CN1222081A - 预防和治疗乳腺炎的方法 - Google Patents
预防和治疗乳腺炎的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1222081A CN1222081A CN97195584.0A CN97195584A CN1222081A CN 1222081 A CN1222081 A CN 1222081A CN 97195584 A CN97195584 A CN 97195584A CN 1222081 A CN1222081 A CN 1222081A
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- micrococcin
- antibiotic
- milk
- treatment
- mastitis
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07K—PEPTIDES
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- C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
- C07K5/06—Dipeptides
- C07K5/06139—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic
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Abstract
本文公开了一种治疗或预防哺乳动物乳腺炎的方法,该方法包括乳房内注射细球菌素类抗生素(优选的是细球菌素P1或P2),或者用所说的抗生素浸泡奶头,其中所说的抗生素不干扰利用处理过的动物的奶生产奶酪和酸奶。象细球菌素P1或P2之类的疏水性抗生素可在感染前施用以有效地抑制后续细菌感染的速率、严重程度和持续时间,或者在感染后施用以有效地治疗乳腺炎。
Description
本发明涉及一种治疗或预防哺乳动物乳腺炎的方法,该方法包括乳房内注射细球菌素类抗生素(优选的是细球菌素P1或P2),或者用所说的抗生素浸泡奶头,其中所说的抗生素不干扰利用处理过的动物的奶生产奶酪和酸奶。象细球菌素P1或P2之类的疏水性抗生素可在感染前施用以有效地抑制随后细菌感染的速率、严重程度和持续时间,或者感染后施用以有效地治疗乳腺炎。具体地说,本发明描述了细球菌素P1或P2在制备预防牛乳腺炎之药物上的用途。
乳腺炎是哺乳动物乳腺的一种炎症。在兽医上专门用来产奶的奶牛经常患有乳腺炎。这种经常在24小时内给奶牛挤2次或最多3次奶的惯例,使它们的乳腺易受细菌感染。虽然乳腺有一些抗细菌病原体的天然防御机制(Cullor等人,1990),但大量细菌的存在经常会冲破这些防御机制。
例如挤奶用的器皿通常挤完一头奶牛再挤一头奶牛,因此就增加了从一头牛到另一头牛传播感染的危险性。另外,哺乳周期某些时间的生理变化导致天然防御机制(Cullor等人,1990)遭到损坏,断奶和生产前后的一段时期都和乳腺炎的高发病率有关。
乳腺炎可由许多不同种的细菌所致。牛乳腺炎中最常见的宿主病原菌如金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌,或者环境中的病原菌,如乳房链球菌和大肠杆菌。宿主病原体在乳房的皮肤或其内部生存,在牛群中个体的奶牛是其它奶牛的感染源;另一方面环境中的病原体见于奶牛直接接触的环境中,表现出持久的危险性(Cullor等人,1990)。
由上述细菌导致的乳腺炎可表现出临床疾病或无症状疾病(Cullor等人,1990)。临床疾病是不同的,有轻度染病的乳房,同时伴随着乳汁的变化,有严重感染的乳房,最终失掉染病的乳房,全身患病的奶牛则可能死亡。轻度临床表现是较常见的。
无症状乳腺炎在许多产奶牛群中很普遍。染病的乳房由上述病原性细菌感染,但没有临床症状。体细胞水平在乳汁中增加。该变化仅能由本领域已知的特定检测步骤检测出来。该症候群同时还伴随产乳量和乳质下降。据估计由于乳腺炎使农民所蒙受的经济损失的多达70%都归结于无症状疾病所导致的产量下降(Philpot,W.N.,1984)。
目前,人们通过挤奶时严格卫生的操作或检测无症状受感染的牛来控制乳腺炎。先给未受感染的牛挤奶,再给这些无症状受感染的牛挤奶或者可将无症状受感染的牛清除出牛群。
人们一般用市售的抗生素制剂,如商品AmpicloxTM,KloxerateplusTM,MastijetTM,Tetra deltaTM,和SynuloxTM等治疗乳腺炎的临床病例。由于抗生素残余物的存在,使用这些制剂必须控制奶品的出售,控制时间4~8次挤奶不等,根据不同的制剂而定。这是导致农民经济损失的一个原因。为了避免这些损失,对无症状乳腺炎的抗微生物疗法通常推迟到断乳期。然而对感染的确定到断乳期,受感染的奶牛对它的近邻是一种威胁。由于抗生素治疗引起受感染乳房的细菌数量减少,有助于阻碍感染的传播;同时还提高牛奶的质量,在很多国家都给予这种牛奶以额外酬金。因此在哺乳期治疗的目标是以最少的治疗和最短的弃奶期,并迅速恢复到高质量牛奶的正常生产达到最大的治愈率。
用于哺乳期乳腺炎治疗的抗生素的使用引发了另一个问题。由于奶酪和酸奶的生产是在牛奶的细菌发酵基础上进行的,这些过程通常被牛奶中残留的抗生素所打乱。因此用抗生素治疗期间动物的奶以及治疗结束后几次挤出的奶不能用于生产奶酪和酸奶。
本发明首次描述了细球菌素P1或P2,当用于制备治疗或预防乳腺炎的药物时,不干扰取自受治疗动物如奶牛、山羊或母羊等的奶来生产奶酪和酸奶。出人意料的是,根据本发明这两种抗生素是高度疏水性的,由此,在水中的溶解性差。具体地说,本发明描述了细球菌素P1或P2在治疗牛乳腺炎之药物上的用途。这些抗生素的药物上可接受的酸加成盐也可使用。
在本发明的优选的实施方案中,细球菌素P1或P2可用于制备治疗或预防乳腺炎的药物。这些抗生素表现出对牛乳腺炎病原体的高活性;更重要的是它们可用于治疗或预防乳腺炎而不干扰奶酪和酸奶的产生,而所用的传统的抗生素并不是这样。
细球菌素P1和P2的化学结构是在Bycroft等人,1978和在《抗生素化合物的CRC手册》第389-417页中所描述的。它们是微生物产物,能从松鼠葡萄球菌等微生物体内得以纯化。要纯化它们微生物体可通过离心收集,细球菌素通过合适的溶剂如无水甲醇、乙醇或氯仿等从细胞沉淀中提取出来;然后提取物经标准层析纯化步骤分离出纯的细球菌素P1或P2。
本发明的另一个实施方案涉及一种治疗或预防哺乳动物乳腺炎的方法,该方法包括向所说的哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的不干扰利用处理过的动物的奶生产奶酪和酸奶的细球菌素类抗生素。这种方法避免了扣留已接受治疗或预防剂量的疏水性抗生素以治疗或预防乳腺炎之哺乳动物的奶。因此,从处理过的动物中获取的奶能被用于生产奶酪和酸奶的方法中。
本发明主要方面是对哺乳动物如奶牛、山羊或母羊等的乳腺炎的治疗或预防。“治疗”指的是治愈或消除已患乳腺炎的动物的症状。“预防”乳腺炎指的是预防感染发生,如果后来发病则能减轻感染的严重程度。
本发明的活性剂通常以随时可用的液体制剂制备和贮存。一般直接使用配好的溶液,但制剂可以根据用药的特定类型有所变动。因此,该制剂还可含有溶解后不带离散电荷的非离子表面活化剂,其选自乙氧基化脂肪酸酯和三甘油脂。制剂中还可含有EDTA以提高抗微生物的范围,还可含有甲硫氨酸、抗坏血酸等稳定剂和丙二醇等防腐剂。
本发明的活性剂一般通过乳房内注射给药。然而,也可通过浸洗奶头或经非肠道或口服途径施用有效剂量;活性剂可作为预防性药物在感染前施用。可在产前期给药,也可在产后期给药。在本发明优选的实施方案中,给药是通过肌肉注射、皮下注射、或静脉注射进行的。当制成注射剂时,本发明的活性剂一般是利用药物上可接受的载体或赋形剂施用的。适宜的载体是,例如,水、盐水、甘露醇、葡聚糖、氨基酸、甘油或其不同的组合。此外,如果需要,载体可含有辅助物质如润湿剂或乳化剂,防腐剂和pH缓冲剂。有效成分的变化范围一般从施用的药物组合物的大约1%至大约95%(w/w),或适当地更高或更低。
非胃道给药通常可通过皮内、皮下、肌肉和静脉注射来实现。无针鼓风注射装置也是同样适用的。非肠道给药是本领域熟知的,可用在兽医或人类医学中常用的方法进行。
可以把活性剂配制在物理上抑制速溶的基质中以达到活性剂的持久作用,从而延长释放时间(所谓的“缓慢释放”)。将配制的基质注射到动物体内,它作为一个贮库,蛋白缓慢地释放。从这方面讲丙交酯和葡糖苷的聚合物或共聚物是有用的辅药。而且,胶凝剂如单硬脂酸铝、钙或镁,或碳水化合物(纤维素、果胶、葡聚糖衍生物)、聚硅氧烷或蛋白(明胶、胶原)都可以在非肠道施用后延长本发明活性剂的释放时间;经皮肤给药也包括植入控制释放的装置。这类装置由硅氧烷或蜡或其它聚合基质制成,可皮下使用以在所需的时间内输送化合物。这也可通过植入含有活性剂溶液的微泵来实现。这种植入技术在本领域中是众所周知的,经常用于医疗。
在本领域中描述了多种激素运输形式的聚硅氧烷载体,可使该载体适合于释放本发明的活性剂。用于释放抗生素的胶原运输系统在德国Offenlegungsschrift DE-3,429,038中有所描述,也可使该系统适合于本发明。
缓慢释放制剂和其它药剂学或兽医学上的制剂可通过改变本领域已描述的肽和蛋白质制剂制备。
本发明活性剂的“治疗有效量”指的是足以预防或治疗活性剂用药对象的乳腺炎的剂量。本发明中能预防或治疗乳腺炎的活性剂的用药量可根据此公开,并连同合适的对照进行常规的实验由本领域的普通技术人员来确定。合适的治疗组和对照进行比较,能够表明某一特定剂量是否能有效预防或治疗用于对照攻击的病症。一般说来,有效剂量依据给药和作用方式而不同。据发现在用细球菌素进行乳房内注射的病例中,0.1mg/乳房到200mg/乳房的用药剂量,优选0.5mg/乳房到10mg/乳房,最优选1mg/乳房到4mg/乳房的用药剂量足以控制金黄色葡萄球菌引发的乳腺炎。
如果通过肌肉注射、皮下注射、或静脉注射用药,有效剂量取决于动物的体重,典型地,约从0.1g/kg到200mg/kg不等;更典型地,剂量至少约为0.5g/kg,但应小于150mg/kg。
除了剂量外,本发明活性剂的有效用药还将部分取决于用药的次数和时间。例如,可能需要多次给药。大约间隔6-72小时,优选大约间隔12小时小时给动物用药。大多数情况下可能需要至少用药两次,甚至可能需要更多次,如3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10甚至多达15剂。再者,一般认为剂量和时间的确切组合有很大变动,根据本公开,本领域的普通技术人员能够容易地建立可有效预防或治疗某种病症的多种组合。
现在本发明已被充分描述,显然,本领域的普通技术人员在不背离附加权利要求的精神或范围的情况下可作许多变动和修改。
以下所述的是说明实施本发明的几个实施例,这些实施例都是以解释说明为目的的,并无意于限定附加权利要求的范围。
实验性实施例实施例1.细球菌素P1的纯化
根据常规方法培养松鼠葡萄球菌。在发酵结束时,将全部的发酵肉汤灭菌,所有的细胞经离心收集。细胞沉淀每克细胞用10mM磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.0)6ml洗涤,再经无水甲醇洗涤(3ml/克细胞),细球菌素从细胞沉淀中提取出来。细胞经离心后弃去;粗的甲醇提取物用Rotavap干燥。干燥的固体提取物溶于尽量小的体积的二氯甲烷∶甲醇(95∶5)中,载于硅胶层析柱上(100克硅胶/克干燥的固体提取物)。细球菌素P1用二氯甲烷∶甲醇(95∶10)从柱中洗脱出来。用硅胶60F254板和以二氯甲烷∶甲醇(90∶10)作为流动相进行薄层层析可看到细球菌素P1的存在。收集含有细球菌素P1的组分,用Rotavap干燥。干物质重新溶于70%的甲醇,使浓度为10mg/ml。加水至达到可溶性极限。将溶液载于Source15RPC(Pharmacia)柱上(9ml凝胶/100g细球菌素P1)。柱用0.1%TFA中的10%乙腈平衡。上样后,用平衡缓冲液以及乙腈梯度洗柱。细球菌素P1用溶于0.1%TFA中的30%-50%乙腈洗脱出来。收集含细球菌素P1的组分、冻干。实施例2.细球菌素P1的抗微生物范围
细球菌素P1对一组受试生物体的最小抑制浓度(MIC)由琼脂孔扩散法确定。琼脂平板上铺上一层接种有受试生物体的软琼脂。琼脂凝固后,在琼脂上打直径为4mm的孔。孔中加有50μl柠檬酸盐缓冲液中的2倍稀释液,将平板在4℃保存2小时,然后置于37温育过夜。MIC为孔周围出现一条清晰溶菌圈的肽的最低浓度。指示菌株在胰蛋白胨内汤(Difco)中生长。M17培养基(Merck)用于平板和软琼脂,具有以下不同。对于保加利亚乳杆菌,补加5%小牛血清的蛋白胨。对于肠膜明串珠菌,使用平板计数琼脂(Merck)加15%的糖,而对于蜡状芽孢杆菌,使用琼脂加0.2%马铃薯淀粉(Sigma 2004-)。结果如表1所示。
表1.细球菌素P1的活性范围(MIC,单位μg/ml)
菌株 MIC(μg/ml)
金黄色葡萄球菌V557 1.91
金黄色葡萄球菌Newbould 0.24
乳链球菌 1.49
粪链球菌 1.98
大肠杆菌 >1000
溶血巴斯德菌 >1000
无害利斯特菌 1.95
蜡状芽孢杆菌 0.24
藤黄微球菌 0.015
肠膜明串珠菌 >1000实施例3.评价细球菌素P1对无症状乳腺炎疗效的实验
保证一奶牛群能为测试提供待测奶牛。奶牛购自当地的牛商。这些奶牛最小产奶量为15升/天。从所有的乳房中隔天取两个奶样用于细菌学检验。能从中回收乳腺炎病原体的牛不参与测验。基于从所有的乳房中隔天取的两个奶样中没有回收到金黄色葡萄球菌选择非感染牛,然后用金黄色葡萄球菌的悬浮液通过乳房注射途径给3个乳房接种。第4个乳房作为取奶卫生规格的对照。接种后二到四周内,从所有的乳房内取奶样至少3次。培养这些样品,并且如至少两个样品中回收到金黄色葡萄球菌,该乳房则被认为受了感染。
对受感染乳房随机进行治疗,通过乳房内途径注射。每天取奶样最少到最后治疗后的第14天。如果在最后治疗后的7天内从乳房内取的奶样变为阴性(也就是不能回收到金黄色葡萄球菌)且以后14天的取样期内仍为阴性,则认为该乳房治愈了。
该实验模型用作一个固定的评价治疗的标准。用金黄色葡萄球菌进行实验有一个优势,就是它是最难治疗的格兰氏阳性菌,也是引发牛乳腺炎的最主要的一种细菌。因此,预计其治愈率应低于其它的格兰氏阳性菌,如链球菌和凝固酶阳性的葡萄球菌。
已证明此模型是令人满意的,因为乳房的感染率平均为60%,或2个乳房/奶牛。
表2的结果表明每12小时间隔用3剂安慰剂,2mg细球菌素P1或300mg氨氯青霉素钠或每48小时间隔用3剂4mg细球菌素P1治疗过程中及治疗后对金黄色葡萄球菌显阳性的乳房(即,从中能回收到金黄色葡萄球菌的乳房)的百分率。
表2.初步药效试验结果总结
治疗组 | 3×安慰剂(无抗生素)/12小时 | 3×2mg细球菌素P1/12小时 | 3×4 mg细球菌素P1/48小时 | 3×300mg氨氯青霉素钠/12小时 |
开始治疗后天数 | 乳房为阳性的%(n=45) | 乳房为阳性的%(n=9) | 乳房为阳性的%(n=9) | 乳房为阳性的%(n=68) |
01235789101112141516 | 97.775.677.880.077.875.675.671.175.671.164.468.980.080.0 | 100.062.512.550.062.562.575.075.075.087.575.087.562.575.0 | 100222211002222222222444422 | 1001916242934353543414343 |
实施例4.奶头浸泡和乳腺炎预防
浸泡奶头是预防奶牛乳腺炎最常用且最有效的方法之一。每次取奶后所有牛的所有奶头都浸在抗细菌溶液里。包被奶头的抗细菌剂的薄膜可降低细菌在乳腺上形成菌落的危险性。
目前用于浸泡奶头的产品含有多种不同的活性成分,如碘附,氯己定和含有肽,乳链菌肽的羊毛硫氨酸等。奶头浸泡方案:
为了评价细球菌素作为牛乳腺炎预防剂的效力,可使用下列实验方案。
根据已经描述的用于无症状葡萄球菌乳腺炎治疗中的这些药剂检验的方案,征收大约50头牛。根据美国国家乳腺炎委员会(NMC)认可的检测实验中奶头杀菌剂效力的方案(Hogan等人,1990)进行实验。
整个实验期间,在工作日的每天晚上取奶后所有奶头都浸泡在攻击性细菌悬浮液中。该细菌悬浮液含有15×107个金黄色葡萄球菌和5×107个无乳链球菌。它们每天从每周制备的储备悬浮液中制备。用攻击性细菌悬浮液的等分试样每天铺板,确定攻击时存在的真正细菌浓度。
每次取奶后,左前和右后奶头浸泡在杀菌剂检测制剂中,其余的两个奶头作为阴性对照,不浸泡。
用于细菌培养的取自所有乳房的最初牛奶样,整个检测期每周取两次样。从任何一乳房分离出任一种攻击性细菌,48小时内重新取样。如能再次分离出该菌,则认为该乳房是受感染的。同样,由任何一种菌导致的具有临床症状的乳腺炎被认为是新的乳房内感染。
测试时间一般持续3到6个月。在测试期结束时对治疗组之间的新的乳房内感染数量进行比较。实施例5.用细球菌素P1处理的乳房的奶中Delvotest P反应动力学检测
为了测定细球菌素P1对奶酪和酸奶生产中所用细菌菌株的影响,可进行以下实验。
Delvotest P是商品性的、广泛用于牛奶中抗微生物剂检测的试剂盒。它依赖于对指示菌嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌生长的抑制。将该细菌悬浮在一带有pH指示剂的塑料试管中的琼脂塞上。细菌的生长产生酸,引起颜色变化。在抑制性物质存在下,细菌不生长且无颜色变化。嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌是用于生产奶酪和酸奶的一种良好的代表性细菌。因此,它被广泛用作检测残留的抗生素的指示菌株。
在不同的治疗过程中和治疗后进行取样,依据制造商的说明用Delvotest P检测。这种测样一直持续到所有的受治疗乳房都表现出阴性反应。
表4.取自受不同浓度细球菌素治疗的
牛乳腺乳房的奶中Delvotest P检测结果Delvotest P数据如下所示:
[mg]细球菌素 | 受治疗的乳房数 | 治疗安排 | 最后一次治疗后Delvotest P阳性或+/-的挤奶数目 |
00.5124 | 44444 | 3/12小时3/12小时3/12小时3/12小时3/12小时 | 00112 |
这些数据表明0.5mg细球菌素的剂量不影响Delvotest P值。实施例6.用不同剂量的抗微生物剂治疗患乳腺炎的奶头对奶酪和酸奶生产的直接效应
在奶酪和酸奶的生产中,有不同的细菌菌株参与牛奶的发酵,这种发酵最重要和最直接的变化之一就是产生酸。这种酸抑制会导致产品腐败或变质,使消费者生病的次级细菌的生长。乳酸产生菌群的进一步发酵引起奶酪的变化,而奶酪的变化随所用菌株和生长方法的不同而不同。这些因素与不同奶酪的物理特性和味道相关。
当牛奶发酵时,酸化是生产过程中最初的也是最关键的一个步骤。如果酸化过程正常则其它的所有步骤都很可能会正常。因此,我们可以利用乳酸发酵菌检测不同浓度的细球菌素P1对牛奶酸化动力学的影响。
一般用下列细菌菌株的一种进行实验:
嗜热链球菌
保加利亚乳杆菌在这些实验中,我们利用了根据牛奶的细菌培养结果未受乳腺炎病原体感染的奶牛。对每头奶牛的所有四个乳房都进行了同样的处理。晚上所取的奶样在4℃冰箱中过夜保存,以待第二天上午检测。500ml的样品在80℃水浴中加热进行巴斯德消毒,然后冷却至室温。
用于商业条件的冻干培养物得自Rudolf Wittwer,CH-5002Rombach,Aarau,Switzerland。这些培养物依据生产商的建议重组,在无菌脱脂奶中传代三次重新活化。每次传代物在上述菌株生长的最适温度下培养16到18小时。第三次传代后得到的培养物用全无菌(UHT)奶稀释到2%,等分到10ml的试管中,在-20℃冰冻保存,为实验备用。
上面配制的储备培养物于40℃融化,37℃培养过夜,用于接种待测样品。待测样品用2%(体积)的上述菌株培养物接种。混匀样品,在待测菌株最适生长温度下培养24小时。在前8小时期间每两小时测一次pH值,24小时时再测一次。然后,可将含有不同浓度的活性细球菌素P1的奶的酸化速率和阴性对照进行比较。
表4和表5的结果来自每12小时接受三次不同剂量细球菌素治疗的奶牛。这些剂量见表。结果说明在三个剂量的最后一次给药后奶样的酸化情况。
表5.保加利亚乳杆菌引发的牛奶酸化
生长的小时数 | 0mg细球菌素P1 | 0.1mg细球菌素P1 | 0.5mg细球菌素P1 | 1mg细球菌素P1 | 2mg细球菌素P1 |
0246824 | 6.605.674.303.953.753.50 | 6.485.734.293.893.723.51 | 6.535.364.213.853.723.47 | 6.565.834.343.943.753.50 | 6.575.694.343.923.723.49 |
表6.嗜热链球菌引发的牛奶酸化
生长的小时数 | 0mg细球菌素P1 | 0.1mg细球菌素P1 | 0.5mg细球菌素P1 | 1mg细球菌素P1 | 2mg细球菌素P1 |
0246824 | 6.685.914.524.113.963.52 | 6.606.034.474.083.943.52 | 6.616.044.504.134.003.51 | 6.676.204.534.113.943.48 | 6.726.334.744.254.063.57 |
参考文献:
Hogan,J.S.,Galton,D.M.,Harmon,R.,Nickerson,S.C.,Oliver,S.P.,Pankey,J.W.(1990)评价取奶后浸泡奶头效率的方案。奶制品科学杂志,73,第2580-2585页。
Philpot,W.N.,(1984)乳腺炎控制经济学,北美兽医:大型动物实践,6(2),第233-245页。
Cullor,J.S.,Tyler,J.W.,Smith,B.P.(1990)大型动物医学中乳腺炎症,B.P.Smith,C.V.Mosby公司,St Louis,Missouri 63146,USA.,第1047-1067页。
Bycroft等,(1978)。高度修饰的肽类抗生素细球菌素P1和P2的结构。J.C.S.Chem.Comm.:第256-258页。
J.Berdy,A.Aszalos M.Bostian K.L.McNitt(1980)。抗生素类化合物CRC手册,氨基酸和肽类抗生素CRC出版社Boca Raton FI USA,4(1):第389-417页。
Claims (10)
1.细球菌素类抗生素在制备治疗或预防哺乳动物乳腺炎的药物上的用途,其中所说的药物不干扰利用处理过的动物的奶生产奶酪和酸奶。
2.按照权利要求1的用途,其中所说的抗生素为细球菌素P1或P2。
3.按照权利要求1的用途,其中所说的药物是用于乳房内注射或浸泡奶头的药物组合物。
4.细菌菌株松鼠葡萄球菌在制备权利要求1中的疏水性细球菌素类抗生素上的用途。
5.一种治疗或预防哺乳动物乳腺炎的方法,该方法包括向动物施用治疗有效量的按照权利要求1和2之任一所要求的不干扰利用处理过的动物的奶生产奶酪和酸奶的抗生素。
6.按照权利要求5的方法,该方法包括连续或多次施用所说的抗生素。
7.按照权利要求5的方法,该方法包括通过乳房内注射或奶头浸泡施用所说的抗生素。
8.按照权利要求1和5之任一的方法,其中所说的动物为奶牛、山羊或母羊。
9.一种人们可以避免扣留已接受治疗或预防剂量的疏水性抗生素以治疗或预防乳腺炎之哺乳动物的奶的方法,其中所说的疏水性抗生素为细球菌素。
10.一种生产奶酪和酸奶的方法,该方法包括使用从以疏水性抗生素处理过的哺乳动物获得的奶,其中所说的疏水性抗生素为细球菌素。
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WO2004002451A1 (fr) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-08 | Fang Chen | Suppositoire a liberation controlee utilise dans un canal secreteur de lait |
CN100368016C (zh) * | 2005-04-01 | 2008-02-13 | 北京大北农农业科技研究院 | 治疗奶牛乳房炎的乳房灌注液及其制备方法 |
CN100448480C (zh) * | 2005-11-09 | 2009-01-07 | 北京大北农科技集团股份有限公司 | 治疗奶牛乳房炎的乳房用无菌粉针制剂及其制备方法 |
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US7030085B2 (en) | 2001-03-13 | 2006-04-18 | Astellas Pharma Inc | Thiopeptide compounds |
DE10161077A1 (de) | 2001-12-12 | 2003-06-18 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmed | Hochkonzentrierte stabile Meloxicamlösungen zur nadellosen Injektion |
US8992980B2 (en) | 2002-10-25 | 2015-03-31 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Water-soluble meloxicam granules |
EP1568369A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2005-08-31 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Use of meloxicam for the treatment of respiratory diseases in pigs |
DE102004021281A1 (de) * | 2004-04-29 | 2005-11-24 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Verwendung von Meloxicam-Formulierungen in der Veterinärmedizin |
DE102004030409A1 (de) * | 2004-06-23 | 2006-01-26 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Neue Verwendung von Meloxicam in der Veterinärmedizin |
NZ539076A (en) * | 2005-03-29 | 2008-05-30 | Blis Technologies Ltd | Skin treatment compositions |
WO2007039417A1 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-12 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Pharmaceutical preparation containing meloxicam |
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WO2011107150A1 (en) | 2010-03-03 | 2011-09-09 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Use of meloxicam for the long-term treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in cats |
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KR20150115837A (ko) * | 2013-02-08 | 2015-10-14 | 루오다 파마 피티와이 리미티드 | 유방염을 포함하는 미생물 감염의 치료방법 |
JP2016507532A (ja) * | 2013-02-08 | 2016-03-10 | ルオダ ファーマ ピーティーワイ リミテッド | 局所微生物感染を処置する方法 |
TW201607534A (zh) * | 2013-10-31 | 2016-03-01 | 皮拉馬爾企業有限公司 | 治療困難梭狀芽孢桿菌相關感染用硫肽化合物 |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2004002451A1 (fr) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-08 | Fang Chen | Suppositoire a liberation controlee utilise dans un canal secreteur de lait |
CN100368016C (zh) * | 2005-04-01 | 2008-02-13 | 北京大北农农业科技研究院 | 治疗奶牛乳房炎的乳房灌注液及其制备方法 |
CN100448480C (zh) * | 2005-11-09 | 2009-01-07 | 北京大北农科技集团股份有限公司 | 治疗奶牛乳房炎的乳房用无菌粉针制剂及其制备方法 |
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CN1119170C (zh) | 2003-08-27 |
WO1997048408A2 (en) | 1997-12-24 |
WO1997048408A3 (en) | 1998-02-19 |
PT934075E (pt) | 2002-08-30 |
AU3341097A (en) | 1998-01-07 |
IL126489A0 (en) | 1999-08-17 |
BR9709812A (pt) | 1999-08-10 |
ES2175425T3 (es) | 2002-11-16 |
JP2000513348A (ja) | 2000-10-10 |
CA2251779A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 |
US6187800B1 (en) | 2001-02-13 |
DK0934075T3 (da) | 2002-06-10 |
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