CN115812538A - No-tillage crop rotation fertilizing method for improving continuous cropping obstacle of peppers - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a no-tillage crop rotation fertilizing method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers. Firstly, a pepper-based fertilizer formed by mixing a compound fertilizer, a humic acid organic fertilizer and a microbial agent is applied to the compartment surface, and the nutrient components of the compound fertilizer, the nutrient slow-release function of the humic acid organic fertilizer and the antibacterial function of the microbial agent are fully utilized, so that the physical and chemical properties of soil are improved, and the soil fertility is adjusted; secondly, the nitrogen fixation effect of the broad beans is utilized by planting the broad beans in a no-tillage manner, so that the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is effectively reduced, and the production cost is saved; the problem that the surface soil is disturbed frequently for a long time in spring and summer cultivation to cause loose soil structure and aggravate nutrient loss of the surface soil is solved through no-tillage; the zero tillage can enhance the soil fertility and the drought resistance, promote the formation of aggregates and increase the diversity of soil microbial communities. The invention improves continuous cropping obstacles of pepper soil by mixed fertilization and no-tillage crop rotation. The invention has the characteristics of simple and easy technology, convenient operation, quick effect, strong operability, suitability for popularization and the like.

Description

No-tillage crop rotation fertilizing method for improving continuous cropping obstacle of peppers

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of elimination of continuous cropping obstacles of crops, and particularly relates to a no-tillage rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers.

Background

Continuous cropping obstacles are a common problem in crop cultivation, and refer to the phenomena of crop yield reduction, quality deterioration, growth condition deterioration and pest and disease damage aggravation caused by continuous planting of the same crop for many years on the same land under normal management measures.

The capsicum belongs to the genus capsicum of the family solanaceae, is an annual herbaceous plant, contains various vitamins necessary for human bodies, abundant mineral elements, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates and the like, and is well loved by people in China. Compared with vegetables of the same family and different genera, the pepper belongs to vegetable crops with shallow root systems, the root systems are weak, the suberization degree is high, the regeneration capacity after injury is poor, the requirements on environmental factors such as illumination, temperature, moisture, soil and the like are high, and the pepper is one of the vegetable crops which are not resistant to continuous cropping.

With the rapid development of the pepper industry in recent years, continuous cropping obstacles are gradually prominent due to continuous cropping and single planting of pepper all year round, and the yield and quality of pepper are seriously affected. The influencing factors of continuous cropping obstacle of pepper are very complex, and are often not isolated, but interconnected and mutually influenced. The change of the microbial flora in the root zone caused by long-term continuous cropping causes the reduction of the activity of soil, the imbalance of flora and the increase of plant diseases and insect pests, so that the diversity level of soil microorganisms is reduced, the number of pathogenic antagonistic bacteria is reduced, the normal growth and development of plants are influenced, and the yield and the quality of products are further influenced.

At present, measures for solving the continuous cropping obstacle of the pepper mainly comprise the interplanting intercropping of the pepper and other crops, crop rotation or soil improvement by a chemical method and the biochemical method for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests. The proper rotation can effectively solve the problems of soil-borne diseases, root secretion, autotoxicity and the like caused by continuous cropping, and the chemical method for improving soil and the biochemical method for preventing and treating the diseases and insect pests can pollute the environment and improve the planting cost.

[ Chinese patent application ] CN201910436981.7 discloses a pepper planting method for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles of a greenhouse, and specifically discloses the steps of soil pretreatment, organic compound fertilizer application, wormcast or organic seaweed fertilizer application, secondary soil plowing, pepper seedling transplantation, antidote spraying and the like. The cost of wormcast or organic seaweed fertilizer applied by the method is high, the secondary tillage of soil increases workload and farming time, the operation is complex, the technical requirement on production personnel is high, and the method is difficult to popularize widely in production.

Chinese patent application CN202010660563.9 discloses a pepper planting method capable of reducing the influence of continuous cropping obstacles, and particularly discloses the steps of dripping diluted 20% of horseradish extract emulsion in water on the soil to be planted with peppers 3-5 days before the pepper is fixedly planted according to the application amount of 7.0L/667m 2-11.0L/667 m2, and the like. The principle of the method is that horseradish is used for soil disinfection treatment to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests. However, the method is difficult to control and operate, and the use of the high-concentration athomin can inhibit the growth and development of pepper root systems and inhibit the activity of soil enzymes, so that the method is not favorable for improving the pepper yield, and is difficult to popularize and apply.

Chinese patent application CN202110475977.9 discloses a method for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles of pepper soil, and specifically discloses the steps of applying smoke foam biochar, vinasse biochar and Chinese medicine residue biochar to the soil surface, turning over to fully mix the biochar and the soil, then spraying lime nitrogen to the soil surface, pouring tap water, pouring medicine residue filtrate, spraying compound microorganism liquid and the like. The method has the advantages of complex operation, difficult acquisition of raw materials, high cost, long time consumption and difficult wide application in agricultural production.

The invention provides a no-tillage crop rotation method for hot pepper and broad bean, which is matched with a combined fertilization method, so that the soil with serious continuous cropping obstacles of hot pepper is effectively improved, and the yield of hot pepper is greatly improved.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the problems of complex operation, high cost, poor effect, long time consumption and the like of the method for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles of peppers in the prior art, and provides a planting method which is simple and convenient to operate and is effectively used for improving continuous cropping obstacles of pepper soil.

The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers comprises the following steps:

(1) In the first 3 th ten days of the first year, selecting a land block with serious continuous cropping obstacles of the capsicum soil for ploughing, wherein the ploughing depth is 30cm; ridging according to the width of a compartment surface of 80cm, the width of a ditch of 25-35 cm and the height of a ridge of 20-30 cm; spreading the pepper base fertilizer on the compartment surface after ridging, and covering a black film; the pepper base fertilizer is applied by mixing a compound fertilizer, a humic acid organic fertilizer and a microbial agent; the compound fertilizer is a compound fertilizer special for pepper purchased in the market; the microbial agent is bacillus subtilis; in the humic acid organic fertilizer, the total nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than 4%, the organic matter is more than 40%, the water-soluble humic acid is more than 5%, and the total humic acid is more than 25%; and in late 3 months, planting and transplanting the pepper seedlings according to the planting density of 2570 plants/mu, wherein the row spacing of the plants is 30cm multiplied by 50 cm.

(2) After the peppers are harvested in 7-8 months in the first year, the pepper plants are removed in 10 months, then the broad beans are sown in a non-tillage mode, 3-4 grains are planted in each hole, and leaf fertilizers are sprayed and pest control medicines are carried out on the broad beans in the period of about 10cm in flowering and fruiting.

(3) After broad beans are harvested in 3 months in the next year, ploughing, ridging and fertilizing the soil according to the step (1), and transplanting pepper seedlings in the last ten days of 3 months; and (3) after the peppers are harvested, planting broad beans in a no-tillage mode according to the step (2), and performing cycle crop rotation on the peppers and the broad beans in sequence.

In the step (1), the application amounts of the compound fertilizer, the humic acid organic fertilizer and the microbial agent are respectively as follows: 0-40 kg/mu, 0-750 kg/mu and 0-500 g/mu.

In the step (1), the bacillus subtilis is diluted by 100-300 times with water before use.

And spraying the bacillus subtilis to the whole plant one week before the pepper seedlings are transplanted in a fixed value mode.

After the pepper seedlings are planted and transplanted, the bacillus subtilis is applied according to 500g of irrigated roots per mu.

In the flowering and fruiting period of the pepper, the bacillus subtilis is applied according to 500g per mu of irrigation roots.

Preferably, the bacillus subtilis is diluted by 100 to 300 times with water before use.

More preferably, the Bacillus subtilis is diluted 250-fold with water before use.

Preferably, in the pepper-based fertilizer, the application amounts of the compound fertilizer, the humic acid organic fertilizer and the microbial agent are respectively as follows: 40 kg/mu, 750 kg/mu and 500 g/mu.

Preferably, the pepper variety is 'spicy No. four' line pepper.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. the invention provides a no-tillage rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers, aiming at the soil with serious continuous cropping obstacles of peppers. On one hand, the nitrogen fixation effect of the nitrogen-fixing rhizobia formed by the broad beans is utilized through no-tillage crop rotation of the hot peppers and the broad beans, the application amount of a nitrogen fertilizer is effectively reduced, the production cost is saved, the absorption of plants on phosphorus and other nutrient substances is increased through organic acids, amino acids, enzymes and other components secreted in the growth process of the broad beans, the physicochemical property of soil is improved, and the fertility and the disease resistance of the soil are enhanced. The broad bean no-tillage is combined, so that the problems that the surface soil is disturbed frequently for a long time in spring and summer tillage, the soil water storage capacity is reduced, the soil structure is looser, and the nutrient loss of the surface soil is aggravated are solved. The cultivation in autumn and winter is free of tillage, so that the soil fertility and the drought resistance are enhanced, the formation of aggregates is promoted, and the diversity of soil microbial communities is increased. On the other hand, when the peppers are planted, the humic acid organic fertilizer, the microbial agent and the compound fertilizer are distributed on the compartment surface, the carbon content in the soil can be increased by utilizing the humic acid organic fertilizer, the carbon nitrogen value in the soil is coordinated, the nutrient slow release effect is realized, and the contradiction between the vegetative growth and the reproductive growth of pepper plants is relieved; meanwhile, the disease resistance of the microbial agent and the nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium provided by the compound fertilizer are utilized, the soil matrix is improved, the disease resistance of the soil is enhanced, the continuous cropping obstacle of the pepper soil is overcome, and the yield of the pepper is further improved.

2. The technology of the invention is simple and easy to implement, convenient to operate, quick in effect and strong in operability, can be understood and implemented by common farmers or planting households, can continuously improve the soil fertility and disease resistance through continuous rotation of the peppers and the broad beans, and effectively solves the continuous cropping obstacle of the pepper soil. The raw materials required by the product materials are conventional products or substances, are easy to obtain and have low production cost. Compared with the prior art, the method does not need to independently carry out operations such as spraying of chemical reagents or mixing and ploughing of biological ash on the soil, can normally carry out farming, saves the production time, and is suitable for popularization and use in agricultural production.

3. The planting test result of the invention shows that when the technical scheme of the invention is adopted to plant on the soil with serious continuous cropping obstacle of the peppers for more than 5 years, the per mu yield of the peppers in the second year is increased by about 1000kg compared with that in the first year before rotation, the content of the horseradish in the peppers is obviously increased, the pepper quality is obviously improved, and the economic benefit of pepper farmers is effectively improved.

4. According to the method, the harvested winter fallow field of the pepper is used for zero tillage planting of broad beans such as broad beans, so that the problems that the soil on the surface layer of the farmland is disturbed frequently for a long time in the traditional farming, the soil water storage capacity is reduced, the soil structure is looser, and the nutrient loss of the soil on the surface layer of the farmland is aggravated are solved. The no-tillage can improve the soil quality, improve the content of organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, enhance the soil fertility and the drought resistance, promote the formation of aggregates and increase the diversity of microbial communities in the soil; on the other hand, the crop rotation fully utilizes land resources, and the yield per mu of the broad beans in the invention can reach 1000kg per year.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Example 1:

1. the basic test conditions are as follows

Test site: a demonstration area of a demonstration base for planting capsicum in Guiyang city, guizhou province, flower xi district, guiyang district, guizhou county, and village, is 50 mu.

The pepper variety is as follows: spicy four-size linear pepper.

Broad bean: broad beans.

Sampling time: based on the growth result of the pepper in the field, the measurement is carried out by determining the converter/growth period and the harvest period by visual inspection.

The sampling method comprises the following steps: sampling is carried out at 2 points randomly for each compartment surface fertilization scheme, and 5 plants are continuously sampled at each point in a forward running manner, and 10 plants are counted.

During the test period: 2021-2022.

The preparation method of the humic acid organic fertilizer comprises the following steps: taking 100kg of weathered coal containing more than 40% of humic acid, adding 100kg of water and 5kg of ammonium bicarbonate, introducing ozone for 30 minutes while stirring, and adding 5kg of bovine bone meal for later use; crushing 56.25kg of waste mushroom sticks, adding 56.25kg of rapeseed cakes or camellia oleifera abel or kuh-seng branches and leaves or groundsel, mixing, and adding 5.6kg of animal and vegetable oil to prepare the stir-fried brown sauce; 37.5kg of phosphogypsum; mixing the three components uniformly, fermenting and composting, heating to 40-80 ℃ from normal temperature, growing white hypha from outside to inside by naked eyes, turning the pile for three times, and continuously composting for 10-15 days to obtain the organic fertilizer. In the obtained humic acid organic fertilizer, the total nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than 4%, the content of organic matters is more than 40%, the content of water-soluble humic acid is more than 5%, and the content of total humic acid is more than 25%.

2. The test procedure is as follows

First year (2021):

pepper sowing and seedling raising: seeding and raising seedlings of the peppers at the beginning of 3 months in 2021 by a conventional method, spraying the bacillus subtilis to the whole plant one week before fixed value transplanting, and diluting the bacillus subtilis by 100 times with water before spraying.

Land preparation: ploughing the soil of the test land to a ploughing depth of 30cm; ridging: the width of the compartment surface is 80cm, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, and the height of the ridge is 20-30 cm; after ridging, the test field is randomly divided into 7 cells according to the fertilization scheme shown in the table 1, and the cells are respectively fertilized on the carriage surface and then covered with a black film.

Planting and transplanting the peppers: planting pepper seedlings in a field planting manner and transplanting the pepper seedlings into a prepared land block according to the plant row spacing of 30cm multiplied by 50cm and the planting density of 2570 plants/mu, then applying bacillus subtilis according to 500g of irrigated roots per mu, and diluting the bacillus subtilis by 200 times with water before spraying.

Pepper field management and harvesting: and (3) applying bacillus subtilis according to 500g per mu of irrigation roots in the flowering and fruiting period of the peppers, diluting the bacillus subtilis by 300 times with water before use, artificially weeding twice, performing conventional field management, and harvesting after the peppers are mature.

Sowing, field management and harvesting of broad beans: the method comprises the steps of harvesting hot peppers in seventy-eight months in 2021, removing hot pepper plants in 10 months after harvesting the hot peppers, immediately sowing broad beans in a no-tillage mode, spraying leaf fertilizers in every hole for 3-4 grains, and spraying pest control medicines in the broad beans about 10cm in the flowering and fruiting period.

Table 1: fertilization protocol for the first year and test result recording

Second year (2022):

harvesting of broad beans: broad beans are harvested in 2022 years in 3 months, and the yield per mu is about 1000kg.

Pepper sowing and seedling raising: seeding and raising seedlings of the peppers at the beginning of 3 months in 2022 by a conventional method, spraying the bacillus subtilis to the whole plant one week before fixed value transplanting, and diluting the bacillus subtilis by 250 times with water before spraying.

Land preparation: after the broad beans are harvested, ploughing soil of a test field to a ploughing depth of 30cm; ridging: the width of the compartment surface is 80cm, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, and the height of the ridge is 20-30 cm; after ridging, the plots are fertilized on the carriage surface respectively according to the fertilization scheme in the table 2 corresponding to the fertilization scheme of 2021 year, and then covered with black films.

Planting and transplanting the peppers: planting pepper seedlings in a field planting manner and transplanting the pepper seedlings into a prepared land block according to the plant row spacing of 30cm multiplied by 50cm and the planting density of 2570 plants/mu, then applying bacillus subtilis according to 500g of irrigated roots per mu, and diluting the bacillus subtilis by 250 times with water before spraying.

Hot pepper field management and harvesting: and (3) applying bacillus subtilis according to 500g per mu of irrigation roots in the flowering and fruiting period of the peppers, diluting the bacillus subtilis by 300 times with water before use, artificially weeding twice, performing conventional field management, and harvesting after the peppers are mature.

Table 2: fertilization protocol and test result recording for the second year

And (4) test conclusion: as can be seen from tables 1 and 2, the comparison between the yield of the capsicum and the content of capsaicin in the capsicum before and after the implementation of the technical scheme of the present invention shows that the technical scheme of the present invention effectively improves the yield of the capsicum, the content of capsaicin in the capsicum is obviously improved, the quality of the capsicum is obviously improved, and the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of the capsicum is effectively eliminated. According to the scheme for applying the pepper base fertilizer to the compartment surface of the soil, when the pepper base fertilizer is compounded by 40 kg/mu, 750 kg/mu of humic acid organic fertilizer and 500 g/mu of microbial agent, the pepper yield is improved to the highest degree, and the yield is increased by 1122.4kg per mu, so that the scheme is preferably the optimal compartment surface fertilizer application scheme.

Although the present invention has been described in detail by way of preferred embodiments, the present invention is not limited thereto. Various equivalent modifications or alterations to the embodiments of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and such modifications or alterations are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. Any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present disclosure, and all such changes or substitutions are included in the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims (8)

1. A no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) In 3 rd ten days of the first year, selecting plots with severe continuous cropping obstacles of the capsicum soil to plough, wherein the ploughing depth is 30cm; ridging according to the width of a compartment surface of 80cm, the width of a ditch of 25-35 cm and the height of a ridge of 20-30 cm; spreading a pepper base fertilizer on the compartment surface after ridging, and covering a black film; the pepper base fertilizer is applied by mixing a compound fertilizer, a humic acid organic fertilizer and a microbial agent; the compound fertilizer is a compound fertilizer special for pepper purchased in the market; the microbial agent is bacillus subtilis; in the humic acid organic fertilizer, the total nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than 4%, the organic matter is more than 40%, the water-soluble humic acid is more than 5%, and the total humic acid is more than 25%; in late 3 months, planting and transplanting pepper seedlings according to the planting density of 2570 plants/mu and the plant row spacing of 30cm multiplied by 50 cm;

(2) After hot peppers are harvested in 7-8 months in the first year, hot pepper plants are removed in 10 months, then broad beans are sown in a no-tillage mode, 3-4 broad beans are planted in each hole, and leaf fertilizers are sprayed and pest control medicines are carried out on the broad beans in the period of about 10cm in flowering and fruiting;

(3) After broad beans are harvested in 3 months in the next year, ploughing, ridging and fertilizing the soil according to the step (1), and transplanting pepper seedlings in the last ten days of 3 months; after the peppers are harvested, planting broad beans in a no-tillage mode in the step (2), and performing cycle crop rotation on the peppers and the broad beans in sequence;

in the step (1), the application amounts of the compound fertilizer, the humic acid organic fertilizer and the microbial agent are respectively as follows: 0-40 kg/mu, 0-750 kg/mu and 0-500 g/mu;

in the step (1), the bacillus subtilis is diluted by 100-300 times with water before use.

2. The no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bacillus subtilis is sprayed to the whole plant one week before the pepper seedlings are transplanted to a fixed value.

3. The no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bacillus subtilis is applied at 500g per acre of irrigated roots after field planting and transplanting of pepper seedlings.

4. The no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bacillus subtilis is applied at 500g per acre of irrigation roots during flowering and fruiting period of peppers.

5. The no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein the Bacillus subtilis is diluted by 100-300 times with water before use.

6. The no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of pepper according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the Bacillus subtilis is diluted 250 times with water before use.

7. The no-tillage crop rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the application amounts of the compound fertilizer, the humic acid organic fertilizer and the microbial agent are respectively as follows: 40 kg/mu, 750 kg/mu and 500 g/mu.

8. The no-tillage rotation fertilization method for improving continuous cropping obstacles of peppers as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pepper variety is "spicy four-size" linear pepper.