CN117525355A - 基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末及其制备方法和应用,包括以下步骤:(1)将层状氧化物原料和惰性离子掺杂物按照比例充分混合,研磨均匀,压制成型;(2)将步骤(1)所得物料置于管式炉中,通过氧气气流20~40min,程序升温至450℃,保温3‑6h,然后继续程序升温至900℃,保温10‑15h;(3)结束后,管式炉自然降至室温,将烧结完成的晶体研磨至粉末状。将晶体作为钠离子电池正极,硬碳作为电池的负极,组装全电池利用阴离子氧化还原反应得到具有高能量密度的钠离子电池。与现有技术相比,本发明材料作为正极组装的钠离子电池,具有高的放电平台,高的放电容量和快速的动力学特性等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于钠离子电池正极材料的生产制备领域,具体涉及一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末及其制备方法和作为钠离子电池正极的应用。
背景技术
当今时代的快速发展和人类生活质量的快速提升对储能系统的能量密度提出了更高的要求。钠离子电池由于其轻量化、低成本等优势被认为是极具前景的电化学储能系统之一。作为钠离子电池正极材料中的一类分支,过渡金属层状氧化物(通常表示为NaxTMO2)由于其特殊晶体结构决定的高离子导率,较高的工作电压和比容量,成为非常具有前景的钠离子电池的正极材料。而基于阴离子电荷补偿的过渡金属层状氧化物由于充放电电位高(大于4V)和比容量大,其打破了传统层状氧化物正极材料的能量密度极限,因此具有巨大的开发价值。然而,由于电池中的阴离子氧化还原反应会造成严重的晶体结构扭曲和不可逆的相转变,导致正极材料产生严重的充放电容量衰减,影响钠离子电池的实际应用。因此,开发具有高循环稳定性的钠离子电池正极材料成为阴离子变价的层状氧化物研究领域的热点。
目前关于层状材料的研究大多集中在通过离子掺杂的方式进行性能优化,通过引入其他离子作为“支柱”稳定来层状结构。然而,由于一些离子如Li+在充放电的过程中会发生迁移,因此会发生严重的电压衰减的问题。此外,由于阴离子氧化还原过程的动力学非常缓慢,因此在高倍率的充放电过程中也会收到一定的限制,这也限制了电池的快充性能。
专利申请CN202110040364.2公开了一种钠离子电池正极材料及其制备方法。所述的钠离子电池正极材料包括嵌钠层状过渡金属氧化物,所述嵌钠层状过渡金属氧化物中掺杂有钾离子。该发明通过在合成钠离子正极材料过程中掺入钾离子,提高钠离子电池正极材料的循环稳定性。然而,该发明所合成的正极材料组成的电极产生的内阻较大,因此会影响材料的电导率,影响电池的循环性能。
专利申请CN202111137811.2公开了一种钠离子电池的层状氧化物正极、其制备方法及用途,将钠源、掺杂元素源和过渡金属源混合后煅烧得到所述的层状氧化物正极,层状氧化物正极还包括掺杂元素,掺杂元素包括离子半径大于钠离子半径的碱金属或者碱土金属,进一步优选为K、Rb、Cs、Sr或Ba中的任意一种。该发明中正极充放电容量较低,相对于目前热门的阴离子氧化还原的正极没有优势。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服上述现有技术存在的缺陷而提供一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末及其制备方法和应用,采用固相烧结的方法将惰性离子引入层状氧化物的过渡金属层,提升过渡金属层状氧化物过渡金属的稳定性,同时抑制充放电过程中OP4相的形成,进而对阴离子变价的循环稳定性和动力学进行改进。改进后的正极材料表现出了高的能量保持率和高的钠离子扩散系数。该方法流程简单,设备简易,原材料均为易得的普通氧化物,价格低廉,具有非常大的工业化生产的潜力。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案来实现:一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物钠离子晶体粉末的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将层状氧化物的相关原料(包括钠盐如Na2CO3、过渡金属氧化物Mn2O3,碱金属如LiOH等)和惰性离子掺杂物按照一定比例进行充分混合,研磨均匀;
(2)将(1)中混合均匀的原料粉末置入液压机模具中压制成型;
(3)将(2)中成型的物料放置于瓷舟中,将瓷舟放置于管式炉中,通入氧气维持20~40min;
(4)将管式炉中设置程序为:升温至450℃(速率4~10℃/min,优选4~6℃/min),保温3-6h,随后将管式炉升温至900℃(速率4~10℃/min,优选4~6℃/min),保温10-15h,升温及保温期间持续通入氧气;
(5)步骤(4)结束后,管式炉自然降至室温,将烧结完成的晶体研磨至粉末状,保存在氩气氛围中。
所述的步骤(1)中的掺杂离子为Sb、Ti、Mg、Zn、Al的相应氧化物之一种或几种。优选Sb5+,Ti4+,Al3+。
所述步骤(1)中的惰性离子掺杂物与层状氧化物原料的摩尔比为0.1~0.167:1。
步骤(3)所得晶体粉末为NLMO-S,其中N表示Na,L表示碱金属,M表示过渡金属元素,S表示掺杂元素,它们之间的组分满足L+M+S的化学计量数为1。
步骤(3)所得晶体粉末为六方晶体结构,空间群为P63/mmc。
本发明第二方面提供了一种钠离子电池正极,所述的正极由上述晶体粉末制备得到。
上述钠离子电池正极的制备方法:将制备好的晶体粉末、超导炭黑(Super-P)、溶于N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液中的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粉末按照质量比7:2:1进行混合,至于25ml称量瓶,磁力搅拌4~6h,转速保持为300~500rpm,得到均匀的浆料。将浆料涂于干净的铝箔上,转移至80℃真空干燥箱中,保持12h。溶剂蒸发完全,剪裁,称量,计算活性物质质量。
本发明第三方面提供了上述NLMO-M晶体粉末在钠离子电池中的应用。具体地:一种钠离子电池储能装置,包括:正极片,包含正极集流体以及负载在集流体上的正极活性物质,负极片以及隔膜;其特征在于,述的正极活性物质包括所述的层状氧化物钠离子晶体粉末。
本发明通过合理的掺杂策略进行材料优化,在提高正极材料稳定性的同时优化正极材料的动力学性能,进而可以推动阴离子变价的层状氧化物正极的实际应用。系统地对惰性例子的掺杂进行了研究,通过多种表征手段筛选出了同时具备优异动力学特性和循环稳定性的几种掺杂离子,在材料充放电的过程中能够抑制OP4相的产生,保证了快速的充放电动力学特性,有望进一步推动阴离子变价的层状氧化物钠离子电池正极的商业化。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
(1)本发明采用惰性元素(如Sb、Ti、Mg、Zn、Al等),通过固相烧结的方法引入过渡金属层状氧化物的过渡金属层,得到惰性元素掺杂的层状氧化物晶体。改性过程中,在高温固相烧结的作用下,氧化物原料逐渐反应生成固溶体,掺杂离子进入层状氧化物的过渡金属层,反应工艺简单,成本较低;
(2)采用此类材料作为正极组装的钠离子电池,具有高的放电平台,高的放电容量和快速的动力学特性。
附图说明
图1为实施例1-3所得晶体粉末的XRD对比图。
图2为实施例1所得NLMO-S组装钠离子全电池在100mA g-1电流密度下的循环性能图。
图3为实施例1所得NLMO-S组装钠离子全电池在100mA g-1电流密度下的充放电曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。
本发明是将现有技术中制备过渡金属层状氧化物的原料(包括钠盐如Na2CO3、过渡金属如Mn2O3或NiO或Fe2O3等,碱金属如LiOH等),与惰性离子掺杂物共同混合研磨,固相烧结,得到惰性元素掺杂的层状氧化物晶体。此类含Li的氧化物由于Li—O—Na的特殊构型,在充放电中可以激发氧发生电子得失,提升正极材料的能量密度。
实施例1
(1)将无水Na2CO3、Mn2O3、LiOH·H2O、Sb2O3按摩尔比8:6:1:8于研钵中研磨均匀,得到原料混合物粉末。
(2)将原料混合物粉末置入液压机模具中压制成型,在本实施例中压制成圆片,放置于瓷舟中,将瓷舟放置于管式炉中,通入氧气维持30min,将管式炉中设置程序为:升温至450℃(速率5/min),保温4h,随后将管式炉升温至900℃(速率5/min),保温12h,升温及保温期间持续通入氧气,结束后,管式炉自然降至室温,烧结完成后研磨成均匀的粉末(NLMO-S)放置于氩气氛围中储存。
(3)正极的制备:将(2)中制备的NLMO-S晶体粉末、超导炭黑(Super-P)、溶于N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液中的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粉末按照质量比7:2:1进行混合,至于25ml称量瓶,磁力搅拌4~6h,转速保持为300~500rpm,得到均匀的浆料。将浆料转移置于干净的铝箔上,利用玻璃棒刮涂均匀后转移至80℃真空干燥箱中,保持12h。溶剂蒸发完全,使用裁片机MSK-裁剪成直径为10mm的圆形电极片,称量并计算出活性物质的质量约为1.2mg/片。
(4)负极的制备:将商用的硬碳粉末、超导炭黑(Super-P)、溶于N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液中的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粉末按照质量比7:2:1进行混合,至于25ml称量瓶,磁力搅拌4~6h,转速保持为300~500rpm,得到均匀的浆料。将浆料转移置于干净的铜箔上,利用玻璃棒刮涂均匀后转移至80℃真空干燥箱中,保持12h。溶剂蒸发完全,使用裁片机MSK-裁剪成直径为10mm的圆形电极片,称量并计算出活性物质的质量约为1.2mg/片。
(5)电池组装与测试:电极液选用NaClO4溶解于碳酸乙烯酯和碳酸丙烯酯混合溶液(体积比1:1),向其中添加5%的氟代碳酸乙烯酯作为添加剂,NaClO4的浓度为1mol/L,隔膜选用Whatman公司生产的玻璃纤维隔膜。采用CR2032的扣式电池的配件在氩气手套箱中(水氧含量均低于0.01ppm)进行电池组装。组装的电池通过NewareCT4000电池测试系统完成,测试窗口为1.3-4.4V。为了对比,在相同的条件下制备NLMO-T和NLMO-A。
实施例2
采用TiO2替换实施例1中的Sb2O3,其余同实施例1,烧结得到NLMO-T晶体粉末。
实施例3
采用Al(OH)3替换实施例1中的Sb2O3,其余同实施例1,烧结得到NLMO-A晶体粉末。
对比例1
采用KOH替换实施例1中的Sb2O3,其余同实施例1。
图1为实施例1~3所得晶体粉末的XRD对比图。从图中可以看出,实施例1-3所得晶体均为P2结构的层状氧化物,并且没有其他杂相,空间群属于P63/mmc。
图2为实施例1NLMO-S组装钠离子全电池在100mA g-1电流密度下的循环性能图。从图中可以看出,组装的全电池充放电比容量可以达到130mAh g-1,在5圈循环后电池的库伦效率维持约100%。
图3为实施例1NLMO-S组装钠离子全电池在100mA g-1电流密度下的充放电曲线图。从图中可以看出,组装的全电池在充放电过程中都能产生明显的阴离子氧化还原的平台,并且能够提供可观的容量,证明阴离子氧化还原在全电池体系中依然是可以兼容的。根据充放电曲线估算全电池的能量密度约为312Wh kg-1。
将实施例和对比例所得产品进行性能检测,结果如下表所示
上表中,可以看出掺杂本申请所述惰性离子,钠离子扩散系数采用恒电流间歇滴定技术测定,脉冲时间为30min,弛豫时间为2h,脉冲电流密度为20mA g-1。充放电容量和循环保持率均采用恒电流测试方法,其中电容量的数据采用100mA g-1电流密度测试,能量保持率采用1A g-1电流密度测试。上述测试的电压窗口均为1.5-4.5V。而对比例1中掺杂K元素则存在以下问题,由于钾离子半径比较大,因此掺杂位点只能位于层状氧化物的Na层,这样一来会影响钠电正极的充放电比容量,因此对比例中的电容量是比较低的,而具有阴离子氧化还原的钠电正极利用额外的氧化还原电对可以大幅度提高正极材料的容量。
其中,100周循环保持率(100mA g-1),尽管实施例1-3比较差,但是实施例1-3的综合性能较好,电容量更高,尤其是能量密度保持率和在1A g-1电流密度下展现出了显著的快速的动力学特性,其充放电比容量可以达到85.4mAh g-1。对比例是达不到该效果的。
Claims (10)
1.一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将层状氧化物原料和惰性离子掺杂物按照比例充分混合,研磨均匀,压制成型;
(2)将步骤(1)所得物料置于管式炉中,通过氧气气流20~40min,程序升温至450℃,保温3-6h,然后继续程序升温至900℃,保温10-15h;
(3)结束后,管式炉自然降至室温,将烧结完成的晶体研磨至粉末状。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中的惰性离子掺杂物为Sb、Ti、Mg、Zn、Al的相应氧化物之一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中的惰性离子掺杂物与层状氧化物原料的摩尔比为0.1~0.167:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中程序升温的速率4~10℃/min。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所得粉末保存在氩气氛围中。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所得晶体粉末为NLMO-S,其中N表示Na,L表示碱金属,M表示过渡金属元素,S表示掺杂元素,它们之间的组分满足L+M+S的化学计量数为1。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物晶体粉末的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所得晶体粉末为六方晶体结构,空间群为P63/mmc。
8.一种基于阴离子变价的层状氧化物钠离子电池正极,其特征在于,该正极采用权利要求1-7任一所述的所述方法制成的晶体粉末制备而成。
9.一种钠离子电池储能装置,包括:正极片,包含正极集流体以及负载在集流体上的正极活性物质,负极片以及隔膜;其特征在于,所述的正极活性物质包括根据权利要求8所述的层状氧化物晶体粉末。
10.一种钠离子电池储能装置,其特征在于,所述的正极活性物质通过以下方法制得:将层状氧化物晶体粉末、超导炭黑、溶于N-甲基吡咯烷酮)溶液中的聚偏氟乙烯粉末按照质量比7:2:1进行混合,得到均匀的浆料,真空干燥即得正极活性物质。
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