钠的低温合成方法 |
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US7208599B2 (en) | 2003-09-16 | 2007-04-24 | Arkema Inc. | Preparation of substituted alkanesulfonates from 2-hydroxyalkanesulfonates |
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US3131189A (en) | 1961-10-16 | 1964-04-28 | Pure Oil Co | Preparation of quaternary ammonium betaine salts |
US3275672A (en) * | 1962-07-12 | 1966-09-27 | Hoechst Ag | Process for preparing sulfonic acid esters |
FR1529883A (fr) * | 1967-05-11 | 1968-06-21 | Conservatoire Nat Arts | Procédé de sulfoéthylation d'amines tertiaires et nouveaux composés obtenus |
FR2270241A2 (en) * | 1974-05-08 | 1975-12-05 | Conservatoire Nal Arts Metiers | Sulpho-ethyl betaines prepn - by reacting tert amine with ethylene-sulphonic acid ester |
DE4013349A1 (de) | 1990-04-23 | 1991-10-24 | Schering Ag | 1-(2-sulfoaethyl)pyridiniumbetain, verfahren zu dessen herstellung sowie saure nickelbaeder enthaltend diese verbindung |
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1998
- 1998-02-11 DE DE19805487A patent/DE19805487A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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1999
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- 1999-01-22 JP JP2000531431A patent/JP2002503651A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-01-22 WO PCT/EP1999/000431 patent/WO1999041236A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1999-01-22 US US09/600,874 patent/US6403800B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1999-01-22 DE DE59905070T patent/DE59905070D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-22 CA CA002320173A patent/CA2320173A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-01-22 CN CN99804967A patent/CN1118453C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN100513396C (zh) * | 2006-05-23 | 2009-07-15 | 华南理工大学 | N-酰胺基吡啶离子液体及其制备方法 |
CN110204463A (zh) * | 2019-06-12 | 2019-09-06 | 山东星之联生物科技股份有限公司 | 一种乙烯基磺酸钠的低温合成方法 |
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JP2002503651A (ja) | 2002-02-05 |
CA2320173A1 (en) | 1999-08-19 |
DE19805487A1 (de) | 1999-08-12 |
CN1118453C (zh) | 2003-08-20 |
US6403800B1 (en) | 2002-06-11 |
WO1999041236A1 (de) | 1999-08-19 |
DE59905070D1 (de) | 2003-05-22 |
EP1054866B1 (de) | 2003-04-16 |
ES2197619T3 (es) | 2004-01-01 |
KR20010040860A (ko) | 2001-05-15 |
TR200002359T2 (tr) | 2001-04-20 |
EP1054866A1 (de) | 2000-11-29 |
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