CN115644016A - Seedling culture substrate prepared by low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation of straw and excrement and method - Google Patents
Seedling culture substrate prepared by low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation of straw and excrement and method Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a seedling culture substrate prepared by low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation of straws and excrement and a method, and belongs to the technical field of resource utilization of agricultural organic solid wastes. Firstly, uniformly mixing straws and livestock manure according to a certain proportion, and carrying out steam explosion and carbonization cooperation treatment on the straws and the livestock manure under the condition of high-pressure steam to prepare porous hydrothermal carbon with oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface; and then mixing the porous medium, hydrothermal carbon with oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface and fermentation liquor, and performing stacking aerobic fermentation treatment to obtain the seedling culture medium. The invention can make the best use of the raw materials, avoids the loss of nutrient components in the traditional direct aerobic fermentation, overcomes the unbalanced nutrient components of the substrate prepared from single raw materials of straws and excrement, greatly shortens the aerobic fermentation decomposition time, and has rich porous structure of the substrate and strong water and fertilizer retention capacity; the substrate decomposition degree and the humic acid content are both high, and the fertilizer efficiency is strong; low cost, low energy consumption and no environmental pollution.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of recycling of agricultural organic solid wastes, and particularly relates to a seedling culture substrate prepared by quick low-temperature cooperative carbonization coupling quick aerobic fermentation of straws and excrement and a method.
Background
The straws contain rich cellulose, hemicellulose and a small amount of crude protein, and the livestock manure contains rich nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like. The content of crude fiber of the straws is high, the livestock manure mainly takes the crude fiber and crude protein which are not digested as main materials, and the common recycling treatment mode of the crude fiber and the crude protein is fertilizer conversion, namely the straws are directly smashed and returned to the field and the livestock manure is fermented and returned to the field. The direct returning of the straws to the field has the following disadvantages: diseases and insect pests are easy to cause; the decomposition speed is slow, so that the germination and rooting of crops are influenced; the large crushing diameter easily causes the phenomenon that seeds or seedlings are vacant and cannot contact soil, and then the phenomena of seed death and seedling death are caused. The livestock manure is difficult to completely decompose in natural fermentation composting, especially in autumn and winter. In addition, aerobic fermentation and decomposition can only reach 60-65 ℃, coliform bacteria and roundworm eggs are difficult to effectively inactivate, and plant diseases and insect pests are easy to cause. Therefore, new technologies and methods need to be developed to realize the harmlessness, nutrition and humification of straws and livestock manure.
The water vapor blasting technology is one of the technologies with great development prospects in biomass treatment and disposal. Steam explosion is a process of treating biomass with hot steam (180-240 ℃) under the pressure (1-3.5 MPa), and then rapidly reducing the pressure to atmospheric pressure, so that the rigid structure of biomass fibers is broken, and the microstructure of the biomass is broken. The shear forces generated by the sudden release of pressure can cause hydrolysis of the biomass components. The high temperature and high pressure of the steam explosion can also thoroughly inactivate various pathogenic bacteria and parasitic ova in the biomass raw material. In addition, the steam explosion can also dehydrate and decarboxylate the biomass raw material, promote the Maillard reaction between degradation products (carbonyl compounds (reducing saccharides) and amino compounds (amino acids and proteins)), further realize the efficient carbonization of organic matters, and obtain the hydrothermal carbon rich in oxygen-containing functional groups. The steam explosion carbonization reaction has mild conditions and low treatment cost (less than 100 yuan/ton). The traditional steam explosion process was originally proposed by Mason w.h. in 1925 and is mainly used for pretreatment of lignocellulose. In 1992, a continuous steam explosion test apparatus developed by Stake Technology, canada, was installed in the endea trisia center in south italy, and industrialization of steam explosion was achieved. Built annual product of 5 km of Sinkiang Yinlong International trade corporation in 2012 3 The daily-produced board 166.67m of the steam-exploded straw board production line 3 . Shandongfeng source ecology technology limited company, adopting steam explosion technology to treat straws, and producing 6 ten thousand tons of organic compound fertilizer every year. In 2018, 20 ten thousand tons of cotton stalk steam explosion pulping lines are treated in the production of Korla in Bay in Xinjiang. It can be seen thatSteam explosion technology is emerging in the field of biomass processing.
The straw or the livestock manure is subjected to independent steam explosion treatment, so that crude protein is difficult to form carbon and easy to denitrify in the steam explosion carbonization process, crude fibers contained in the straw or the livestock manure are hydrolyzed in the steam explosion carbonization process to produce soluble sugar, the soluble sugar cannot be completely formed into carbon and is unified and can be remained in a water phase, and the finally prepared substrate cannot guarantee the nutritional function due to insufficient hydrothermal carbonization. Currently, no relevant report about the steam explosion technology is used for preparing the seedling substrate by using straw and livestock manure in a synergistic manner.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the seedling culture substrate prepared by low-temperature synergistic carbonization coupling fermentation of the straws and the excrement and the method, which can solve the technical problem of poor water and fertilizer retention performance caused by incomplete hydrothermal carbonization treatment of the straws and the excrement of the livestock.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose:
the invention discloses a method for preparing a seedling substrate by utilizing low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation of straws and excrement, which comprises the following steps:
1) Uniformly mixing straws and livestock manure according to the mass ratio of 1:3-3:1, then carrying out steam explosion and carbonization treatment under the condition of high-pressure steam, quickly relieving pressure after the reaction is finished to prepare hydrothermal carbon slurry, and carrying out centrifugal separation to prepare porous hydrothermal carbon with the surface rich in oxygen-containing functional groups;
2) Mixing the porous medium, hydrothermal carbon with oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface and fermentation liquor according to the mass ratio of 1.
Preferably, in the step 1), the conditions of the steam explosion and the carbonization treatment are as follows: the steam pressure of the synergic carbonization is 1.0-2.4 MPa, the steam temperature is 170-240 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 3-25 min, and the pressure relief time is less than 0.01s, so that the internal energy of the steam is converted into mechanical energy and acts on the tissue cell layers of the raw materials, and the raw materials are decomposed according to purposes by using less energy.
Preferably, the straw is one or more of wheat, corn, rice, soybean, potatoes, cotton, tomato, sugarcane and oil sunflower; the livestock manure is one or more of horse manure, cow manure, sheep manure, pig manure, chicken manure, duck manure and goose manure.
Preferably, the water content of the straws and the excrement is not limited, and the particle size is 5-50 meshes.
Preferably, the porous hydrothermal carbon with the surface rich in oxygen-containing functional groups prepared in the step 1) has a moisture content of 55-65 wt%, a temperature of 50-70 ℃, a C/N ratio of 20.
Preferably, in the step 2), the fermentation liquid consists of, by mass, 1 part of the composite biological fermentation microbial agent, 5 parts of brown sugar and 100 parts of water.
Further preferably, the compound biological fermentation inoculant adopts two or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, aspergillus niger, bacillus pumilus, pseudomonas stutzeri and rhodococcus.
Preferably, in the step 2), the piling aerobic fermentation treatment time is 3-5 days, air is continuously introduced into the bottom of the piling fermentation, and the fermentation temperature is adjusted to be not higher than 70 ℃.
The invention also discloses a seedling substrate prepared by the method, and the physical property indexes of the seedling substrate are as follows: the volume weight is 0.2-0.5 g/cm 3 Total porosity of 70-90%, air permeability porosity of 50-70%, and water holding porosity>50 percent of gas-water ratio 1:1-2:1 and relative water content<30% cation exchange amount (as NH) 4 + Meter) 15-30 cmol/kg, particle size<20mm; chemical property indexes are as follows: 60-70 wt% of humic acid, 6.0-7.0 of pH value, 0.1-0.15 mS/cm of conductivity, 80-90% of organic matter, 150-300 mg/kg of hydrolytic nitrogen, 40-80 mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 250-400 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium and 4-6% of nitrate nitrogen/ammonium nitrogen: 1. 80-150 mg/kg of exchangeable calcium and 40-80 mg/kg of exchangeable magnesium.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention discloses a method for preparing a seedling substrate by utilizing straw and excrement rapid low-temperature cooperative carbonization coupling rapid aerobic fermentation, which aims at the problems that organic matters cannot be completely carbonized in the independent rapid heat treatment carbonization process of the livestock excrement and the nitrogen element is lost due to the fact that the organic matters are easy to remain in a water phase after protein hydrolysis and the like, on one hand, the livestock excrement and the straw are subjected to carbonization treatment together, so that reductive polysaccharide obtained by straw hydrolysis and amino acid obtained by crude protein hydrolysis in the livestock excrement are subjected to Maillard reaction to strengthen the carbonization of organic matters into carbon, the organic carbon is solidified to the maximum extent, the content of the organic matters reaches 90 percent, secondary pollution is reduced, more nitrogen elements are retained in hydrothermal carbon, and 80 percent of nitrogen in raw materials can be retained in the hydrothermal carbon; on the other hand, aiming at the defects of less hydrothermal carbon pore structure, poor water and fertilizer retention performance and the like obtained by single hydrothermal carbonization of livestock and poultry manure, the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the hydrothermal carbon are increased by adding straws, the percentage of the oxygen-containing functional groups is more than 60%, and the water and fertilizer retention performance is improved. Moreover, acidic substances generated by straw hydrolysis are utilized to promote the degradation of organic macromolecules in the livestock and poultry manure, so that the aerobic fermentation humification time of the subsequent hydrothermal carbon is shortened to 3-5 days, and the content of humic acid can reach 60-70 wt%. Therefore, the method of the invention adopts the mixed steam explosion carbonization of the straws and the livestock manure, can solve the problem of insufficient single hydrothermal carbonization of the straws and the livestock manure, prepares porous hydrothermal carbon with oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface, can carry out aerobic fermentation and rapid humification on the hydrothermal carbon to prepare the hydrothermal carbon base fertilizer, is used for regulating and controlling the performance of low-yield and low-efficiency soil, makes the best use of raw materials, avoids the loss of nutrient components in the traditional direct aerobic fermentation, overcomes the unbalance of the nutrient components of the substrate prepared from single raw materials of the straws and the manure, and greatly shortens the aerobic fermentation and decomposition time; the porous structure of the matrix is rich, and the water and fertilizer retention capacity is strong; the substrate decomposition degree and the humic acid content are both high, and the fertilizer efficiency is strong; low cost, low energy consumption, no environmental pollution and the like, and the treatment cost per ton is only 40-50 yuan.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that the terms first, second and the like in the description and in the claims of the present invention are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It should be understood that the data so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances such that embodiments of the invention described herein may be practiced in sequences other than those described. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
The invention is described in further detail below:
the invention discloses a method for preparing a seedling substrate by coupling quick aerobic fermentation with quick low-temperature cooperative carbonization of straws and excrement, which comprises the following steps:
1) Uniformly mixing crushed straws and excrement in a certain proportion, adding an instant ejection type steam explosion device, sealing, maintaining the pressure for a period of time under the condition of high-pressure steam, transferring organic matters into hydrothermal carbon as much as possible by utilizing the Maillard reaction between a straw hydrolysate and an excrement hydrolysate, and quickly releasing the pressure within 0.01 second after the reaction is finished to obtain porous hydrothermal carbon with the surface rich in oxygen-containing functional groups;
2) Mixing hydrothermal carbon and a compound biological fermentation microbial inoculum according to a certain proportion, piling up, performing aerobic fermentation for 3-5 days, and performing rapid humification to finally obtain the seedling substrate rich in humic acid, wherein the content of the humic acid is over 60 percent.
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process in the step 1), the pressure relief time of the selected instant ejection type steam explosion device is less than 0.01s, so that the internal energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy and acts on the tissue cell layers of the raw material, and the raw material is decomposed according to the purpose by using less energy.
In the step 1), the straws and the livestock manure are uniformly mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:3-3:1; in the step 2), mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the fermentation liquor according to the mass ratio of 1.
The raw materials used in the following examples of the invention were: 1) One or more of naturally air-dried poultry manure such as pig manure, horse manure, cow manure, sheep manure, chicken, duck, goose and the like, wherein the water content is 35wt%; 2) One or more of crushed soybean straw, wheat straw, corn straw, rice straw, potato straw, cotton straw, tomato straw, sugarcane straw and oil sunflower straw, the particle size is 5 meshes, and the water content is 20wt%; 3) One or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, aspergillus niger, bacillus pumilus, pseudomonas stutzeri and rhodococcus.
Example 1
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 1.8MPa, the steam temperature is 190 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 14min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the pig manure/soybean straw mass ratio is 1:2, the temperature is 200 ℃, the steam pressure is 1.5MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 15min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 40wt% of water, 50 ℃, 20 of C/N ratio.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of compound biological fermentation microbial inoculum (prepared according to the mass ratio of bacillus subtilis to bacillus licheniformis = 1:1), 5 parts of brown sugar and 100 parts of water. Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 2
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 2.0MPa, the steam temperature is 200 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 10min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the mass ratio of cow dung to wheat straw is 1:1, the temperature is 220 ℃, the steam pressure is 2.0MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 10min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 45wt% of water, 55 ℃, 26% of C/N ratio.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of composite biological fermentation microbial agent (prepared according to the mass ratio =1 of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and aspergillus niger). Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to 60% by using a liquid-phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation, and the mixed material is ground and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 3
In the preparation process of the hydrothermal carbon, the steam pressure is 1.3MPa, the steam temperature is 180 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 22min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the mass ratio of the horse manure to the rice straw is 2:1, the temperature is 240 ℃, the steam pressure is 2.4MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 3min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 55wt% of water, 60 ℃, 30% of C/N ratio and 45wt% of humic acid.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of compound biological fermentation microbial inoculum (prepared according to the mass ratio =1 of bacillus subtilis to bacillus pumilus to pseudomonas stutzeri = 1) to 5 parts of brown sugar to 100 parts of water. Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 4
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 1.3MPa, the steam temperature is 240 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 8min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the sheep manure/corn straw mass ratio is 3:1, the temperature is 170 ℃, the steam pressure is 1.0MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 20min; the properties of the finally prepared porous hydrothermal carbon with the surface rich in oxygen-containing functional groups are as follows: water content 65wt%, temperature 50 ℃, C/N ratio 30.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of compound biological fermentation microbial inoculum (prepared according to the mass ratio of bacillus subtilis to pseudomonas stutzeri to rhodococcus = 1) to 5 parts of brown sugar to 100 parts of water. Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 5
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 1.0MPa, the steam temperature is 210 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 15min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the mass ratio of poultry excrement such as chicken, duck, goose and the like to potato straw is 1:3, the temperature is 240 ℃, the steam pressure is 2.4MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 25min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 55wt% of water, 70 ℃, 30% of C/N ratio and 45wt% of humic acid.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of composite biological fermentation microbial agent (prepared according to the mass ratio =1 of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and aspergillus niger). Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to 60% by using a liquid-phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation, and the mixed material is ground and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 6
In the preparation process of the hydrothermal carbon, the steam pressure is 2.0MPa, the steam temperature is 240 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 3min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to rapidly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the horse manure/cotton straw mass ratio is 1:1, the temperature is 200 ℃, the steam pressure is 2.0MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 15min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 60wt% of water, 60 ℃ of temperature, 25% of C/N ratio.
And then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the mass ratio of 1 part of the composite biological fermentation microbial agent (prepared according to the mass ratio of the bacillus subtilis to the bacillus licheniformis to the aspergillus niger = 1. Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 7
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 1.6MPa, the steam temperature is 170 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 25min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the mass ratio of the cow dung to the tomato straws is 1:3, the temperature is 180 ℃, the steam pressure is 1.5MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 10min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 55wt% of water, 55 ℃, 23% of C/N ratio.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of composite biological fermentation microbial agent (prepared according to the mass ratio =1 of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and aspergillus niger). Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 8
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 2.3MPa, the steam temperature is 200 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 20min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the sheep manure/sugarcane straw mass ratio is 1:1, the temperature is 220 ℃, the steam pressure is 2.2MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 20min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 60wt% of water, 60 ℃ of temperature, 27% of C/N ratio.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of composite biological fermentation microbial agent (prepared according to the mass ratio =1 of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and aspergillus niger). Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 9
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 2.0MPa, the steam temperature is 180 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 15min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to rapidly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, the pig manure/oil sunflower straw mass ratio is 2:1, the temperature is 200 ℃, the steam pressure is 1.6MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 10min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: water content 65wt%, temperature 65 ℃, C/N ratio 30.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of composite biological fermentation microbial agent (prepared according to the mass ratio =1 of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and aspergillus niger). Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
Example 10
In the hydrothermal carbon preparation process, the steam pressure of the synergistic carbonization is 2.4MPa, the steam temperature is 200 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 8min, the electromagnetic valve controls the steam to quickly release the pressure, the pressure releasing time is less than 0.01s, and the mass ratio of horse manure/tomato straw/soybean straw is 2:1:1, the temperature is 240 ℃, the steam pressure is 2.4MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 10min; the properties of the porous and oxygen-containing functional group-enriched hydrothermal carbon prepared finally are as follows: 55wt% of water, 60 ℃, 25% of C/N ratio and 40wt% of humic acid.
Then preparing a fermentation liquid according to the proportion of 1 part of composite biological fermentation microbial agent (prepared according to the mass ratio =1 of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and aspergillus niger). Uniformly mixing the hydrothermal carbon and the prepared biological bacterial fertilizer fermentation liquor according to the proportion of 1. In the fermentation process, the water content of the mixed material is regulated to be 60% by using a liquid phase product obtained after rapid pressure relief, the mixed material is spread and dried until the water content is 30% after fermentation is finished, and the mixed material is crushed and sieved by a 5-mesh sieve (the particle size is about 4 mm).
The carbon-based seedling substrate prepared in the above specific examples 1 to 10 is detected according to the national standard of the vegetable seedling substrate, and the results are shown in tables 1 and 2:
TABLE 1 table of physicochemical properties of carbon-based seedling substrate samples obtained in EXAMPLES 1-5
TABLE 2 table of physicochemical properties of carbon-based seedling substrate samples obtained in EXAMPLES 6-10
| Item | Example 6 | Example 7 | Example 8 | Example 9 | Example 10 |
| Volume weight, g/m 3 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 0.45 |
| Total porosity,% of | 80 | 80 | 90 | 70 | 75 |
| Porosity of the air passage,%) | 60 | 50 | 60 | 55 | 65 |
| Water retention porosity% | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 55 |
| Relative water content% | 30 | 30 | 25 | 28 | 28 |
| Particle size, mm | <20 | <20 | <20 | <20 | <20 |
| pH | 6.5 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.0 |
| Conductivity, mS/cm | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Organic matter% | 85 | 85 | 80 | 90 | 80 |
| Hydrolyzable nitrogen, mg/kg | 180 | 220 | 280 | 230 | 230 |
| Quick-acting phosphorus in mg/kg | 60 | 65 | 70 | 50 | 60 |
| Quick-acting potassium, mg/kg | 290 | 310 | 370 | 330 | 290 |
| Nitrate nitrogen/ammonium nitrogen | 5:1 | 6:1 | 4:1 | 4:1 | 6:1 |
| Exchangeable calcium, mg/kg | 90 | 100 | 130 | 120 | 120 |
| Exchangeable magnesium, mg/kg | 55 | 60 | 70 | 50 | 60 |
As can be seen from tables 1 and 2, the seedling substrate prepared by using one or more manure of horse manure, cow manure, sheep manure, pig manure, chicken manure, duck manure and goose manure, and straws of soybean, wheat, rice, corn, potatoes, cotton, tomato, sugarcane and oil sunflower as main raw materials has stable quality, reaches the national standard of vegetable seedling substrate, and has the advantages of rich sources, low cost, simple process and easy batch production in factories.
In conclusion, the crude protein in the straw and the livestock manure is difficult to form carbon and easy to denitrate in the single steam explosion carbonization process, so that the content of water-soluble protein and inorganic nitrogen in the residual water phase solution after carbonization is higher; the crude fiber in the straw and the livestock and poultry manure is hydrolyzed to generate soluble sugar in the steam explosion carbonization process, and the soluble sugar can be remained in the water phase if the soluble sugar cannot be completely carbonized. If the straw and the livestock manure can be mixed and subjected to steam explosion carbonization, the polysaccharide obtained by hydrolyzing the crude fiber in the straw and the amino acid obtained by hydrolyzing the livestock manure protein can undergo Maillard reaction to form carbon, and the carbonization rate of organic matters is obviously improved. Therefore, the straw and the livestock manure are mixed and subjected to steam explosion carbonization, and the defect of single hydrothermal carbonization of the straw and the livestock manure can be overcome. The hydrothermal carbon can be subjected to aerobic fermentation and rapid humification to prepare a hydrothermal carbon base fertilizer for regulating and controlling the performance of low-yield and low-efficiency soil; the hydrothermal carbon can be subjected to aerobic fermentation and rapid humification, and then is compounded to prepare the hydrothermal carbon-based functional nutrient substrate for regulating and controlling the performance of the substrate in facility agriculture.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical idea of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for preparing a seedling substrate by utilizing straw and excrement low-temperature collaborative carbonization coupling fermentation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) Uniformly mixing straws and livestock manure according to the mass ratio of 1:3-3:1, then carrying out steam explosion and carbonization treatment under the condition of high-pressure steam, quickly relieving pressure after the reaction is finished to prepare hydrothermal carbon slurry, and carrying out centrifugal separation to prepare porous hydrothermal carbon with the surface rich in oxygen-containing functional groups;
2) Mixing the porous materials, hydrothermal carbon with oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface and fermentation liquor according to the mass ratio of 1.
2. The method for preparing the seedling substrate by utilizing the straw and excrement low-temperature cooperative carbonization-coupled fermentation according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1), the steam explosion and carbonization cooperative treatment conditions are as follows: the pressure of the synergistic carbonization steam is 1.0-2.4 MPa, the steam temperature is 170-240 ℃, the pressure maintaining time is 3-25 min, and the pressure relief time is less than 0.01s.
3. The method for preparing seedling raising substrates by utilizing straw and excrement low-temperature collaborative carbonization coupling fermentation according to claim 1, wherein the straw is one or more of straws of wheat, corn, rice, soybean, potatoes, cotton, tomato, sugarcane and oil sunflower; the livestock manure is one or more of horse manure, cow manure, sheep manure, pig manure, chicken manure, duck manure and goose manure.
4. The method for preparing the seedling substrate by utilizing the low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation of the straws and the excrement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water content of the straws and the excrement is not limited, and the particle size is 5-50 meshes.
5. The method for preparing the seedling substrate by utilizing the low-temperature synergic carbonization-coupling fermentation of the straws and the excrement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the porous hydrothermal carbon rich in oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface prepared in the step 1) is 55-65 wt%, the temperature is 50-70 ℃, the C/N ratio is 20.
6. The method for preparing a seedling culture substrate by utilizing straw and excrement low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the fermentation liquid consists of 1 part of composite biological fermentation microbial inoculum, 5 parts of brown sugar and 100 parts of water in parts by mass.
7. The method for preparing a seedling substrate by utilizing straw and excrement low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation according to claim 6, wherein the composite biological fermentation inoculant adopts two or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, aspergillus niger, bacillus pumilus, pseudomonas stutzeri and rhodococcus.
8. The method for preparing seedling substrate by utilizing straw and excrement low-temperature cooperative carbonization-coupling fermentation according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), pile-opening aerobic fermentation treatment time is 3-5 days, air is continuously introduced into the bottom of pile-opening fermentation, and the fermentation temperature is adjusted to be not higher than 70 ℃.
9. The seedling substrate prepared by the method for preparing the seedling substrate by utilizing the low-temperature synergistic carbonization-coupling fermentation of the straws and the excrement as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 is characterized in that the physical property indexes of the seedling substrate are as follows: the volume weight is 0.2-0.5 g/cm 3 Total porosity of 70-90%, air permeability porosity of 50-70%, and water holding porosity>50 percent of gas-water ratio 1:1-2:1 and relative water content<30% cation exchange amount (as NH) 4 + Meter) 15-30 cmol/kg, particle size<20mm; chemical property indexes are as follows: 60-70 wt% of humic acid, 6.0-7.0 of pH value, 0.1-0.15 mS/cm of conductivity, 80-90% of organic matter, 150-300 mg/kg of hydrolytic nitrogen, 40-80 mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 250-400 mg/kg of quick-acting potassium and 4-6% of nitrate nitrogen/ammonium nitrogen: 1. 80-150 mg/kg of exchangeable calcium and 40-80 mg/kg of exchangeable magnesium.
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