CN1251020A - 预防和治疗鱼类和有壳水生动物感染性疾病的药物 - Google Patents
预防和治疗鱼类和有壳水生动物感染性疾病的药物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及预防和治疗鱼类和有壳水生动物感染性疾病的药物,该药物含有硫酸化多糖作为活性成分;和养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物的饲料,这种饲料含有硫酸化多糖。硫酸化多糖有效安全地预防或治疗了鱼类和有壳水生动物的感染性疾病。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及预防和治疗由病原性细菌和病毒等引起的鱼类和有壳水生动物感染性疾病等的药物,含有这类药物的饲料和通过饲喂该饲料养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物的方法。
发明背景
目前,日本各地都有各种鱼类和有壳水生动物养殖。其中,虾、黄条鰤、真鲷和鲽等的养殖量很大,鱼类和有壳水生动物的大量养殖是由于有着巨大的市场需求。
不象野生鱼类和有壳水生动物的那样,在养殖中,鱼类和有壳水生动物的养殖密度很高,因此常常患病。疾病的主要起因是病原性细菌、病毒和寄生虫等的感染。为避免这类疾病,采取了各种对策。
鱼类和有壳水生动物的养殖之初是将各种种苗(鱼苗)撒入养殖池中。虽然此前一般是采用国内种苗,但近年来出于成本等因素的考虑,采用进口鱼苗的情况有所增加。
但是,在台湾、中国和东南亚国家,数年前已经开始有一种病毒感染[PRDV(对虾棒状DNA病毒)感染]由进口商波及到了日本,感染了这种病毒的明虾和龙虾等被导致死亡。因此,这给除冲绳外的地区带来了严重损失。但至今仍未确立有效的预防和治疗手段。PRDV,该疾病的起因病毒,是一种带有被膜的、大小约为400×150nm的棒状病毒。感染了这种病毒的虾外壳上形成大量白斑,其死亡率可至少达80%。
由于PRDV是一种病毒,因此还没有采用药物直接治疗这种感染的方法。因此,目前仅是尝试性地对养殖的鱼类(虾类)施用免疫增强剂,以提高存活率。
因此,当虾或其他养殖池中发生该病毒感染时,所有的虾等都需要从养殖池中捞出,养殖池需在较长的一段时间内排干水,然后再将安全的种苗重新放入养殖池。但病毒感染常会再发生。由于最近发现生活在养殖池内或养殖池外的甲壳类动物是该病毒的携带者,因此在这种情况下,预防这类感染疾病的手段等于没用。
除了虾的这种病毒感染,其他鱼类和有壳水生动物的细菌感染等也都成为问题。鱼和有壳水生动物的这类疾病包括发生于真鲷,黄条鰤和紫鰤等的由虹彩病毒感染的疾病,发生在鲑鱼中的血细胞生成器官感染性坏死,黄条鰤的链球菌病,真鲷和黄条鰤的弧菌病和黄条鰤的Benedetia寄生虫病。在鱼类的这些疾病中,细菌疾病主要通过施用抗生素治疗。但在一些情况下没有获得充分的效果。抗生素的使用不但会招致耐药菌的出现,还会引起是否会对人体产生影响的担心。因此,需要开发可替代抗生素的安全物质。
本发明的目的是提供一种对病毒、病原性细菌和寄生虫的感染具有预防和治疗作用的安全物质,并由此提高养殖池中的鱼类和有壳水生动物的存活率。
发明描述
根据前述的情况,本发明者进行了广泛的研究。结果,发现硫酸化多糖可用于预防和治疗由病毒、病原性细菌引起的鱼类和有壳水生动物感染性疾病,由此完成了本发明。
依据本发明,提供了一种预防和治疗鱼类和有壳水生动物的感染性疾病的药物,它含有硫酸化多糖作为活性成分。
依据本发明,还提供了一种养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物的饲料,它含有硫酸化多糖。
依据本发明,还提供了一种养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物的方法,该方法包括饲喂上述饲料养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物。
附图概述
附图1图示说明了病毒感染后虾的存活率。
附图2图示说明了病毒感染后黄条鰤的存活率。
实现发明的最佳模式
作为本发明实践中使用的活性成分,硫酸化多糖的实例包括岩藻多糖、硫酸鼠李糖(rhamnan)和角叉菜胶(carrageenan)。岩藻多糖是一种主要由岩藻糖组成的硫酸化多糖,其分子量约为数十万,富含在海蕴,海扇,海藻,裙带菜,昆布和amijigusa(网地藻属)等棕色藻类中,它对人体安全。硫酸鼠李糖是一种主要由鼠李糖组成的硫酸化多糖,其分子量约为数万至数十万,存在于石莼和Hitoegusa(Eugomontia sp.)等绿色藻类中。角叉菜胶是一种含有半乳糖、脱水半乳糖和硫酸等作为主要成分的硫酸化多糖,其分子量约为数十万,存在于kirinsai(麒麟菜属),ibaranori(Hiynea sp.)和suginori(杉藻属)等的红色藻类中。
其中,岩藻多糖曾被报道具有抑制幽门螺旋杆菌的作用,据说幽门螺旋杆菌是胃溃疡的起因,由于岩藻多糖可固定于胃粘膜,由此可用作预防和治疗胃溃疡和胃癌的药物。但至今尚未获知它可用作预防和治疗鱼类和有壳水生动物感染性疾病的药物。
由于岩藻多糖、硫酸鼠李糖和角叉菜胶分别存在于棕色藻类、绿色藻类和红色藻类中,由此可将这些藻类研碎或采用类似手段及直接饲喂。岩藻多糖、硫酸鼠李糖和角叉菜胶的提取方法已经建立,优选使用它们的提取物。提取方法的实例包括酸提取法和热水提取法。但提取方法不限于这些方法,也可采用其他方法进行提取。
通过水解由相应的藻类提取得到的高分子量产物后的岩藻多糖、硫酸鼠李糖和角叉菜胶也可用于本发明中,所述水解是通过例如弱酸处理,将它们转化为低分子量产物或寡糖。
岩藻多糖、硫酸鼠李糖和角叉菜胶也可以含有它们的藻类或干提取物形式饲喂。但通常优选在使用前,将它们与养殖饲料混合或掺合。这些物质混入或掺入饲料的比例可根据鱼和有壳水生动物的种类以及饲养方法有所变化。但对于预防感染目的,其混合比例通常优选约为0.5~50g/kg。每日饲喂含有这类物质的饲料的比率可优选控制在养殖的鱼或有壳水生动物重量的约3wt%。
对本发明适用的鱼类和有壳水生动物没有特别限制。但它们的实例包括淡水鱼,如鳗、鲤鱼、虹鳟鱼、香鱼、tirapia和鲫鱼;咸水鱼,例如黄条鰤,鲷,银大麻哈鱼,鲭,鲽,比目鱼,kurosoi(鲈鲉属),东方鲀(Fugu rubripes rubripes)和紫鰤;以及无脊椎动物,例如明虾,black tiger,ushiebi(对虾属),黄海明虾和枪蟹。适用于本发明的感染性疾病的实例包括由病毒,如虹彩病毒,双节段RNA病毒和PRDV引起的感染性疾病;和细菌性感染,例如弧菌病,假单孢菌病,链球菌病和结核菌病(tuberculoidosis)。
岩藻多糖、硫酸鼠李糖和角叉菜胶预防和治疗感染性疾病的机理尚未澄清,但据认为是由于下列原因。存在于细菌和病毒表面的糖脂和糖链在它们黏附于生物体的细胞进行感染时起着重要作用。例如,岩藻多糖的岩藻糖残基等参与该糖脂和糖链,由此预防了感染。
实施例
下文将通过下列实施例更详细地说明本发明。但本发明并非受限于下列实施例。实施例1:岩藻多糖对PRDV引起的明虾感染的作用试验明虾:
使用的明虾平均重8g,得自MITSUI NORIN CO.,LTD,开始试验前先饲养一周,然后将它们用于试验。试验用的明虾数量:
对照组使用28尾明虾,用以0.5g/kg比例混合的含岩藻多糖的饲料饲养的组使用26尾明虾,用以1.0g/kg比例混合的含岩藻多糖的饲料饲养的组使用26尾明虾,用以3.0g/kg比例混合的含岩藻多糖的饲料饲养的组使用28尾明虾,用以5.0g/kg比例混合的含岩藻多糖的饲料饲养的组使用28尾明虾。在晚上指定时间饲喂饲料,各组饲喂比率定在明虾重量的2%。试验方法:
将各种饲料连续饲喂17天。在第8天,饲喂饲料后,用PRDV感染各组明虾,以测定感染后第10天的存活率。感染按照下述方法进行。将感染了病毒的明虾的头胸甲在无菌海水中匀浆,之后离心。将所得上清液悬浮在海水中以获得约1/8000的稀释液。将各组明虾放在该悬浮液中,并在通气条件下使其浸没2小时,由此用病毒感染明虾。饲养期间的水温保持在23℃。对于试验期间死亡的明虾,采用PCR方法检测病毒,以证实明虾的死亡是由于病毒引起的。
感染后的存活率如附图1所示。
结果,发现由PRDV引起的明虾死亡可根据施用的岩藻多糖的剂量得以预防。实施例2:岩藻多糖对由虹彩病毒(Iridoviridae)引起的黄条鰤的感染性疾病的作用试验鱼:
在开始试验前,将平均重量为400g/鱼的黄条鰤先饲养14天,然后用于试验。饲养方法:
设立1000升循环Panlight缸,放入循环使用的饲养海水。进行充分通气。试验用黄条鰤的数量:
使用150尾健康的黄条鰤(每组30尾黄条鰤)。饲喂:
(黄条鰤)对照组使用湿的小丸,试验组使用这种温的小丸与岩藻多糖的混合物(加入量分别为1.0,1.5,2.0和2.5g/kg)。各种饲料都在每天指定的时间10点钟饲喂,各组的饲喂比率定为黄条鰤重量的44%。实验方法:
将试验的各种饲料连续饲喂39天。使用的鱼预先喂养14天。在预先喂养完成的当天,将各组的黄条鰤用虹彩病毒感染。将测试天数定为25天,对各组黄条鰤存活率进行测定。感染按照下述方法进行。将感染了虹彩病毒的一尾黄条鰤的一部分在无菌海水中匀浆,然后高速离心。将所得上清液用海水稀释到1/8000。将各组的黄条鰤放在该悬浮液中,并在通气下使其浸没2小时。试验期间的水温保持在20℃。对于试验期间死亡的黄条鰤,采用PCR方法检测它们是否感染了虹彩病毒。结果发现黄条鰤的死亡均是由于病毒感染引起的。
感染后的存活率如附图2所示。
结果,发现由虹彩病毒引起的黄条鰤死亡可根据施用的岩藻多糖的剂量得以预防。
工业实用性
依据本发明,鱼类和有壳水生动物的感染性疾病可安全稳定地得以预防或治疗,由此可向市场稳定地提供养殖鱼类等。
Claims (5)
1.一种预防和治疗鱼类和有壳水生动物感染性疾病的药物,它含有硫酸化多糖作为活性成分。
2.权利要求1的预防和治疗鱼类和有壳水生动物的感染性疾病的药物,其中的硫酸化多糖是岩藻多糖。
3.一种养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物的饲料,含有硫酸化多糖。
4.权利要求3的养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物的饲料,其中的硫酸化多糖是岩藻多糖。
5.一种养殖鱼类和有壳水生动物的方法,包括饲喂权利要求3或4的饲料。
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CN105247043A (zh) * | 2013-05-31 | 2016-01-13 | 英特维特国际股份有限公司 | 鳞片脱落疾病(sdd)致病病毒及其衍生物 |
CL2015000876A1 (es) | 2015-04-08 | 2015-08-28 | Maqui New Life S A | Composición veterinaria de extracto de algas marinas con al menos 5% de fucoidianos y extracto de planta andrographis sp con al menos 5% de andrografolidos, útil en el control y prevención de infecciones producidas por microorganismos intracelulares en peces. |
CN106360139A (zh) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-01 | 霍山县新元生态农业有限公司 | 一种草鱼饲料添加剂 |
WO2021162742A1 (en) | 2020-02-12 | 2021-08-19 | HP Ingredients Corp. | Improved aquaculture feed additive |
KR102629623B1 (ko) | 2020-11-18 | 2024-01-29 | 주식회사 에프알에스아이 | 패류 질병 치료용 마이크로 캡슐, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 패류 질병 치료용 조성물 |
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JPH07108859B2 (ja) * | 1992-06-08 | 1995-11-22 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 魚類の感染症予防用薬剤 |
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JPH06181656A (ja) * | 1992-12-16 | 1994-07-05 | Ajinomoto Co Inc | 魚類・甲殻類のウイルス病予防治療剤及び飼料 |
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JPH08325158A (ja) * | 1995-05-26 | 1996-12-10 | Maruha Corp | ウイルス病予防治療剤および飼料 |
JPH0967265A (ja) * | 1995-08-31 | 1997-03-11 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 魚類病原ウイルスに対する抗ウイルス剤 |
JPH09206067A (ja) * | 1996-02-08 | 1997-08-12 | Kyushu Medical:Kk | 甲殻類のウィルス感染症防除剤、この防除剤の甲殻類への投与方法、及びこの防除剤を構成する微生物の培養液 |
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