CN117122665A - 雏鸡开口药 - Google Patents
雏鸡开口药 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种雏鸡开口药，属于动物用中成药技术领域。本发明的目的是针对雏鸡生理特点和其易感病原，结合中兽医理论，提出能有效促进雏鸡生长发育，提高免疫力，预防鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染的中药复方方剂。本发明制成有效成分为：黄芪，白术，石榴皮，白头翁，蒲公英，干姜。本发明的中药复方制剂通过君臣佐使配伍，具有扶正祛邪，健脾燥湿的作用；本发明的中药复方制剂可以促进雏鸡增重，促进免疫器官发育，对雏鸡鸡白痢具有明显的预防效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于动物用中成药技术领域，特别是涉及雏鸡的开口药。
背景技术
随着我国家禽养殖规模不断扩大，家禽育种水平提高，雏鸡使用开口药成为一种必然的选择。雏鸡生长速度很快，孵化出的最初几天的表现决定全期的生产性能。雏鸡消化系统发育不完全，消化酶分泌不充足，对饲料中营养物质消化能力差；免疫器官和免疫系统发育不完全，抵抗力弱，容易被各种病原微生物侵害。在诸多疾病中，鸡白痢是危害雏鸡的严重疾病之一，具有水平传播和垂直传播的特点，死亡率较高。因此，根据雏鸡育雏阶段的切实需要，研制一种提高消化能力，增加雏鸡体重，促进免疫器官发育，提高免疫机能，预防鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染的中药开口药有重要意义。
目前市场上开口药种类繁多，按照其成分可分为：
1.抗生素类药物：目前雏鸡开口药主要是指抗生素类药物，具有净化雏鸡肠道内的沙门氏菌等致病菌，提高雏鸡成活率的作用。但是抗生素类的不合理使用也造成诸多问题，比如氟苯尼考等磺胺类药物会造成雏鸡免疫抑制，抑制免疫器官发育；庆大霉素等氨基糖苷类药物会损害雏鸡肾脏发育，影响雏鸡增重，并且抗生素的频繁使用会有增加鸡群耐药性的风险，影响后续鸡群其他疾病的治疗。
2.营养性添加剂类：目前雏鸡开口药常见的类型，基本是葡萄糖，电解质，氨基酸组成的复合制剂，为雏鸡补充营养，缓解雏鸡因环境变化引起的应激等不良影响。但是有报道称葡萄糖的过量使用，可能影响雏鸡肠道发育，导致腹泻，此外雏鸡早期由卵黄供应营养物质，外来摄入过多的葡萄糖影响雏鸡卵黄正常吸收，进而影响卵黄抗体被雏鸡吸收利用，降低机体免疫水平，并且营养性添加剂没有良好的抗菌抑菌效果，无法保护雏鸡避免鸡白痢沙门氏菌侵害。
3.微生态制剂类：相对高档的开口药类型，具有促进肠道有益菌群生长，抑制有害菌群繁殖，完善肠道菌群平衡的作用。但是微生态制剂的使用受很多因素的制约，比如，使用天气，水温，贮存条件等，导致微生态制剂的效果很不稳定，还容易受到抗生素药物的影响，使用条件苛刻。
总结现有开口药作用和不足，结合雏鸡生理特点，开口药应具以下作用：1、抗菌抑菌作用，可以有效预防雏鸡鸡白痢；2、促进雏鸡消化系统发育，提高雏鸡吸收能力，促进雏鸡增重；3、促进免疫器官发育，提高雏鸡免疫能力。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对雏鸡生理特点和生产实际需要，结合中药理论，提供一种能有效促进雏鸡生长发育，提高免疫力，预防鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染的雏鸡开口药。
本发明制成有效成分重量份组成为：黄芪30-60、白术10-30、石榴皮20-40、白头翁20-40、蒲公英10-30、干姜10-30。
本发明用于雏鸡开口饮服，具有促进雏鸡消化系统发育，促进雏鸡增重，促进免疫器官发育，提高机体免疫力，预防鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染的效果。本发明的中药复方制剂通过君臣佐使配伍，具有扶正祛邪，健脾燥湿的作用；本发明的中药复方制剂可以促进雏鸡增重，促进免疫器官发育，对雏鸡鸡白痢具有明显的预防效果。
具体实施方式
本发明制成有效成分重量份组成为：黄芪30-40，白术10-20，石榴皮10-20，白头翁10-20，蒲公英10-30，干姜10-20。
本发明的制备方法是：取各原料中药，用完全没过药材的蒸馏水浸泡1 h，常压下在砂锅中用武火煮制沸腾后，改为文火煮30 min，八层纱布过滤药液，再向砂锅中加没过药材的蒸馏水，以相同的方法煮两次，合并3次的滤液于蒸馏烧瓶中，使用真空泵和旋转蒸发仪在0.08 MPa和60℃条件下将药液浓缩至1 g/mL备用。
本发明的雏鸡中药开口药按照中药理论，药物配伍，黄芪，白术:补气升阳，扶正健脾，为主药；石榴皮，白头翁，蒲公英:燥湿驱邪，为辅药；干姜:温中止涩，调和药性，为佐使药。上述药物配伍使用，具有扶正祛邪，健脾燥湿的作用。用于雏鸡开口饮服，具有促进雏鸡消化系统发育，促进雏鸡增重，促进免疫器官发育，提高机体免疫力，预防鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染的效果。
本发明的各中药组份药性，药理如下：
黄芪，性微温，味甘，入脾、肺经。具有补中益气，固表止汗，利水消肿，托疮排脓的功效。现代药理学研究证明，黄芪不仅有增强免疫力、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤的作用，还有对心脑血管、肝脏和泌尿系统的保护作用。
白术，性温，味甘、苦，入脾、胃经。具有补脾益气，燥湿利水，固表止汗的功效。《医学启源》记载：“除湿益燥，和中益气，温中，去脾胃中湿，除胃热，强脾胃，进饮食，止渴，安胎。”现代药理学研究证明，白术具有保肝、调节胃肠运动、抗炎症、抗肿瘤、调节免疫系统、降血糖、调节免疫代谢等作用。
石榴皮，性温，味酸、涩，入大肠经。具有涩肠止泻，止血，驱虫的作用。现代药理学研究表明，石榴皮具有抗癌、抗氧化、抗菌，保护消化系统等药理作用。
蒲公英，性寒，味苦、甘，入肝、胃经。有利尿、缓泻、退黄疸、利胆等功效。现代药理学证明，蒲公英具有保护肝脏，抗炎抑菌，清热解毒，消肿祛瘀等功效。
白头翁，性寒，味苦，入大肠、胃经。具有清热解毒，凉血止痢的作用。现代药理学研究认为，白头翁具有抗炎，抗氧化，杀虫抑菌的作用。
干姜，性热、味辛，入心、肺、脾、胃经。具有回阳救逆，温中散寒，温肺化痰的作用。现代药理学研究表示，干姜具有治疗腹痛、腹泻，抗炎，镇痛的作用。
实施例1：本发明制成有效成分重量份组成为：黄芪30，白术10，石榴皮20，白头翁20，蒲公英10，干姜10。
实施例2：本发明制成有限成分重量份组成为：黄芪40，白术10，石榴皮10，白头翁10，蒲公英30，干姜10。
实施例3：本发明制成有限成分重量份组成为：黄芪40，白术10，石榴皮10，白头翁10，蒲公英30，干姜20。
实施例4：本发明制成有限成分重量份组成为：黄芪30，白术10，石榴皮10，白头翁10，蒲公英10，干姜10。
实施例5：本发明制成有限成分重量份组成为：黄芪35，白术15，石榴皮15，白头翁15，蒲公英20，干姜15。
实施例6：本发明制成有限成分重量份组成为：黄芪40，白术20，石榴皮20，白头翁20，蒲公英30，干姜20。
按上述配方（实施例1、实施例2、实施例3、实施例4、实施例5或实施例6）重量份取各原料中药，用完全没过药材的蒸馏水浸泡1 h，常压下在砂锅中用武火煮制沸腾后，改为文火煮30 min，八层纱布过滤药液，再向砂锅中加没过药材的蒸馏水，以相同的方法煮两次，合并3次的滤液于蒸馏烧瓶中，使用真空泵和旋转蒸发仪在0.08 MPa和60℃条件下将药液浓缩至1 g/mL备用。
以具体配方2为例进行以下实验：
1.1供试药品
采用具体方案中的配方2配制中药雏鸡开口药，每1L水，2mL药液，饮水给药，连用5天。
1.2实验动物
选取吉林省某鸡场60只1日龄海兰褐雏鸡，随机分为3组，常规管理，饲喂全价饲料。其中1组为预防组，1日龄开始连续给药5天，7日龄开始攻菌；2组为空白组，正常饲养；不给药不供菌；3组为模型组，不给药，7日龄供菌。
1.3沙门氏菌模型建立及药效试验
鸡白痢沙门氏菌由吉林大学兽医药理毒理学实验室惠赠，接种于无菌营养肉汤进行增菌后，进行革兰氏染色镜检无杂菌生长，作为实验菌液，并用平板计数法进行计数，配制成109cfu/mL浓度的菌液进行沙门氏菌模型建立。
分组处理：药物预防组，1日龄开始连续饮水给药5天，7日龄开始攻菌；健康对照组，正常饲养；阳性对照组，正常饲养，七日龄攻菌。攻菌24 h后可见雏鸡出现精神沉郁，离群孤立，排白色石灰样粪便的症状。剖检病鸡肝脏，肾脏可见点状白色坏死病变，十二指肠，空肠，回肠有出血点。
表1实验分组及处理
2.实验结果
2.1增重：
平均增重：雏鸡1日龄起，到雏鸡7日龄，12日龄，17日龄各组雏鸡平均体重计算每组试验的平均增重。
相对增重率：各用药治疗组与健康对照组的增重之比计算，健康对照组鸡增重设置100%。
表2各组鸡只平均增重和相对增重率变化
2.2菌载量：利用沙门氏菌特异性引物，通过荧光定量PCR，测定得到12日龄，17日龄各组雏鸡肝脏和肾脏的鸡白痢沙门氏菌含量。
表3 12日龄鸡脏器菌载量变化
表4 17日龄鸡脏器菌载量变化
2.3剖检评分：按照下面剖检评分标准进行评分
表5剖检评分标准
表6剖检评分结果
2.4 脏器指数
脏器指数可以反应脏器的发育和受损情况，统计鸡免疫器官脏器指数。
表7 7日龄鸡脏器指数变化
表8 12日龄鸡脏器指数变化
表9 17日龄鸡脏器指数变化
3结论
3.1 本发明雏鸡开口药对雏鸡增重影响
根据观察，预防组雏鸡精神状态良好，食欲旺盛，说明本发明起到促进雏鸡增重，提高雏鸡后续生产性能的作用。数据比较可知，7日龄时期，预防组相对增重高于空白组和模型组，12日龄，17日龄时期，预防组相对增重略低于空白组，但高于模型组。说明本发明雏鸡开口药具有促进雏鸡增加体重的效果。
3.2本发明雏鸡开口药对雏鸡白痢预防效果
脏器菌载量的测定表明，在12日龄和17日龄时，预防组雏鸡肝脏和脾脏的鸡白痢沙门氏菌的载量均低于模型组，说明该雏鸡开口药有降低鸡白痢沙门氏菌数量的作用。
剖检发现，模型组雏鸡脏器病变明显，表现为肝脏，脾脏明显肿大并出现点状坏死，肠管出血等症状。预防组雏鸡脏器病变减轻。根据剖检标准进行剖检评分，在12日龄和17日龄时，预防组脏器评分均低于模型组评分。说明该雏鸡开口药有减轻鸡白痢对雏鸡脏器损伤的作用。
3.3本发明药物对雏鸡免疫器官发育影响
免疫器官脏器指数表明，在7日龄时，预防组的脾脏，胸腺，法氏囊脏器指数均高于空白组和模型组，该药物有促进雏鸡免疫器官发育的作用，在12日龄和17日龄时，预防组雏鸡的脾脏脏器指数高于空白组，低于模型组，这与鸡白痢沙门氏菌侵袭机体引起脾脏肿大有关，预防组雏鸡的法氏囊和胸腺脏器指数低于空白组，高于模型组，说明本发明雏鸡开口药可以在鸡白痢沙门氏菌的侵袭下，一定程度上保护免疫器官的发育。
3.4总结
雏鸡初期的生长发育情况决定后期鸡的生产性能，通过上述实例，证明本发明药物可以用作雏鸡开口药，可以起到增加雏鸡体重，预防鸡白痢，促进雏鸡免疫器官发育的作用，具有较好的经济效益和社会效益，符合雏鸡开口药的要求。
Claims (1)
1.一种雏鸡开口药，其特征在于：制成有效成分重量份组成为：黄芪30-60、白术10-30、石榴皮20-40、白头翁20-40、蒲公英10-30、干姜10-30。
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