CN1289194C - 用于制备聚醚多元醇的双金属氰化物催化剂 - Google Patents
用于制备聚醚多元醇的双金属氰化物催化剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1289194C CN1289194C CNB028166876A CN02816687A CN1289194C CN 1289194 C CN1289194 C CN 1289194C CN B028166876 A CNB028166876 A CN B028166876A CN 02816687 A CN02816687 A CN 02816687A CN 1289194 C CN1289194 C CN 1289194C
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- dmc catalysts
- catalyst
- metal cyanide
- ethohexadiol
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000013110 organic ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000012644 addition polymerization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- JMANVNJQNLATNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC#N JMANVNJQNLATNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- RWLALWYNXFYRGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Chemical compound CCCC(O)C(CC)CO RWLALWYNXFYRGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229960005082 etohexadiol Drugs 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- JAWGVVJVYSANRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(3+) Chemical compound [Co+3] JAWGVVJVYSANRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 cyanide compound Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 32
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 10
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 7
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- RKBAPHPQTADBIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt;hexacyanide Chemical compound [Co].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] RKBAPHPQTADBIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 6
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
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- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
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- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002462 isocyano group Chemical group *[N+]#[C-] 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011260 aqueous acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc bromide Chemical compound Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RBACIKXCRWGCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Epoxybutane Chemical compound CCC1CO1 RBACIKXCRWGCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JECYNCQXXKQDJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylhexan-2-yloxymethyl)oxirane Chemical compound CCCCC(C)(C)OCC1CO1 JECYNCQXXKQDJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021575 Iron(II) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006887 Ullmann reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001420 alkaline earth metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005815 base catalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940106691 bisphenol a Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- INDBQWVYFLTCFF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);dithiocyanate Chemical compound [Co+2].[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N INDBQWVYFLTCFF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940046149 ferrous bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) bromide Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Br-].[Br-] GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003512 nicotinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000001968 nicotinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011664 nicotinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013772 propylene glycol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940102001 zinc bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JDLYKQWJXAQNNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;dibenzoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JDLYKQWJXAQNNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
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- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/08—Silica
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
- B01J27/26—Cyanides
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
- B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
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- B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
- B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
- B01J31/2226—Anionic ligands, i.e. the overall ligand carries at least one formal negative charge
- B01J31/223—At least two oxygen atoms present in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
- B01J31/28—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24 of the platinum group metals, iron group metals or copper
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于通过烯化氧的在包含活性氢原子的起始物上的加成聚合来制造聚醚多元醇的新的双金属氰化物(DMC)催化剂,其中该催化剂包含:a)双金属氰化物化合物,b)有机配位体,和c)环多元醇。在聚醚多元醇的生产中,本发明的催化剂具有显著提高的活性。
Description
本发明涉及用于通过烯化氧在具有活性氢原子的起始化合物上进行加聚来制备聚醚多元醇的新的双金属氰化物(DMC)催化剂。
用于烯化氧在具有活性氢原子的起始化合物上加聚的双金属氰化物(DMC)催化剂是已知的(参见,例如,US-A 3404109,US-A 3829505,US-A 3941849和US-A 5158922)。与传统的用碱性催化剂如碱金属氢氧化物的方法相比,在聚醚多元醇的制备中应用这些DMC催化剂特别地导致了具有末端双键的单官能聚醚,即所谓单醇(Monoolen)的含量下降。这样得到的聚醚多元醇可以被加工来生产高级聚氨酯(例如弹性材料、泡沫、涂料等)。DMC催化剂一般是通过将一种金属盐的水溶液与一种金属氰化物的水溶液在有机配位体,如醚存在下反应而得到的。例如,在一个典型的催化剂制备中,将氯化锌(过量)的水溶液与六氰合钴酸钾相混合,接着将二甲氧基乙烷(甘醇二甲醚(Glyme))加到所形成的悬浮液中。在过滤催化剂和用甘醇二甲醚的水溶液洗涤后,得到对应于通式
Zn3[Co(CN)6]2xZnCl2yH2OzGlyme的活性催化剂(请参见,例如,EP-A 700 949)。
JP-A 4145123,US-A 5470813,EP-A 700949,EP-A 743093,EP-A761708和WO 97/40086公开了DMC催化剂,其通过应用叔丁醇作为有机配位体(单独或与聚醚联合(EP-A 700 949,EP-A 761 708,WO97/40086)),在聚醚多元醇的制备中导致了具有末端双键的单官能聚醚含量的进一步下降。此外,通过采用这些DMC催化剂,缩短了烯化氧对于相应起始化合物的加聚反应的诱导时间,并且使催化剂的活性提高了。
现已发现,在聚醚多元醇的制备中,包含环多元醇作为配位体的DMC催化剂具有非常高的活性。
因此本发明提供了一种双金属氰化物(DMC)催化剂,它包含:
a)至少一种双金属氰化物化合物,
b)至少一种不是环多元醇的有机配位体,和
c)至少一种环多元醇。
本发明的催化剂可以任选包含d)水,优选从1到10重量%,和/或e)源于双金属氰化物a)的制备中的式(I)M(X)n的一种或多种水溶性金属盐,优选从5到25重量%。在式(I)中,M选自金属Zn(II)、Fe(II)、Ni(II)、Mn(II)、Co(II)、Sn(II)、Pb(II)、Fe(III)、Mo(IV)、Mo(VI)、Al(III)、V(V)、V(IV)、Sr(II)、W(IV)、W(VI)、Cu(II)和Cr(III)。Zn(II)、Fe(II)、Co(II)和Ni(II)是特别优选的。阴离子X是相同或不同的,优选为相同的,并且优选选自卤离子、氢氧根、硫酸根、碳酸根、氰酸根、硫氰酸根、异氰酸根、异硫氰酸根、羧酸根、草酸根或硝酸根。n的值为1、2或3。
在本发明催化剂中包含的双金属氰化物化合物a)是水溶性金属盐与水溶性金属氰化物盐的反应产物。
适合于双金属氰化物化合物a)的制备的水溶性金属盐优选具有通式(I)M(X)n,其中,M选自金属Zn(II)、Fe(II)、Ni(II)、Mn(II)、Co(II)、Sn(II)、Pb(II)、Fe(III)、Mo(IV)、Mo(VI)、Al(III)、V(V)、V(IV)、Sr(II)、W(IV)、W(VI)、Cu(II)和Cr(III)。Zn(II)、Fe(II)、Co(II)和Ni(II)是特别优选的。阴离子X为相同的或不同的,优选为相同的,并且优选选自卤离子、氢氧根、硫酸根、碳酸根、氰酸根、硫氰酸根、异氰酸根、异硫氰酸根、羧酸根、草酸根或硝酸根。n的值为1、2或3。
适合的水溶性金属盐的例子为氯化锌、溴化锌、醋酸锌、乙酰丙酮锌、苯甲酸锌、硝酸锌、硫酸亚铁(II)、溴化亚铁(II)、氯化亚铁(II)、氯化钴(II)、硫氰酸钴(II)、氯化镍(II)和硝酸镍(II)。也可以采用多种水溶性金属盐的混合物。
适合于制备双金属氰化物a)的水溶性金属氰化物盐优选具有通式(II)(Y)aM′(CN)b(A)c,其中,M’选自金属Fe(II)、Fe(III)、Co(II)、Co(III)、Cr(II)、Cr(III)、Mn(II)、Mn(III)、Ir(III)、Ni(II)、Rh(III)、Ru(II)、V(IV)和V(V)。M’特别优选选自金属Co(II)、Co(III)、Fe(II)、Fe(III)、Cr(III)、Ir(III)和Ni(II)。该水溶性金属氰化物盐可以包含这些金属中的一种或几种。阳离子Y为相同的或不同的,优选为相同的,且选自碱金属离子和碱土金属离子。阴离子A为相同的或不同的,优选为相同的,且选自卤离子、氢氧根、硫酸根、碳酸根、氰酸根、硫氰酸根、异氰酸根、异硫氰酸根、羧酸根、草酸根或硝酸根。a、b和c都为整数,选取a、b和c的值以使金属氰化物盐为电中性;a优选为1、2、3或4;b优选为4、5或6;c优选为0。适合的水溶性金属氰化物盐的例子为六氰合钴(III)酸钾、六氰合铁(II)酸钾、六氰合铁(III)酸钾、六氰合钴(III)酸钙和六氰合钴(III)酸锂。
包含于本发明的催化剂中的优选的双金属氰化物化合物a)为对应于通式(III)的化合物,
Mx[M’x,(CN)y]z,
其中M如在式(I)中所定义,并且
M’如在式(II)所定义,并且
x、x′、y和z为整数并且如此选取以使该双金属氰化物化合物为电中性。
优选,
x=3,x’=1,y=6且z=2,
M=Zn(II)、Fe(II)、Co(II)或Ni(II),且
M’=Co(III)、Fe(III)、Cr(III)或Ir(III)。
适合的双金属氰化物化合物a)的例子有六氰合钴(III)酸锌、六氰合铱(III)酸锌、六氰合铁(III)酸锌和六氰合钴(III)酸钴(II)。适合物双金属氰化物化合物进一步的例子可在例如US-A 5158922中找到。特别优选应用六氰合钴(III)酸锌。
在本发明的DMC催化剂中包含的有机配位体b)原则上是已知的,并且已被现有技术所详细描述(例如在US-A 5158922、US-A 3404109、US-A 3829505、US-A 3941849、EP-A 700949、EP-A 761708、JP-A4145123、US-A 5470813、EP-A 743093和WO 97/40086中)。优选的有机配位体为具有杂原子,如氧、氮、磷或硫的水溶性有机化合物,其能够与双金属氰化物化合物a)形成配合物。适合的有机配位体为,例如,醇、醛、酮、醚、酯、氨化物(Amide)、脲、腈、硫化物及其混合物。优选的有机配位体为水溶性脂肪醇,如乙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、仲丁醇和叔丁醇。叔丁醇是特别优选的。
适合的环多元醇c)中每个分子具有至少两个羟基,优选每个分子具有2到4个OH基团,在分子中碳原子与OH基团的数量比优选不超过4。这些多元醇可以具有芳香环或脂肪环结构;优选使用脂环族多元醇。这些多元醇优选具有6到20个碳原子,环中的碳原子数优选至少为8。优选使用的环多元醇的例子是1,2-环辛二醇和1,5-环辛二醇。
本发明的DMC催化剂相对于成品催化剂的量,包含20-90重量%,优选25-80重量%的双金属氰化物化合物a),且有机配位体b)的量为0.5-30,优选1-25重量%,相对于成品催化剂的量。本发明的DMC催化剂一般包含1-80重量%,优选1-40重量%的至少一种环多元醇c),相对于成品催化剂的量。
催化剂组合物的分析一般地通过如下方法进行:元素分析、热重分析或提取性地移除离子表面活性或界面活性化合物成分,然后进行重量分析测定。
本发明的催化剂可以是结晶、半结晶或无定形的。一般通过粉末X射线衍射来对结晶度进行分析。
本发明优选的催化剂包括:
a)六氰合钴(III)酸锌,
b)叔丁醇和
c)环多元醇。
本发明的DMC催化剂一般地通过α)金属盐,特别是式(I)的金属盐,与金属氰化物盐,特别是式(II)的金属氰化物盐,β)有机配位体b),其不是环多元醇,和γ)至少一种环多元醇c)在水溶液中进行反应来制备。
在这种情况下,优选金属盐(例如按化学计量过量(按金属氰化物盐计至少过量50mol%)使用的氯化锌)和金属氰化物盐(例如六氰合钴酸钾)的水溶液首先在有机配位体b)(例如叔丁醇)的存在下反应,形成包含双金属氰化物化合物a)(例如六氰合钴酸锌)、水d)、过量的金属盐e)、和有机配位体b)的悬浮体。
对此,有机配位体b)可以存在于金属盐和/或金属氰化物盐的水溶液中,或其被直接加入到由双金属氰化物化合物a)沉淀而得到的悬浮体中。通常过量使用有机配位体。将水溶液与有机配位体b)在强力搅拌下混合被证明是有利的。形成的悬浮体一般随后用成分c)来处理。在这种情况下,成分c)优选在与水和有机配位体b)的混合物中被使用。
然后将催化剂通过已知的技术如离心或过滤从悬浮体中分离。在一个优选的实施方案变体中,用有机配位体b)的水溶液洗涤分离的催化剂(例如,通过再次悬浮,接着通过离心或过滤再次分离)。通过这种方式例如可从本发明的催化剂中除去水溶性副产物如氯化钾。
洗涤水溶液中的有机配位体b)的含量优选为20-80重量%,相对于总的溶液。此外,向洗涤水溶液中加入少量作为成分γ)的环多元醇c)是有利的,相对于总的溶液,优选为0.5-5重量%。
而且,对催化剂进行多于一次的洗涤也是有利的。为此,可以例如重复第一次洗涤操作。但是,优选使用非水溶液进行进一步的洗涤操作,例如有机配位体与被作为成分γ)使用的环多元醇c)的混合物。
经过洗涤的催化剂,任选在粉碎之后,在一般为20-100℃的温度下和一般为0.1mbar到常压(1013mbar)的压力下干燥。
本发明还提供了本发明的DMC催化剂在通过烯化氧在具有活性氢原子的起始物上进行加成聚合来制备聚醚多元醇的方法中的应用。
作为烯化氧可应用环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧丁烷及其混合物。通过烷氧基化,聚醚链的构建可以,例如,只用一种环氧化物单体或以随机或嵌段的方式用2或3种不同的环氧化物单体进行。更详细的信息可以在“Ullmanns Encyclopadie der industriellen Chemie”,Vol.A21,1992,670页起中找到。
具有18-2000的(数均)分子量和1-8个羟基的化合物优选被作为具有活性氢原子的起始化合物使用。例如可提及:乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、六亚甲基二醇、双酚A、三羟甲基丙烷、丙三醇、季戊四醇、山梨醇、蔗糖、降解淀粉或水。
有利的是应用这样的具有活性氢原子的起始化合物,例如通过传统的碱催化由上述的低分子量起始物所制备的,并且为具有200-2000的(数均)分子量的低聚的烷氧基化产物。
由本发明的催化剂所催化的烯化氧在具有活性氢原子的起始化合物上的加成聚合一般是在20-200℃的温度下,优选在40-180℃的范围内,特别优选在50-150℃温度下进行。该反应可以在0.0001-20bar的总压下进行。加成聚合可以在无溶剂或在惰性有机溶剂如甲苯和/或THF中进行。相对于要制备的聚醚多元醇的量,溶剂的量一般为10-30重量%。
选择催化剂的浓度以在给定的反应条件下实现对加成聚合反应的良好控制。相对于所要制备的聚醚多元醇的量,催化剂的浓度一般地在0.0005重量%到1重量%范围内,优选在0.001重量%到0.1重量%范围内,特别优选在0.001到0.0025重量%范围内。
按本发明方法所制备的聚醚多元醇的(数均)分子量在500-100,000g/mol的范围内,优选在1,000-50,000g/mol范围内,特别优选在2,000-20,000g/mol范围内。
加成聚合可以以连续的或者非连续的方式进行,例如间歇或半间歇法。
由于其显著增加的活性,本发明的催化剂可在很低的浓度(25ppm和更少,相对于所要制备的聚醚多元醇的量)下使用。若在本发明的催化剂存在下制备的聚醚多元醇用于聚氨酯的制备(Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,Polyurethane,第3版,1993,第25-32和57-67页),可以省去从聚醚多元醇中去除催化剂,而不会对所得到的聚氨酯的产品质量有任何不利。
实施例
实施例1 用1,5-环辛二醇制备DMC催化剂
将7.4重量%的六氰合钴酸钾水溶液9ml,在强力搅拌下加入到11.8重量%的氯化锌水溶液15ml、13ml叔丁醇和0.4g 1,5-环辛二醇的混合物中。所形成的沉淀用10ml叔丁醇和30ml水的混合物洗涤,并过滤。接着向滤饼中加入20ml叔丁醇,并再次过滤。在过滤之后,将该催化剂在50℃下减压(10mbar)干燥至衡重。
元素分析、热重分析和提取:
钴=10.7重量%,锌=26.1重量%,叔丁醇=6.0重量%,1,5-环辛二醇=20.3重量%。
实施例2 用1,5-环辛二醇制备DMC催化剂
将7.4重量%的六氰合钴酸钾水溶液9ml,在强力搅拌下加入到11.8重量%的氯化锌水溶液15ml、13ml叔丁醇、4重量%的烟酸水溶液6.5ml和0.4g 1,5-环辛二醇的混合物中。所形成的沉淀用10ml叔丁醇和30ml水的混合物洗涤,并过滤。接着向滤饼中加入20ml叔丁醇,并再次过滤。在过滤之后,将该催化剂在50℃下减压(10mbar)干燥至衡重。
元素分析、热重分析和提取:
钴=12.4重量%,锌=31.6重量%,叔丁醇=5.9重量%,1,5-环辛二醇=6.0重量%。
实施例3 用1,2-环辛二醇制备DMC催化剂
将7.4重量%的六氰合钴酸钾水溶液9ml,在强力搅拌下加入到11.8重量%的氯化锌水溶液15ml、13ml叔丁醇、7重量%的乳酸水溶液6.5ml和0.4g 1,2-环辛二醇的混合物中。所形成的沉淀用10ml叔丁醇和30ml水的混合物洗涤,并过滤。接着向滤饼中加入20ml叔丁醇,并再次过滤。在过滤之后,将该催化剂在50℃下减压(10mbar)干燥至衡重。
元素分析、热重分析和提取:
钴=13.2重量%,锌=30.6重量%,叔丁醇=6.2重量%,1,2-环辛二醇=4.82重量%。
实施例4 用1,5-环辛二醇制备DMC催化剂
将1.84重量%的六氰合钴酸水溶液26.1ml,在强力搅拌下加入到6.6重量%的醋酸锌水溶液10ml、13ml叔丁醇和0.4g 1,5-环辛二醇的混合物中。再加入11.8重量%的氯化锌水溶液15ml。所形成的沉淀用10ml叔丁醇和30ml水的混合物洗涤,并过滤。接着向滤饼中加入20ml叔丁醇,并再次过滤。在过滤之后,将该催化剂在50℃下减压(10mbar)干燥至衡重。
元素分析、热重分析和提取:
钴=14.9重量%,锌=26.4重量%,叔丁醇=7.0重量%,1,5-环辛二醇=4.6重量%。
实施例5 用1,2-环辛二醇制备DMC催化剂
将1.84重量%的六氰合钴酸水溶液26.1ml,在强力搅拌下加入到6.6重量%的醋酸锌水溶液10ml、13ml叔丁醇、7重量%的乳酸水溶液3ml和0.4g 1,5-环辛二醇的混合物中。再加入11.8重量%的氯化锌水溶液15ml。所形成的沉淀用10ml叔丁醇和30ml水的混合物洗涤,并过滤。接着向滤饼中加入20ml叔丁醇,并再次过滤。在过滤之后,将该催化剂在50℃下减压(10mbar)干燥至衡重。
元素分析、热重分析和提取:
钴=14.9重量%,锌=28.0重量%,叔丁醇=7.0重量%,1,2-环辛二醇=3.2重量%。
对比例6 不用环多元醇制备DMC催化剂
将7.4重量%的六氰合钴酸钾水溶液9ml,在强力搅拌下加入到11.8重量%的氯化锌水溶液15ml和13ml叔丁醇的混合物中。所形成的沉淀用10ml叔丁醇和30ml水的混合物洗涤,并过滤。接着向滤饼中加入20ml叔丁醇,并再次过滤。在过滤之后,将该催化剂在50℃下减压(10mbar)干燥至衡重。
元素分析、热重分析和提取:
钴=15.7重量%,锌=27.8重量%,叔丁醇=7.9重量%。
聚醚多元醇的制备
通用方法
为了测定催化剂的活性,将50g起始物聚丙二醇(分子量=1000g/mol)和20mg催化剂在保护气(氩气)下引入500ml的压力反应器中并在搅拌下加热到130℃。
在30分钟内在2.5巴压力下计量加入最大值50g的环氧丙烷。30分钟后将反应混合物冷却至室温,并用氩气吹扫来除去环氧丙烷。
通过用GPC测定(重均)分子量的分布对产品进行表征。
得到的结果如下表所记录:
催化剂实施例编号 | Mw[g/mol] |
1 | 2140 |
2 | 2200 |
3 | 2200 |
4 | 2190 |
5 | 2180 |
6(比较例) | 1310 |
Claims (7)
1.双金属氰化物催化剂,包含
a)至少一种双金属氰化物化合物,
b)至少一种不是环多元醇的有机配位体,和
c)1,2-环辛二醇或1,5-环辛二醇。
2.权利要求1的双金属氰化物催化剂,还包含水和/或至少一种水溶性金属盐。
3.权利要求1的双金属氰化物催化剂,其中双金属氰化物化合物为六氰合钴(III)酸锌。
4.权利要求1的双金属氰化物催化剂,其中有机配位体为叔丁醇。
5.权利要求1的双金属氰化物催化剂,其中双金属氰化物催化剂中的1,2-环辛二醇或1,5-环辛二醇的存在量为双金属氰化物催化剂总重量的1-80重量%。
6.权利要求1的双金属氰化物催化剂的制备方法,包含如下步骤:
i)使
α)至少一种金属盐与至少一种金属氰化物盐,在
β)至少一种不是环多元醇的有机配位体,和
γ)1,2-环辛二醇或1,5-环辛二醇
存在下,在水溶液中进行反应,
ii)对步骤i)得到的催化剂进行分离、洗涤和干燥。
7.通过在权利要求1的双金属氰化物催化剂存在下烯化氧在具有活性氢原子的起始化合物上进行加成聚合来制备聚醚多元醇的方法。
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DE10142747.6 | 2001-08-31 | ||
DE10142747A DE10142747A1 (de) | 2001-08-31 | 2001-08-31 | Doppelmetallcyanid-Katalysatoren für die Herstellung von Polyetherpolyolen |
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HU (1) | HUP0401624A2 (zh) |
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EP1685180B1 (en) * | 2003-10-10 | 2019-06-19 | Shell International Research Maatschappij B.V. | Process for the preparation of a polyether polyol |
EP2241584B1 (en) * | 2008-01-25 | 2012-03-21 | Kaneka Corporation | Process for producing polyalkylene oxide |
KR101129344B1 (ko) | 2009-08-18 | 2012-03-26 | 부산대학교 산학협력단 | 나노 크기 이중금속 혹은 다중금속 시안염 촉매 및 그 제조방법 |
CN103910865B (zh) * | 2014-03-27 | 2017-02-01 | 上海应用技术学院 | 含有小分子聚醚多元醇的双金属氰化物催化剂及制备方法 |
EP4400212A1 (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2024-07-17 | LG Chem, Ltd. | Double metal cyanide catalyst, method for producing same, and method for preparing polyalkylene carbonate by using same catalyst |
CN116848175A (zh) * | 2021-09-29 | 2023-10-03 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 制备聚碳酸亚烷基酯树脂的方法 |
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GB1063525A (en) | 1963-02-14 | 1967-03-30 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Organic cyclic oxide polymers, their preparation and tires prepared therefrom |
US3829505A (en) | 1970-02-24 | 1974-08-13 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Polyethers and method for making the same |
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JP2653236B2 (ja) | 1990-10-05 | 1997-09-17 | 旭硝子株式会社 | ポリエーテル化合物の製造方法 |
US5158922A (en) | 1992-02-04 | 1992-10-27 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Process for preparing metal cyanide complex catalyst |
US5470813A (en) | 1993-11-23 | 1995-11-28 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Double metal cyanide complex catalysts |
US5712216A (en) | 1995-05-15 | 1998-01-27 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Highly active double metal cyanide complex catalysts |
US5482908A (en) | 1994-09-08 | 1996-01-09 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Highly active double metal cyanide catalysts |
US5670601A (en) * | 1995-06-15 | 1997-09-23 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Polyurethane elastomers having improved green strength and demold time and polyoxyalkylene polyols suitable for their preparation |
US5811829A (en) * | 1995-08-10 | 1998-09-22 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Viscosity stable isocyanate-terminated prepolymers and polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols having improved storage stability |
US5545601A (en) | 1995-08-22 | 1996-08-13 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Polyether-containing double metal cyanide catalysts |
US5767323A (en) * | 1995-12-22 | 1998-06-16 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Process for preparing polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols having low levels of transition metals through double metal cyanide complex polyoxyalkylation |
US5627120A (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1997-05-06 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Highly active double metal cyanide catalysts |
US5714428A (en) | 1996-10-16 | 1998-02-03 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Double metal cyanide catalysts containing functionalized polymers |
US6013596A (en) * | 1998-05-18 | 2000-01-11 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Double metal cyanide catalysts containing cyclic, bidentate complexing agents |
DE19842383A1 (de) * | 1998-09-16 | 2000-03-23 | Bayer Ag | Doppelmetallcyanid-Katalysatoren für die Herstellung von Polyetherpolyolen |
DE19906985A1 (de) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-31 | Bayer Ag | Doppelmetallcyanid-Katalysatoren für die Herstellung von Polyetherpolyolen |
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EP1425098A1 (de) | 2004-06-09 |
HUP0401624A2 (hu) | 2004-11-29 |
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TW592815B (en) | 2004-06-21 |
RU2004109814A (ru) | 2005-10-20 |
CN1547505A (zh) | 2004-11-17 |
US20030050187A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
KR20040029087A (ko) | 2004-04-03 |
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