CN115478341A - 一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
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- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium ethoxide Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-] JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D niobium(5+);oxalate Chemical compound [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O XNHGKSMNCCTMFO-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
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- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 3
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- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- ZTILUDNICMILKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(v) ethoxide Chemical compound CCO[Nb](OCC)(OCC)(OCC)OCC ZTILUDNICMILKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical compound Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 tetraethyl propyl titanate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910010379 TiNb2O7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011268 mixed slurry Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Chemical compound O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本申请提供了一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,涉及锂离子电池技术领域,将铌源和络合剂溶解在溶剂中,在水浴加热中搅拌得到稳定溶液A;在溶液A中依次加入钛源和粘稠剂,搅拌均匀得到淡黄色透明前驱体溶液;将前驱体溶液置于纺丝机中进行纺丝得到前驱体聚合物纤维,将前驱体聚合物纤维放入马弗炉中进行烧结,得到铌酸钛纳米纤维;将S3中的铌酸钛纳米纤维放入管式炉中,在碳源下进行加热得到铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维复合材料,改善材料的导电性,提升倍率性能,同时减缓材料在充放电过程中的体积膨胀,保持材料结构稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及锂离子电池领域,特别涉及一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
目前商业化的锂离子电池负极材料主要是碳材料和钛酸锂材料,碳材料作为成熟的负极材料,以价格低廉、技术成熟、导电性好和比容量高等优点占领大部分市场,但是其较低的充放电电压平台与锂沉积电位接近,导致在充放电过程中产生锂枝晶,造成安全隐患。钛酸锂材料以“零应变”而备受关注,放电电位1.55V,循环稳定性优异,但是其较低的理论比容量(172mAhg-1)限制它进一步应用。近年来,研究者发现铌酸钛(TiNb2O7)具有储锂特性,不仅具有较高的放电电位1.6V,而且具有较高理论比容量(387mAhg-1),引起人们的关注。
TiNb2O7具有独特的“ReO3剪切面”晶体结构,有利于锂离子的嵌入与脱出,而且在嵌入与脱出过程中晶胞体积变化很小,具有很好的充放电循环性能。同时较高的放电电位可以避免锂枝晶的生成,提高电池的安全性能,是一种很有应用前景的新型锂离子电池负极材料,但是TiNb2O7电子导电率和离子导电率较低,这限制的它的电化学性能的提升。
发明内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,以解决上述技术问题。为达此目的,本申请采用以下技术方案:
一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、将铌源和络合剂溶解在溶剂中,在水浴加热中搅拌得到稳定溶液A;
S2、在溶液A中依次加入钛源和粘稠剂,搅拌均匀得到淡黄色透明前驱体溶液;
S3、将前驱体溶液置于纺丝机中进行纺丝得到前驱体聚合物纤维,将前驱体聚合物纤维放入马弗炉中进行烧结,得到铌酸钛纳米纤维;
S4、将S3中的铌酸钛纳米纤维放入管式炉中,在碳源下进行加热得到铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维复合材料。
进一步的,所述步骤S1中,铌源为乙醇铌、草酸铌、五氯化铌中的一种或几种混合物。
进一步的,所述步骤S1中,络合剂为柠檬酸,草酸、苹果酸中的一种或几种混合物。
进一步的,所述步骤S1中,溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液、乙醇、去离子水中的一种或几种混合物。
进一步的,所述步骤S1中,铌源和络合剂的质量比为5:1-2,水浴加热温度为50℃-90℃。
进一步的,所述步骤S2中,钛源为钛酸四丁酯、钛酸四乙酯、钛酸四乙丙酯中的一种或几种混合物;
粘稠剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇中的一种或几种混合物。
进一步的,所述步骤S3中,纺丝电压为15kV-25kV,纺丝设备中针头与接收器的距离为10cm-25cm,纺丝液的供给速度为0.2mL/h-0.6mL/h,空气湿度为35%-45%。
进一步的,所述步骤S3中,升温温度为5℃/min-10℃/min;
加热温度为700℃-1000℃;
保温时间为5h-8h。
进一步的,所述步骤S4中,所述碳源气体为乙炔、乙烯、甲烷、乙烷中的一种或几种混合物。
进一步的,所述步骤S4中,碳化温为800℃-1300℃,加热时间为2h-5h。
本申请的有益效果:
(1)、纳米纤维结构有效缩短锂离子的扩散距离,有利于提高材料导电性;
(2)、碳化包覆的铌酸钛纳米纤维,碳化层有利于锂离子嵌入铌酸钛晶体结构,减小界面电阻;
(3)、CVD碳化包覆的不定型碳薄膜,膜层更加均匀致密,比表面积增大,在充放电过程中,增强赝电容行为,降低在高倍率和低温充电下的析锂风险;
(4)、不定型碳薄膜层可以减缓铌酸钛在充放电过程中的体积膨胀,有利于材料结构稳定性。
通过静电纺丝技术制备成TiNb2O7纳米纤维,缩短锂离子的传输距离,提高导电性能,于此同时在纳米纤维表面进行CVD碳化包覆一层致密均匀的不定型碳薄膜,可以进一步改善材料的导电性,提升倍率性能,同时减缓材料在充放电过程中的体积膨胀,保持材料结构稳定性。
附图说明
图1为本申请的铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维SEM示意图;
图2为本申请的铌酸钛纳米纤维和铌酸钛颗粒材料的XRD图。
具体实施方式
请参阅图1-图2,一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、将铌源和络合剂溶解在溶剂中,在水浴加热中搅拌得到稳定溶液A;
优选的,所述步骤S1中:
铌源为乙醇铌、草酸铌、五氯化铌中的一种或几种混合物;
络合剂为柠檬酸,草酸、苹果酸中的一种或几种混合物;
溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液、乙醇、去离子水中的一种或几种混合物;
铌源和络合剂的质量比为5:1-2,水浴加热温度为50℃-90℃。
S2、在溶液A中依次加入钛源和粘稠剂,搅拌均匀得到淡黄色透明前驱体溶液;
优选的,所述步骤S2中:
钛源为钛酸四丁酯、钛酸四乙酯、钛酸四乙丙酯中的一种或几种混合物;
粘稠剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇中的一种或几种混合物。
S3、将前驱体溶液置于纺丝机中进行纺丝得到前驱体聚合物纤维,将前驱体聚合物纤维放入马弗炉中进行烧结,得到铌酸钛纳米纤维;
优选的,所述步骤S3中:
纺丝电压为15kV-25kV,纺丝设备中针头与接收器的距离为10cm-25cm,纺丝液的供给速度为0.2mL/h-0.6mL/h,空气湿度为35%-45%;
升温温度为5℃/min-10℃/min;
加热温度为700℃-1000℃;
保温时间为5h-8h。
S4、将S3中的铌酸钛纳米纤维放入管式炉中,在碳源下进行加热得到铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维复合材料。
优选的,步骤S4中:
所述碳源气体为乙炔、乙烯、甲烷、乙烷中的一种或几种混合物。
碳化温为800℃-1300℃,加热时间为2h-5h。
基于上述,举例说明:
比较例:将TiO2和Nb2O5按摩尔比例1:1比例在球磨罐中球磨10h,然后将样品放入马弗炉中,再1100℃中保温5h,得到颗粒状TiNb2O7。将上述所制得的TiNb2O7、粘结剂(聚偏氟乙烯)和炭黑按照质量比8:1:1的比例混合。再用N-甲基吡咯烷酮将此混合物调制成具有流动性的混合浆料,均匀涂覆在铜箔上,于90℃真空干燥12h制得电池极片。以锂片为对电极,在充满氩气的手套箱中组装CR2032型扣式电池。
实施例1:首先将2.69g草酸铌和0.96g柠檬酸溶于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液,在70℃中水浴搅拌均匀,然后再加入0.85mL钛酸四丁酯和0.7g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮充分搅拌后得到透明的淡黄色纺丝液,将纺丝液置于静电纺丝机中进行纺丝,具体参数为:纺丝电压为20kV,针头与接收器的距离为15cm,针筒内纺丝液的供给速度为0.5mLh-1,空气湿度35%-45%,得到前驱体聚合物纤维,最后将制备好的前驱体聚合物纤维置于马弗炉中,在空气中以5℃/min的升温速率分别加热至800℃并保温5h,冷却后得到TiNb2O7纳米纤维,将上述所制得的TiNb2O7纳米纤维、粘结剂(聚偏氟乙烯)和炭黑按照质量比8:1:1的比例混合,再用N-甲基吡咯烷酮将此混合物调制成具有流动性的混合浆料,均匀涂覆在铜箔上,于90℃真空干燥12h制得电池极片,以锂片为对电极,在充满氩气的手套箱中组装CR2032型扣式电池。
实施例2:首先将2.69g草酸铌和0.96g柠檬酸溶于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液,在70℃中水浴搅拌均匀,然后再加入0.85mL钛酸四丁酯和0.7g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮充分搅拌后得到透明的淡黄色纺丝液,将纺丝液置于静电纺丝机中进行纺丝,具体参数为:纺丝电压为20kV,针头与接收器的距离为15cm,针筒内纺丝液的供给速度为0.5mLh-1,空气湿度35%-45%,得到前驱体聚合物纤维,最后将制备好的前驱体聚合物纤维置于马弗炉中,在空气中以5℃/min的升温速率分别加热至800℃并保温5h,冷却后得到TiNb2O7纳米纤维,将铌酸钛纳米纤维放入管式炉中,进行在乙炔碳源下,在1200℃加热3h得到铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维复合材料,将上述所制得的铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维、粘结剂(聚偏氟乙烯)和炭黑按照质量比8:1:1的比例混合,再用N-甲基吡咯烷酮将此混合物调制成具有流动性的混合浆料,均匀涂覆在铜箔上,于90℃真空干燥12h制得电池极片,以锂片为对电极,在充满氩气的手套箱中组装CR2032型扣式电池。
将上述的比较例、实施例1和实施例2作为负极材料分别组装扣式,测试其电化学EIS、CV、循环性能,其结果如下表所示:
测试项目 | 内阻Rct/ohm | 0.5C循环500周容量保持率 | 1C循环500周容量保持率 | 在0.1mV/s扫描速度下赝电容所占比例 |
实施例1 | 65 | 80% | 72% | 42% |
实施例1 | 51 | 84% | 78% | 51% |
实施例2 | 35 | 88% | 83% | 61% |
从上表可以看出:本发明制备的铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维复合材料,相对于铌酸钛纳米纤维和铌酸钛颗粒,界面阻抗减小,致密的碳薄膜增强赝电容行为,提升其倍率性能和循环性能。
Claims (10)
1.一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、将铌源和络合剂溶解在溶剂中,在水浴加热中搅拌得到稳定溶液A;
S2、在溶液A中依次加入钛源和粘稠剂,搅拌均匀得到淡黄色透明前驱体溶液;
S3、将前驱体溶液置于纺丝机中进行纺丝得到前驱体聚合物纤维,将前驱体聚合物纤维放入马弗炉中进行烧结,得到铌酸钛纳米纤维;
S4、将S3中的铌酸钛纳米纤维放入管式炉中,在碳源下进行加热得到铌酸钛/碳纳米纤维复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S1中,铌源为乙醇铌、草酸铌、五氯化铌中的一种或几种混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S1中,络合剂为柠檬酸,草酸、苹果酸中的一种或几种混合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S1中,溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液、乙醇、去离子水中的一种或几种混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S1中,铌源和络合剂的质量比为5:1-2,水浴加热温度为50℃-90℃。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S2中,钛源为钛酸四丁酯、钛酸四乙酯、钛酸四乙丙酯中的一种或几种混合物;
粘稠剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇中的一种或几种混合物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S3中,纺丝电压为15kV-25kV,纺丝设备中针头与接收器的距离为10cm-25cm,纺丝液的供给速度为0.2mL/h-0.6mL/h,空气湿度为35%-45%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S3中,升温温度为5℃/min-10℃/min;
加热温度为700℃-1000℃;
保温时间为5h-8h。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S4中,所述碳源气体为乙炔、乙烯、甲烷、乙烷中的一种或几种混合物。
10.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂离子负极复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S4中,碳化温为800℃-1300℃,加热时间为2h-5h。
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