CN1243872C - 天然纤维的原纤维化 - Google Patents

天然纤维的原纤维化 Download PDF

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CN1243872C
CN1243872C CNB018202373A CN01820237A CN1243872C CN 1243872 C CN1243872 C CN 1243872C CN B018202373 A CNB018202373 A CN B018202373A CN 01820237 A CN01820237 A CN 01820237A CN 1243872 C CN1243872 C CN 1243872C
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S·P·鲁塞尔
I·A·阿梅德
P·J·布朗
A·庞尔莫哈姆马迪
L·J·易
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Abstract

人们已经广泛研究了某些纤维素纤维的原纤维化，原纤维化作用可用来改善织物性能，例如强度、吸收性、表面积以及手感和不透明性。然而，可以相信，至今还没有人用这种方法处理过诸如羊毛之类的角质纤维。本发明寻求提供一种原纤化角质纤维织物和天然纤维的原纤维化方法。公开了一种角质纤维的织物，其特征在于存在原纤维、微原纤维和原生原纤。原纤维可以进一步表征为具有3-5μm直径和25-60μm长度的纤维。优选，所述织物是一种织造的、针织的、非织造的织物或复合织物。还公开了一种处理天然纤维的方法，包括例如用一种氧化剂进行预处理以除去表面脂质物质或鳞片；例如用一种酶进行处理以除去或部分除去细胞间胶接物；以及例如采用水力缠结法在含水条件下施加机械搅拌，以完成原纤维化。

Description

天然纤维的原纤维化
本发明涉及天然纤维的原纤维化方法，具体涉及角质纤维如羊毛的原纤维化方法和原纤维化产品。
原纤维化是指将羊毛纤维分离成直径较小的较细的纤维或原纤维的过程。这些纤维可以是大原纤、原生原纤或其组合。人们已经广泛研究了某些纤维素纤维的原纤维化，原纤维化作用可用来改善织物性能，例如强度、吸收性、表面积以及手感和不透明性。然而，可以相信，至今还没有人用这种方法处理过诸如羊毛之类的角质纤维。
本发明寻求提供一种原纤化角质纤维织物和天然纤维的原纤维化方法。
按照本发明最广义的方面，提供一种角质纤维的织物，其特征在于存在原纤维、微原纤维和原生原纤。
原纤维可以进一步表征为具有3-5μm直径和25-60μm长度的纤维。
优选，所述织物是一种织造的、针织的、非织造的织物或复合织物。
本发明还提供一种处理天然纤维的方法，该方法包含下列步骤：
预处理，以除去脂质物质或鳞片；
处理，以除去或部分除去细胞间胶接物；和
在含水条件下施加机械搅拌，以完成原纤维化。
为了达到对纤维原纤维化的最佳控制，必须进行预处理，以除去脂质，使角质纤维表面化学改性或改变。
为了除去包围纤维芯层的脂质物质或鳞片，对羊毛纤维进行预处理是必须的。这可用一种氧化剂，优选用任何一种广为人知的羊毛处理(例如赋予其抗收缩特性)氧化剂进行。这类氧化剂的例子是过一硫酸或其盐(PMS)、二氯异氰脲酸或其盐(DCCA)、次氯酸钠、气体或液体的氯、过乙酸、过氧化氢、含水的溴，或者放电(等离子)处理，可单独或组合使用。
该方法的第二步骤，即除去细胞间胶接物的步骤，可用一种酶，例如Papain(木瓜蛋白酶)进行处理而方便地实施，这种酶源于植物，且在工业上成功地用于其它用途。其它替代物包括，但不限于Scintillase，Esperase 8.0L，Durazyme 16.0L，Bactosol WO，Pronase，Alcalase，Savinase，Novozyme 735，Trypsin or Pepsin，单独或组合使用，酶浴中可以使用还原剂，例如连二亚硫酸盐、L-半胱氨酸或巯基乙酸。
机械搅拌优选在含水条件下实施。能量可通过称为“水力缠结”(hydroentanglement)的工艺引入，其中使用水喷射方法来搅动纤维，并使其部分地破碎成较小、较细的纤维、原纤维或微原纤维。其它有效的处理方法包括激光浸蚀、超声波、等离子、机械拉绒或金刚砂起绒。对织物的机械处理可采用这些方法中的任何一种方法或其组合进行。
本发明的方法对于角质纤维，例如羊毛是特别有效的，这种纤维通常不能单独采用化学处理或机械搅拌来达到原纤维化。现已发现，本发明的方法在角质纤维的原纤维化作用中是成功的。虽然本发明主要涉及角质纤维，但也发现，当本发明的方法用于其它天然纤维如丝和天然纤维素纤维时也能得到极好的效果。虽然，某些纤维，尤其是纤维素纤维不用本发明的方法也能达到原纤维化，但是已经发现，本发明的方法产生了增强的效果.
可用于本发明的织物和方法中的角质纤维包括，但不限于羊绒、鸵毛、阿尔帕卡毛(即羊鸵毛)、马海毛，尤其羊毛。
为了便于实施本发明的方法，最好是该纤维首先用纺织领域中通常使用的洗涤剂或表面活性剂进行洗涤脱胶。
优选的是，本发明第一和第二步骤中的化学处理用大浴比的“尽染(exhaustion)”技术实施。
优选在本方法步骤2的酶处理之后使用还原剂。适用的还原剂是纺织加工中广为人知的那些还原剂，如亚硫酸钠或亚硫酸氢钠。
下面实施例进一步描述本发明，这些实施例仅用于说明的目的。参考下列附图，其中：
图1包含原纤直径频率分布的4个条形图；和
图2包含原纤长度频率分布的4个条形图。
实施例
曾经观察到，依次用化学和机械方法处理纤维样品可以达到纤维的原纤维化。化学预处理步骤除去纤维表面上的表面脂质物质或鳞片，然后破坏细胞间胶接物。高压水喷射形式的机械能的引入破坏了细胞间胶接物，导致从外皮细胞中露出大原纤。这清楚地证明达到了原纤维化，这种原纤维化对织物手感有显著的效果。
1.羊毛纤维
依次用化学和机械方法处理纤维样品，达到纤维原纤化或分离成较细的纤维。
2.开士米(羊绒)
该纤维用与对羊毛处理所用的相同化学试剂进行处理。然后经受机械能，优选水力缠结处理。
可以采用的化学处理列于表1。
所有样品均通过采用4个喷射器的水力缠结机，每个喷射器以100巴水压(3.04mj/kg)的织物比能处理进行操作。
表1：用于达到纤维原纤化的某些组合的化学和机械处理方法
  处理                                  化学试剂   机械处理(见表2)
  氧化剂   酶试剂   还原剂   温度
  A   DCCA(6％owt)   木瓜酶(4％owt)+(NH4)2SO4   Na2SO2.7H2o/Na2S2O510/10(％owt)   20℃   是
  B   PSA(6％owt)   木瓜酶(3.5％owt)   Na2SO3.7H2o/Na2S2O510/10(％owt)   20℃   是
  C   DCCA(7％owt)   木瓜酶(1.5％owt)   Na2SO3.7H2o/Na2S2O510/10(％owt)   20℃   是
  D   DCCA(5％owt)   木瓜酶(3.0％owt)   Na2SO3.7H2o/Na2S2O510/10(％owt)   20℃   是
纤维原纤化的测定还没有通用的可接受的标准方法。泰勒(Taylor，1993年)引入了一个原纤化指数，该指数基于使用显微镜来数出纤维表面上单根原纤的数目。显然，这是一种冗长乏味的方法，因为原纤维化不需要横跨织物均匀分布，从样品中无规选择的纤维可能得出有偏见的结果。
为了评估原纤维化，可采用一种基于扫描电子显微镜(SEM)成象的成象分析的光学方法。可用沿该线(它横跨垂直于其轴的纤维)的光强度变化来获得原纤直径的直接测量。
处理A-D(表1)的结果示于图1。已经确立，采用处理A时，50％原纤的直径为约3μm，平均原纤直径为5μm。采用处理B时导致4.8μm的平均原纤直径，而采用处理C时则得到平均3.2μm的较窄的原纤平均直径范围。另一方面，处理D导致平均直径4.4μm的明显的正常分布。
应当注意的是，某些分布的扭曲形状可能是由于测量系统限制在650倍的放大倍数而造成的。在该放大倍数的情况下，较细的原纤无法被显微镜清晰地分辨开。因此采用成象分析测定。
SEM成象和成象分析用于测定从母体纤维上脱离开的原纤维的长度。这些测定的结果示于图2。处理A导致50％原纤维具有45μm的长度和扭曲的分布。平均长度为40μm。采用处理B得到的平均原纤维长度为41μm。与其它处理方法相比，处理C得到平均31μm的较短的原纤维长度，而处理D则显示出平均长度为51μm的较宽范围的原纤维长度。
单独的化学处理可以除去羊毛的鳞片结构，但不能同时达到原纤维化。单独引入高压水喷射形式的机械处理也不能达到纤维的原纤维化。另一方面，当依次施加化学和机械处理时就可获得显著的纤维原纤维化。
尽管不这样限制，然而可以相信，本发明的织物和方法有2个主要用途。首先，该方法可用于处理织造的、针织的、非织造的或复合的织物，给出一种柔软“茸毛状”纤维表面或绒毛。的确，可以得到一种非常细的“桃皮”效果。例如通过选择性施加化学处理对具有原纤维、微原纤和/或原生原纤的面积进行定位可以得到织物表面外观图案和纹理。
该方法也可用来制造非织造布。这种布由于存在微原纤因而可以是比以前的较细和/或较密实。这表示对于某一特定织物而言，只需要较少的纤维，或者说，用同样数量的纤维可以生产出较密实的织物。一个具体实施方案包括在纤维网形成之前对纤维进行预处理，接着进行水力缠结，后者既用于压实纤维网，同时也用于撕裂纤维。
在对角质纤维如羊毛进行水力缠结时可同时或依次达到压实和纤维撕裂。
在随后施加机械能时，由诸如梳理之类的制造工艺产生的纤维预应变(贮存应变)程度也可能会影响该纤维的原纤维化或撕裂程度。因此，在施加机械能之前或其间对织物施加张力(例如用织物拉幅机)以增加纤维的应变可能是有利的。如上面所提到的，本发明主要用于角质纤维，如羊毛。本发明的方法对于直径为21微米或以上的纤维，特别是粗羊毛如英国羊毛或新西兰羊毛也是特别有用的，能产生实质性的有利效果。

Claims (19)

1.一种原纤维化的角质纤维的织物，其特征在于存在原纤维、微原纤维和原生原纤。
2.如权利要求1所要求的织物，其中原纤维进一步表征为具有3～5μm的直径和25～60μm的长度。
3.如权利要求1或2所要求的织物，其中所述织物是一种织造的、针织的、非织造的织物或复合织物。
4.一种处理天然纤维的方法，该方法包含下列步骤：
预处理，以除去表面脂质物质或鳞片；
处理，以除去或部分除去细胞间胶接物；和
施加机械搅拌，以完成原纤维化。
5.如权利要求4所要求的方法，其中第一步骤用一种氧化剂实施。
6.如权利要求5所要求的方法，其中所述氧化剂过一硫酸或其盐、二氯异氰脲酸或其盐或次氯酸钠。
7.如权利要求4或5所要求的方法，其中第一步骤是用放电处理实施的。
8.如权利要求4～6中任何一项所要求的方法，其中该方法的第二步骤，即除去细胞间胶接物的步骤是用一种酶处理实施的。
9.如权利要求8所要求的方法，其中所述的酶是木瓜蛋白酶。
10.如权利要求4～6或9中任何一项所要求的方法，其中机械搅拌在含水条件下实施。
11.如权利要求4～6或9中任何一项所要求的方法，其中所述能量是通过称为“水力缠结”的工艺引入的，其中使用水喷射方法来搅动纤维，并使其部分地破碎成较小、较细的纤维、原纤维或微原纤维。
12.如权利要求4～6或9中任何一项所要求的方法，其中所述能量是通过包括激光浸蚀、超声波、等离子、机械拉绒或金刚砂起绒单独或组合的方法引入的。
13.如权利要求4～6或9中任何一项所要求的方法，其中所述纤维是角质纤维。
14.如权利要求13所要求的方法，其中所述纤维选自羊绒、鸵毛、阿尔帕卡毛、马海毛，尤其羊毛。
15.如权利要求4～6、9或14中任何一项所要求的方法，其中该纤维首先用一种洗涤剂或表面活性剂进行洗涤脱胶。
16.如权利要求4～6、9或14中任何一项所要求的方法，其中第一和第二步骤中的化学处理采用大浴比的“尽染”技术实施。
17.如权利要求4～6、9或14中任何一项所要求的方法，其中在步骤2之后使用一种还原剂。
18.如权利要求17所要求的方法，其中所述还原剂是亚硫酸钠或亚硫酸氢钠。
19.如权利要求7所要求的方法，其中所述放电是等离子放电。
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