CN115316202B - Cultivation method of three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year - Google Patents
Cultivation method of three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year Download PDFInfo
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- CN115316202B CN115316202B CN202211045009.5A CN202211045009A CN115316202B CN 115316202 B CN115316202 B CN 115316202B CN 202211045009 A CN202211045009 A CN 202211045009A CN 115316202 B CN115316202 B CN 115316202B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year, which comprises the following steps: 1, selecting varieties; 2, cultivating healthy seedlings; 3 crops for rotation are configured; transplanting and planting; 5, field management; 6, pest control; and 7, harvesting. The invention is based on the technical advantages of multilayer covering cultivation in early spring facility greenhouse in Jiangsu region, researches and fuses the key technical measures of Xia Qiucha watermelon cultivation, fully utilizes the effects of warming and preserving heat and Xia Qiubi rain, sun-screening and the like in early spring greenhouse, provides good microclimate environment for watermelon growth, and utilizes comprehensive technical measures of plug seedling, water and fertilizer regulation, rain-shielding and sun-screening, green prevention and control and the like by selecting and matching proper varieties and reasonable crop allocation, thereby integrally popularizing the technical mode of three-crop high-efficiency cultivation in one year in greenhouse watermelon, centralizing the original marketing period of the watermelon in 4-6 months, prolonging the marketing period to 4-10 months and even leading the full-scale marketing of the watermelon to be sold in the market, realizing 1 strain 1 fruit high-quality exquisite cultivation, fully utilizing limited land, increasing the output of the watermelon and having obvious economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year.
Background
The Jiangsu is one of main areas of the watermelons in the whole country, mainly uses early spring facility greenhouse cultivation, accounts for more than 80% of the total area of watermelon cultivation, mainly concentrates in eastern coastal areas in the full-province watermelon dominant areas, only achieves 60 ten thousand mu in the saline city facility greenhouse watermelon area, has high production level and strong technical advantages, but has the problems of concentrated marketing period and large homogeneous competition, and has serious market vacancies in summer and autumn. At present, the summer and autumn watermelon cultivation has the problems of poor applicability of crops for rotation, high temperature and raininess in summer, and multiple diseases and insect pests, etc., so that the quality of products is poor, the benefit is low, and the annual green efficient production of the watermelon is not facilitated.
For example, chinese patent No. 106576867B discloses a method for planting potted watermelons in long seasons, which comprises the following steps (1) sowing and raising seedlings; (2) leave the tendrils, press the tendrils and plate the tendrils; (3) whole vines and melon remained; (4) producing second crop melon; (5) producing third-crop melon; (6) fourth crop melon production; (7) fifth crop melon production; and (8) topdressing. By using a potting matrix with durable fertility and carrying out reasonable topdressing, the special methods of vine remaining, vine pressing and vine coiling are adopted to update the vine, increase the root system quantity and control the growth vigor of melon seedlings, and 5-crop watermelons can be harvested at most.
For another example, chinese patent application CN107211670a discloses a method for controlling watermelon continuous cropping diseases by inducing natural factors, comprising: step one, fully fertilizing soil before planting; step two, planting the first watermelon according to a common planting mode. And thirdly, cutting off the vines of the watermelons along the ground after the first-crop watermelons are harvested, and cleaning out the field. The watermelon is directly sowed on the original planting row without ploughing. And step four, after the second melon seedlings, the second melon seedlings are not thinning, and can grow freely. And fifthly, cutting off the watermelon vines again along the ground about 3 months after sowing the second crop of watermelon. And planting the third-crop watermelons according to the planting management mode of the second-crop watermelons. And step six, planting 3-crop watermelons in one year under the greenhouse facility condition. After the 3-crop watermelon is planted, the inhibiting factor of the continuous cropping disease of the watermelon in the soil can be induced. By using the method, after 1 year of induction, watermelon continuous cropping diseases can not occur basically in watermelon planted in 3 years after the induction, and stable yield of watermelon is maintained.
However, how to ensure that the yield and quality of three-stubble watermelons can be improved on the basis of three-stubble greenhouse watermelons in one year, so that the economic benefit is further improved, and the method is still a technical problem to be solved by the technicians in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the reasons, the invention provides a method for cultivating three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year, which ensures that the yield and quality of three-crop watermelons can be improved. In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to a method for cultivating three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year, which comprises the following steps:
1 variety selection
Selecting low-temperature-resistant low-irradiation, high-quality multi-resistance, early-maturing and high-yield marketable varieties for cultivating early-spring watermelons in the 1 st crop; the cultivation of the spring and summer watermelon of the 2 nd crop selects a middle-early maturing variety with high temperature resistance, strong stress resistance and good comprehensive quality; selecting high-temperature resistant, high-quality multi-resistant and high-yield varieties for cultivating the 3 rd-crop early-autumn watermelons;
2 cultivating healthy seedlings
The plug substrate is adopted for seedling cultivation, 50-70 plug trays are adopted, high-quality commodity seedling cultivation substrates with good air permeability and high water retention and acidic pH are selected, and the common commodity substrates are added with Lvheng No. 2 for disinfection, so that seedling diseases are prevented; sowing and raising seedlings in 2-3 batches, sun-drying seeds for 5-6 hours before sowing, soaking the seeds in warm water at 50-60 ℃, then putting the seeds into a square tray, covering the square tray with wet cloth, and accelerating germination at 26-30 ℃;
3-rotation configuration
Early spring watermelon of the 1 st crop is sown and grows seedlings in the last 12 th to 1 st last month, transplanting is carried out in the last 1 st to 2 nd middle to last month, and harvesting and marketing are carried out before five sections of watermelon are matured; sowing and raising seedlings of the spring-continuous-summer watermelons of the 2 nd crop in the middle and upper ten days of 3 months, transplanting and field planting in the middle and lower ten days of 4 months, and maturing and harvesting in the middle and upper ten days of 7 months; sowing and raising seedlings of the 3 rd-crop early autumn watermelons in the middle ten days of 7 months, transplanting the early ten days of 7 months to the beginning of 8 months, and harvesting from the bottom of 9 months to the maturity of the national celebration festival;
4 transplanting field planting
4.1 soil preparation base fertilizer application
Applying 800-1200 kg of organic fertilizer, 20-25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 100-200 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer and more than 30cm of mechanical ploughing to uniformly mix the base fertilizer and soil;
4.2 building greenhouse
Selecting a field which is not planted with melon crops for more than 5 years, wherein the field is required to have higher topography, rich soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and sandy loam; building a greenhouse 25-35 days before transplanting of the 1 st-crop watermelons, building three furrows inside and outside the field in a matched manner when building the greenhouse, opening a furrow in the middle of the greenhouse, making two furrows, wherein the furrow width is 35-45cm, the furrow surface height is 30-40cm, and keeping an angle with the ground;
4.3 laying drip irrigation tape
By adopting a water and fertilizer integrated technology, laying a drip tube belt under the mulching film: 3 drip irrigation belts are paved on each furrow surface along the row direction of watermelon planting, wherein 1 drip irrigation belt is paved in the middle of each furrow surface, 1 drip irrigation belt is paved at 70-90cm positions on the inner side and the outer side of the greenhouse respectively, holes of the drip irrigation belts are upward, and white mulching films are covered on the drip irrigation belts; one end of the drip irrigation belt is fastened, and the other end is connected with the water pump;
4.4 field planting
Early spring planting is carried out in sunny days with cold tails and warm heads, 1 st melon seedlings are planted at the position 5-10 cm outside the middle drip irrigation belt, plant spacing is 23-25 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 750-900 plants; the 2 nd crop seedlings are interplanted at the position 5-10 cm outside the outermost drip irrigation belt about 15 days before the 1 st crop is ripe, the plant spacing is 33-35 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 600-700 plants; the 3 rd crop seedlings are planted in the middle position of the middle drip irrigation belt and the outermost drip irrigation belt, the plant spacing is 40-45 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 450-500 plants;
5 field management
5.1 temperature and humidity management
The nutritional growth stage of the watermelon of the 1 st crop in early spring keeps the temperature of 26-28 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ in the night; the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; the minimum temperature of the fruit in the development and maturity period is 20 ℃ and the maximum temperature is not more than 35 ℃. When the temperature of the greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, removing the inner small greenhouse film and then removing the outer small greenhouse film; the greenhouse temperature exceeds 30 ℃, and the greenhouse is opened for ventilation and cooling at the downwind position; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 35 ℃, and the ventilation quantity and the ventilation time are gradually increased;
the temperature of the watermelon is kept between 25 and 30 ℃ in the daytime before the fruit setting of the 2 nd crop, the temperature is not lower than 18 ℃ at night, and the temperature is not higher than 32 ℃ in the daytime in the fruit development period. In April, the inner greenhouse can be gradually removed from inside to outside, the outer greenhouse apron film can be removed when the outside temperature is above 25 ℃, the outer greenhouse top film is reserved, so that watermelon fruit cracking caused by overcast and rainy weather is avoided, a sunshade net is covered, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, and watermelon pulp caused by high temperature is prevented;
the aeration and cooling are increased in the early stage of the cultivation of the 3 rd crop, and the heat preservation is paid attention to in the later stage, so that the low temperature at night is prevented. In the early growth period of watermelons, controlling the temperature at 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, supplementing water and fertilizer once in 3-5 days, ventilating the two greenhouse film and the apron film completely, and covering a 60-mesh insect-proof net; in middle and late 9 months, film uncovering and ventilation are mainly adopted at two ends of the greenhouse, so that the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the greenhouse is properly closed for heat preservation in the later period, particularly, the low temperature at night is prevented before the fruits are ripe, a small arched greenhouse can be added, the temperature in the greenhouse is increased, and the ripeness of watermelons is promoted;
5.2 fertilizer Water Regulation
Watering fully and slowly seeding water after field planting of the 1 st crop of watermelon, sealing field planting holes, and sealing a greenhouse film for 6-8 days to promote living plants; when the vine length is 45-55cm, dressing 1-2 times of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, and applying fertilizer for 6-8 days; after female pollination, when young melons begin to expand, dressing 1 time of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, and then dressing 1 time of calcium-magnesium fertilizer; when the fruit grows to 5-6 jin, dressing 1 time of high-potassium compound fertilizer; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied by using drip irrigation belts on two sides and the calcium, magnesium fertilizers are applied by using drip irrigation belts in the middle, so that precipitation is prevented and nutrient element absorption is prevented from being influenced;
the outermost drip irrigation belt for the 2 nd-stubble watermelons is used for supplementing water and fertilizer, supplementing water in time according to plant growth vigor, and ventilating, cooling and dehumidifying. The method comprises the steps of dressing the first stubble melon for 1 time after fruit setting and in the fruit expanding period, dressing the first stubble melon with a water-soluble fertilizer, and dressing the first stubble melon with a water-soluble fertilizer for 1 time according to plant growth vigor after harvesting;
the high temperature of the early stage of the cultivation of the 3 rd-stubble watermelon adopts under-film drip irrigation and Shi Chongshi, the melon expansion fertilizer is applied after the fruit is fixed, the outer drip irrigation is adopted before the vine stretching stage, and the inner and outer drip irrigation are simultaneously adopted after the vine stretching stage, the flowering stage and the fruit expansion stage;
5.3 pruning and pollination
Three vines are adopted for cultivating the 1 st-crop watermelon in early spring, 1 main vine and 2 robust side vines are selected and reserved, all other vines are removed, the 2 nd female flower and the 3 rd female flower of the main vine are subjected to artificial pollination, the pollination is carried out in 8-10 am in sunny days, the pollination is uniform, and 1-2 fruits are reserved for each plant;
cultivating 2 nd-crop watermelons, winding a main vine around a root for 1 circle in a vine stretching period, arranging the main vine towards the inner side of a greenhouse, arranging the rest side vines towards the outer side of the greenhouse, timely removing all flowers and side buds before fruit setting, ensuring nutrition growth, reserving enough functional leaves, selecting female flowers for pollination after 24-28 sections of the main vine, reserving 1 fruit per plant, reserving the original vines after the first-crop watermelons are ripe and harvested, freely pollination and harvesting second-crop watermelons, selecting the second-crop watermelons with commodity value before and after 7 months, selling the second-crop watermelons to market, cleaning the vines, removing the crop field, reserving a drip irrigation belt, deeply turning soil for 1 time, and paving a mulching film again after harvesting;
topping when the 3 rd crop of watermelon cultivates 5-7 leaves of main vines, after lateral buds germinate and grow, selecting 1 thick side vine to coil around the root for 1 circle, and then arranging the side vines towards the inner side of the greenhouse, and arranging all the other vines towards the outer side of the greenhouse; the seed-bearing vine pollinates in 30-40 knots, namely, the seed-bearing vine is pollinated by the 4 th-6 th female flower, 1 fruit type melon is selected and reserved after shaping, and redundant flowers and lateral buds are removed in time before fruit setting;
6 pest control
And 7, harvesting.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the early spring watermelon of the 1 st crop is selected from early jia 8424, jingjia 301, su Mi 518, zhejiang honey 8, xiaolan and/or teppanyaki.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said spring and summer watermelon of crop 2 is selected from early good 8424, full U.S. Pat. No. 4K, zhejiang Mi No. 10, hua Xin 469 and/or Mei Du.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the 3 rd-crop early autumn watermelon is selected from jia No. 6, jia No. 5 and/or meidu.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the step of cultivating healthy seedlings, the transplanting seedling age of the 1 st crop is 35-45 days, the transplanting seedling age of the 2 nd crop is 28-30 days, and the transplanting seedling age of the 3 rd crop is 10-15 days.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, various members made of galvanized steel pipes are connected into a plurality of units to be combined together to form a greenhouse framework, one end of each arch bar at two sides is inserted into the underground depth of 0.5m, the other ends of the arch bars are bent and connected together, the overlapping of the connecting parts is larger than 200mm, the arch bars are fixed by connectors, the spacing between the arch pipes of the outer greenhouse is 0.7-0.8 m, the spacing between the arch pipes of the inner greenhouse can be increased to 1-2 m, the top of the greenhouse is provided with 1 channel of submerged longitudinal pull rods, the spacing between each pull rod is smaller than 2m, two ends of the greenhouse are respectively and obliquely pulled for 2, two ends of the outer greenhouse steel frame are respectively and vertically supported for 4, and two ends of the inner greenhouse steel frame are respectively and vertically supported for 2; the greenhouse film covers the top separating film and the skirt film, the overlapping position of the greenhouse films at the two ends is 1.5-2 m, one end of the skirt film is fixed by a clamping groove, and the other end of the skirt film is buried in soil; the apron film is fixed by plastic ropes, and each 1 arch bar is fixed by 1 film pressing rope; the greenhouse is in a north-south trend, the greenhouse is in a circular arch shape with side shoulders, the length of the greenhouse is 100m, the span is 6m, the height of the outer greenhouse top is 2.5-2.7 m, and the height of the shoulders is 1.2-1.5 m; the span of the outer shed is 6m, the distance between the two sides of the overhead inner shed and the outer shed is 0.05-0.10 m, and the distance between the shed roof and the outer shed roof is 0.2-0.25 m.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the harvesting step refers to: the development period of the general middle-fruit type watermelon fruit of the 1 st crop is 38-48 days; the development period of the fruit type watermelon fruit in the 2 nd crop is 32-42 days; general fruit of 3 rd crop the development period is 40-44 days.
Advantageous effects
The invention is based on the technical advantages of multilayer covering cultivation in early spring facility greenhouse in Jiangsu region, researches and fuses the key technical measures of Xia Qiucha watermelon cultivation, fully utilizes the effects of warming and preserving heat and Xia Qiubi rain, sun-screening and the like in early spring greenhouse, provides good microclimate environment for watermelon growth, and utilizes comprehensive technical measures of plug seedling, water and fertilizer regulation, rain-shielding and sun-screening, green prevention and control and the like by selecting and matching proper varieties and reasonable crop allocation, thereby integrally popularizing the technical mode of three-crop high-efficiency cultivation in one year in greenhouse watermelon, centralizing the original marketing period of the watermelon in 4-6 months, prolonging the marketing period to 4-10 months and even leading the full-scale marketing of the watermelon to be sold in the market, realizing 1 strain 1 fruit high-quality exquisite cultivation, fully utilizing limited land, increasing the output of the watermelon and having obvious economic benefit.
Detailed Description
In order to further understand the present invention, a technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Unless otherwise specified, all reagents involved in the examples of the present invention are commercially available products and are commercially available.
Example 1:
1 variety selection
The cultivation of early spring watermelon of the 1 st crop is preferably to select low temperature resistant low irradiation, high quality multi-resistance, early maturing and high yield marketable varieties such as early good 8424, beijing Jia 301, su Mi 518, zhejiang Honey No. 8, small blue, extra small phoenix and the like; the cultivation of the spring and summer watermelon of the 2 nd stubble is preferably to select middle and early maturing varieties with high temperature resistance, strong stress resistance and good comprehensive quality, such as early-maturing varieties 8424, full-American 4K, zhejiang Honey No. 10, hua Xin 469, mei Du and the like; the 3 rd crop of early autumn watermelon is preferably selected from high temperature resistant, high quality multiple resistant and high yield varieties such as jinga 6, carnival 5, meiduo, etc.
2 cultivating healthy seedlings
The plug substrate is adopted for seedling, 50-70 plug substrates are adopted, high-quality commodity seedling substrates with good air permeability and high water retention and acidic pH are selected, and 5g of Lvheng No. 2 disinfection is added into each cubic meter of common commodity substrates to prevent seedling diseases. The seeds are sown and grown in 2-3 batches, the seeds are sun-dried for 5-6 h before sowing, soaked in warm water at 55 ℃, then the seeds are put into a square tray, covered by wet cloth and placed at 28 ℃ for germination acceleration. About 40 days for 1 st seedling, 28-30 days for 2 nd seedling, and 10-15 days for 3 rd seedling. Aiming at different temperatures in different seedling stages, the invention can ensure that 3-crop seedlings have higher survival rate by adjusting the seedling age.
3-rotation configuration
The first early spring watermelon is planted by covering five sheds and six films (three sheds, two small sheds and mulching films), sowed and grown in the last 12 th to 1 st upper ten days, transplanted in the last 1 st middle and last 2 nd upper ten days, and harvested and marketed in the first five knots; sowing and raising seedlings of the spring-continuous-summer watermelons of the 2 nd crop in the middle and upper ten days of 3 months, transplanting and field planting in the middle and lower ten days of 4 months, and maturing and harvesting in the middle and upper ten days of 7 months; sowing and raising seedlings of the 3 rd-crop early autumn watermelons in the middle ten days of 7 months, transplanting the early ten days of 7 months to the beginning of 8 months, and harvesting from the bottom of 9 months to the maturity of the national celebration festival.
4 transplanting field planting
4.1 soil preparation base fertilizer application
Combined soil preparation 667m 2 1000kg of high-quality commercial organic fertilizer, 20-25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer are applied160kg, mechanically ploughing over 30cm, so that the base fertilizer and the soil are uniformly mixed. The mechanical soil preparation machine such as the ultra-wide rotary tillage ridging compound operation machine of the melon and the multifunctional garden management machine can be adopted to finish various operations such as laying drip irrigation belts, laminating, ridging and the like at one time, so that the standard of 'flattening, crushing and cleaning' is achieved.
4.2 building greenhouse
The field which is not planted with melon crops for more than 5 years is selected, and the fields are required to be higher in topography, rich in soil, convenient to drain and irrigate and suitable for sandy loam. Building a greenhouse 30d before transplanting the 1 st watermelon, connecting various components made of galvanized steel pipes into a plurality of units to be combined together to form a greenhouse framework, inserting one end of each arch bar at two sides into the ground to a depth of 0.5m, bending and connecting the other ends of the arch bars together, overlapping the joints to be more than 200mm, fixing the joints by a splicing sleeve, arranging a sinking longitudinal pull rod at the top of the greenhouse to 1-2 m, arranging a pull rod spacing of each pull rod to be less than 2m, obliquely stretching and supporting 2 pieces at two ends of the greenhouse, vertically supporting 4 pieces at two ends of the outer greenhouse steel frame and vertically supporting 2 pieces at two ends of the inner greenhouse steel frame. The greenhouse film covers the top separating film and the skirt film, the overlapping position of the greenhouse films at the two ends is 1.5-2 m, one end of the skirt film is fixed by a clamping groove, and the other end of the skirt film is buried in soil; the apron film is also fixed by plastic ropes, and each 1 arch bar is fixed by 1 film pressing rope. The greenhouse is in a north-south trend, the greenhouse is in a circular arch shape with side shoulders, the greenhouse is 100m long and has a span of 6m, the height of the outer greenhouse top is 2.5-2.7 m, and the height of the shoulders is 1.2-1.5 m. The span of the outer shed is 6m, the distance between the two sides of the overhead inner shed and the outer shed is 0.05-0.10 m, and the distance between the shed roof and the outer shed roof is 0.2-0.25 m. In addition, when the greenhouse is built, three furrows inside and outside the field are built in a matched way, the soil moisture furrows are opened in the middle of the greenhouse, two furrows are made, the width of the furrow is 40cm, the height of the furrow surface is 35cm, and a certain angle is kept between the furrow surface and the ground.
4.3 laying drip irrigation tape
By adopting a water and fertilizer integrated technology, a drip tube belt is paved under the mulching film. Each furrow surface is paved with 3 drip irrigation belts along the row direction of watermelon planting, wherein 1 drip irrigation belt is paved in the middle of the furrow surface, 1 drip irrigation belt is paved at 80cm positions on the inner side and the outer side of the greenhouse respectively, holes of the drip irrigation belts are upward, and white mulching films are covered. One end of the drip irrigation belt is fastened, and the other end is connected with the water pump. By adopting the technical scheme, the method has at least 4 advantages: the fertilizer has the advantages that 1, proper amount of plant nutrients are timely supplemented, the absorption and the utilization of the nutrients are facilitated, the fertilizer utilization rate is improved, and the yield and the efficiency are increased; 2, drip irrigation under the film, prevent the evaporation of water, reduce the humidity in the shed, reduce the occurrence of disease, insect and pest, thus reduce the pesticide consumption, is favorable to the product quality safety; 3, the soil structure is not damaged, the soil hardening is not easy to cause, and the salinization of the soil is delayed; advantage 4: water and fertilizer are saved, and the economic cost is reduced.
4.4 rational field planting
Early spring planting is carried out in sunny days with cold tails and warm heads, 1 st melon seedlings are planted at the position 5-10 cm outside the middle drip irrigation belt, plant spacing is 23-25 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 750-900 plants; the 2 nd crop seedlings are interplanted at the position 5-10 cm outside the outermost drip irrigation belt about 15 days before the 1 st crop is ripe, the plant spacing is 33-35 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 600-700 plants; the 3 rd crop seedlings are planted in the middle position of the middle drip irrigation belt and the outermost drip irrigation belt, the plant spacing is 40-45 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 450-500 plants. And properly densely planting small fruit varieties. The invention reasonably determines the planting density according to different conditions of 3-crop watermelons. Specifically, the watermelon of the 1 st crop is subjected to low temperature in the early stage of the growing period and high temperature in the later stage, is planted at the inner side, is favorable for heat preservation and temperature increase, and promotes the growth of plants to grow to the outer side of the greenhouse; the watermelon of the 2 nd crop is planted outside when the temperature is high; the 3 rd watermelon is planted in the middle at high temperature and low temperature in the early stage of growing period, firstly avoids the planting hole position of the first two stubbles, secondly carries out early stage aeration and cooling, and later stage plants grow to the inner side of the greenhouse, and the heat preservation promotes the growth.
5 field management
5.1 temperature and humidity management
The nutritional growth stage of the watermelon of the 1 st crop in early spring keeps the temperature of 26-28 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ in the night; the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; the minimum temperature of the fruit in the development and maturity period is 20 ℃ and the maximum temperature is not more than 35 ℃. When the temperature of the greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, removing the inner small greenhouse film and then removing the outer small greenhouse film; the greenhouse temperature exceeds 30 ℃, and the greenhouse is opened for ventilation and cooling at the downwind position; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 35 ℃, and the ventilation quantity and the ventilation time are gradually increased.
The temperature of the watermelon is kept between 25 and 30 ℃ in the daytime before the fruit setting of the 2 nd crop, the temperature is not lower than 18 ℃ at night, and the temperature is not higher than 32 ℃ in the daytime in the fruit development period. In April, the inner greenhouse can be gradually removed from inside to outside, when the outside temperature is above 25 ℃, the outer greenhouse apron film can be removed, and the outer greenhouse top film is reserved, so that watermelon fruit cracking caused by overcast and rainy weather is avoided, a sunshade net is covered, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, and watermelon pulp caused by high temperature is prevented.
The aeration and cooling are increased in the early stage of the cultivation of the 3 rd crop, and the heat preservation is paid attention to in the later stage, so that the low temperature at night is prevented. In the early growth period of watermelons, controlling the temperature at 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, supplementing water and fertilizer once in 3-5 days, ventilating the two greenhouse film and the apron film completely, and covering a 60-mesh insect-proof net; in middle and late 9 months, the films are mainly uncovered and ventilated at two ends of the greenhouse, so that the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the greenhouse is properly closed for heat preservation in the later period, particularly, the low temperature at night is prevented before the fruits are ripe, a small arched greenhouse can be added, the temperature in the greenhouse is increased, and the ripeness of watermelons is promoted.
5.2 fertilizer Water Regulation
The 1 st crop of watermelon is a new crop, and needs to be supplemented with nutrients to facilitate the growth of the watermelon, specifically, the 1 st crop of watermelon is planted in the field, then is fully irrigated with seedling-recovering water, the planting holes are sealed, and the greenhouse film 7d is sealed to promote the survival of the watermelon. When the length of the tendrils is about 50cm, each 667m 2 Topdressing 5kg of 45% (N: P: K=15:15:15) potassium sulfate compound fertilizer for 1-2 times, and applying the fertilizer at about 7 days intervals; after female pollination, when young melon begins to expand, every 667m 2 Dressing for 1 time 45% (N: P: K=15:15:15) potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 5-10 kg, properly dressing for 1 time calcium-magnesium fertilizer; when the fruit grows to 5-6 jin, each 667m 2 And 5kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer is applied for 1 time. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied by using drip irrigation belts on two sides and the calcium, magnesium fertilizers are applied by using drip irrigation belts in the middle, so that precipitation is prevented from occurring and nutrient element absorption is prevented from being influenced.
The watermelon of the 2 nd stubble is supplemented in time while absorbing the residual nutrients of the previous stubble, specifically, the watermelon of the 2 nd stubble is mainly supplemented with water and fertilizer by an outermost drip irrigation belt, and is timely supplemented with water according to plant growth vigor, and ventilation, cooling and humidity reduction are carried out. After fruit setting and in the fruit expanding period, the first stubble melon is applied for 1 time, each 667m 2 Applying 5kg of water-soluble fertilizer, and applying 1 time of water-soluble fertilizer appropriately according to plant growth vigor after harvesting the first stubble melon.
The 3 rd stubble needs water and needs nourishment in the earlier stageThe plant is divided into a plurality of parts, namely Shi Qinshi, specifically, the high temperature of the early stage of the 3 rd crop (early autumn watermelon) cultivation, the high nutrient consumption of the plant ensures the sufficient supply of fertilizer and water and promotes the growth of the watermelon, and the drip irrigation under the film is adopted every 667m generally every 3-10 days 2 Shi Chongshi 3-5 kg of the fertilizer is supplemented, and after fruit setting, the melon expansion fertilizer is timely applied, each 667m 2 And applying 10kg of 45% (N: P: K=15:15:15) potassium sulfate compound fertilizer or special formula fertilizer for the melon. The outer drip irrigation is adopted before the vine stretching period, and the inner drip irrigation and the outer drip irrigation are simultaneously adopted after the vine stretching period, the flowering period and the fruit expanding period.
5.3 pruning and pollination
Because the 3-crop watermelons have different microclimate in the growing period, different pruning and pollination schemes are needed, so that the 3-crop watermelons can have high yield and high quality. The early growth temperature of the first-crop melon is low, the growth vigor of the main vine is vigorous, the yield and quality of the main vine are ensured, and excessive lateral branches consume nutrients and should be removed in time. The growth period of the 2 nd stubble melon has high temperature, vigorous plant growth, high growth speed and easy premature fruit setting, but the leaf area is insufficient, firstly, the vine is not sealed, the ground is not covered, the high-temperature burning is easy, secondly, the root cap ratio is unreasonable, the nutrient absorption of the root system at the underground part is insufficient for supplying the growth of the overground part, and the melon sitting is not facilitated. The early-stage temperature of the 3 rd melon is high, the growth is vigorous, the lateral buds are promoted to germinate more and faster after topping, the rapid sealing is facilitated, the ground temperature is reduced, and the later-stage leaf area is ensured.
Specifically, three-vine pruning is adopted in early spring 1 st-crop watermelon cultivation, 1 main vine and 2 robust side vines are selected and reserved, all other vines are removed, the main vine 2 nd and 3 rd female flowers are subjected to artificial pollination, the pollination is performed in 8-10 am on sunny days, the pollination is uniform, meanwhile, marks are required to be made, the pollination cannot be missed, so that empty plants are avoided, the melon bearing of the plant is ensured, 1 fruit is reserved for each plant, and 2 fruits can be reserved for small-sized watermelons.
Cultivating the 2 nd watermelon, winding the main vines around the root for 1 circle in the vine stretching period, arranging the main vines towards the inner side of the greenhouse, arranging the other side vines towards the outer side of the greenhouse, timely removing all flowers and side buds before fruit setting, ensuring nutrition growth, reserving enough functional leaves, selecting and reserving female flowers for pollination after 26 sections of the main vines, reserving 1 fruit for each plant, reserving original vines after the first stubble melon is ripe and harvested, freely pollinating and forming second stubble melon, selecting the second stubble melon with commodity value before and after 7 months to sell and market, and increasing part of income. After harvesting, the vines are cleaned immediately, the stubble is removed, a drip irrigation belt is reserved, the mulch film is recovered to a professional recovery department according to the requirement, the soil is deeply turned for 1 time by a small rotary cultivator, and then the mulch film is paved again.
And (3) topping when 6 leaves of the main vines are cultivated in autumn, after lateral buds germinate and grow, selecting 1 thick and strong lateral vine to coil around the root for 1 circle, and then arranging the two strong lateral vines towards the inner side of the greenhouse, and arranging all the other vines towards the outer side of the greenhouse. The seed-bearing melon is pollinated by hand in 30-40 knots, namely, the seed-bearing melon is pollinated by hand in the 4 th-6 th female flowers, 1 melon with the fruit type and the circumference is selected and reserved after the melon is shaped, and the excessive flowers and lateral buds are removed in time before fruit setting, so that the sufficient leaf area is maintained.
6 pest control
The strategy of 'prevention mainly and comprehensive control' is maintained, and the main diseases and insect pests of the watermelon are powdery mildew, epidemic disease, sclerotinia rot, gray mold, fusarium wilt, aphid, bemisia tabaci and the like. The disease and pest damage of the 1 st crop is less, the disease and pest damage of the 2 nd crop is heavier, and the aphid damage is caused, 45 percent of chlorothalonil smoke agent or 15 percent of procymidone smoke agent is used for fumigating every 10 to 15 days, and the 800 times of liquid of 75 percent of chlorothalonil wettable powder and the 800 times of liquid of 70 percent of thiophanate methyl wettable powder are used for preventing. In autumn, the growth period of the watermelon is positive in high-temperature season, and insect damage of aphids, spider mites, bemisia tabaci, prodenia litura and the like is serious, so that the watermelon needs to be prevented and controlled in time. The aphid prevention and control proposal is that the dicycloprid, the sulfoxaflor, the cyantraniliprole, the acetamiprid, the thiamethoxam, the dinotefuran and the matrine are used; the prevention and treatment of red spider is recommended to use ethaboxam, bifenazate and cyenopyrafen. The high toxicity and the pesticide are strictly forbidden, the safe interval period of pesticide use is strictly needed, and the quality safety of watermelon products is ensured.
7 harvesting
After the watermelon is ripe, the watermelon should be harvested in time. The development period of the general middle-fruit type watermelon fruit is 45 days, and the development period of the small-fruit type watermelon fruit is 40 days; the 2 nd crop is 40 days in the fruit development period of the general middle fruit type watermelon and 35 days in the fruit development period of the small fruit type watermelon; the 3 rd crop is 42 days in the fruit development period. Cleaning melon noodles after picking watermelon, and packing and selling according to the size.
By adopting the planting method, taking the mode of production of a certain plant family in Qingjingzhen in Yancheng city, qingjingjingzhen in Yangchun district as an example, the early spring facility watermelon 667m 2 The yield is 3000kg, the yield value is 15000-18000 yuan, and the central sugar content is more than 12%; chunlian Xia Xigua 667m 2 The yield is 4000-4500 kg, the yield is 11000-15000 yuan, and the central sugar content is about 11.5%; autumn watermelon 667m 2 The yield is 2000-2500 kg, the yield value is 8000-10000 yuan, and the central sugar content is more than 11%. 667m all year round 2 5000 yuan (including steel frame depreciation) is put into the greenhouse, 2000 yuan is rented on the land, 7500 yuan is used for labor, 4500 yuan is used for fertilizer and medicine, 2200 yuan is used for seedling, and the total cost is 21200 yuan. Removal cost, 667m 2 The benefit can reach 21800 yuan.
The foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the present invention, but is not intended to limit the invention thereto. Modifications and variations to the embodiments disclosed herein may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. The method for cultivating the greenhouse watermelons in three batches in one year comprises the following steps:
1. variety selection
The cultivation of early spring watermelon of the 1 st crop selects a marketable variety with low-temperature illumination resistance, high quality multiple resistance and early maturing and high yield; the cultivation of the spring and summer watermelon of the 2 nd crop selects a middle-early maturing variety with high temperature resistance, strong stress resistance and good comprehensive quality; selecting high-temperature resistant, high-quality multi-resistant and high-yield varieties for cultivating the 3 rd-crop early-autumn watermelons;
2. cultivating healthy seedlings
Selecting a high-quality commodity seedling substrate with good air permeability and high water retention and acidic pH value by adopting a plug substrate for seedling cultivation and a 50-70 plug substrate, adding a green heng No. 2 common commodity substrate for disinfection to prevent diseases in seedling stage, sowing and seedling cultivation in batches of 2-3, sun-drying seeds for 5-6 h before sowing and soaking the seeds in warm water at 50-60 ℃, then loading the seeds into a square tray, covering the square tray with wet cloth, and carrying out germination accelerating treatment at 26-30 ℃;
3-rotation configuration
Early spring watermelon of the 1 st crop is sown and grows seedlings in the last 12 th to 1 st last month, transplanting is carried out in the last 1 st to 2 nd middle to last month, and harvesting and marketing are carried out before five sections of watermelon are matured; sowing and raising seedlings of the spring-continuous-summer watermelons of the 2 nd crop in the middle and upper ten days of 3 months, transplanting and field planting in the middle and lower ten days of 4 months, and maturing and harvesting in the middle and upper ten days of 7 months; sowing and raising seedlings of the 3 rd-crop early autumn watermelons in the middle ten days of 7 months, transplanting the early ten days of 7 months to the beginning of 8 months, and harvesting from the bottom of 9 months to the maturity of the national celebration festival;
4. transplanting field planting
4.1 soil preparation base fertilizer application
Applying 800-1200 kg of organic fertilizer, 20-25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 100-200 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer and more than 30cm of mechanical ploughing to uniformly mix the base fertilizer and soil;
4.2 building greenhouse
Selecting a field which is not planted with melon crops for more than 5 years, wherein the field is required to have higher topography, rich soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and sandy loam; building a greenhouse 25-35 days before transplanting of the 1 st-crop watermelons, building three furrows inside and outside the field in a matched manner when building the greenhouse, opening a furrow in the middle of the greenhouse, making two furrows, wherein the furrow width is 35-45cm, the furrow surface is 30-40cm high, and the furrow surface is kept at an angle with the ground;
4.3 laying drip irrigation tape
By adopting a water and fertilizer integrated technology, laying a drip tube belt under the mulching film: 3 drip irrigation belts are paved on each furrow surface along the row direction of watermelon planting, wherein 1 drip irrigation belt is paved in the middle of each furrow surface, 1 drip irrigation belt is paved at 70-90cm positions on the inner side and the outer side of the greenhouse respectively, holes of the drip irrigation belts are upward, and white mulching films are covered on the drip irrigation belts; one end of the drip irrigation belt is fastened, and the other end is connected with the water pump;
4.4 field planting
Early spring field planting is carried out in sunny days with cold tails and warm heads, 1 st melon seedlings are planted at the position with the width of 5-10 cm outside the middle drip irrigation belt, plant spacing is 23-25 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 750-900 plants; the 2 nd crop melon seedlings are interplanted at the position 5-10 cm outside the outermost drip irrigation belt in 15 days before the 1 st crop is ripe, the plant spacing is 33-35 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 600-700 plants; the 3 rd stubble melon seedlings are planted in the middle position of the middle drip irrigation belt and the outermost drip irrigation belt, the plant spacing is 40-45 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 450-500 plants;
5 field management
5.1 temperature and humidity management
The nutritional growth stage of the watermelon of the 1 st crop in early spring keeps the temperature of 26-28 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ in the night; the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; the minimum temperature of the fruit in the development and maturity period is 20 ℃ and the maximum temperature is not more than 35 ℃; when the temperature of the greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, removing the inner small greenhouse film and then removing the outer small greenhouse film; the greenhouse temperature exceeds 30 ℃, and the greenhouse is opened for ventilation and cooling at the downwind position; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 35 ℃, and the ventilation quantity and the ventilation time are gradually increased;
the temperature of the watermelon is kept between 25 and 30 ℃ in the daytime before fruit setting, not lower than 18 ℃ at night, and not higher than 32 ℃ in the daytime during the fruit development period; gradually removing the inner greenhouse from inside to outside in April, removing the outer greenhouse apron film when the outside temperature is above 25 ℃, reserving the outer greenhouse top film so as to avoid watermelon fruit cracking caused by overcast and rainy weather, covering a sunshade net, reducing the temperature in the greenhouse and preventing watermelon pulp caused by high temperature;
the aeration and cooling are increased in the early stage of the cultivation of the 3 rd crop, and the heat preservation is paid attention to in the later stage, so that the low temperature at night is prevented; in the early growth period of watermelons, controlling the temperature at 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, supplementing water and fertilizer once in 3-5 days, ventilating the two greenhouse film and the apron film completely, and covering a 60-mesh insect-proof net; the film uncovering ventilation is mainly adopted at the two ends of the shed in the middle and late 9 months, the humidity in the shed is reduced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the shed is properly closed for heat preservation in the later period, the low temperature at night is prevented before the fruits are ripe, a small arch shed is added, the temperature in the shed is increased, and the ripeness of watermelons is promoted;
5.2 fertilizer Water Regulation
Watering fully and slowly seeding water after field planting of the 1 st crop of watermelon, sealing field planting holes, and sealing a greenhouse film for 6-8 days to promote living plants; when the vine length is 45-55cm, dressing 1-2 times of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, and applying fertilizer for 6-8 days; after female pollination, when young melons begin to expand, dressing 1 time of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, and then dressing 1 time of calcium-magnesium fertilizer; when the fruit grows to 5-6 jin, dressing 1 time of high-potassium compound fertilizer; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied by using drip irrigation belts on two sides and the calcium, magnesium fertilizers are applied by using drip irrigation belts in the middle, so that precipitation is prevented and nutrient element absorption is prevented from being influenced;
supplementing water and fertilizer by using an outermost drip irrigation belt for the 2 nd-stubble watermelons, timely supplementing water according to plant growth vigor, and ventilating, cooling and dehumidifying; the method comprises the steps of dressing the first stubble melon for 1 time after fruit setting and in the fruit expanding period, dressing the first stubble melon with a water-soluble fertilizer, and dressing the first stubble melon with a water-soluble fertilizer for 1 time according to plant growth vigor after harvesting;
the high temperature of the early stage of the cultivation of the 3 rd-stubble watermelon adopts under-film drip irrigation and Shi Chongshi, the melon expansion fertilizer is applied after the fruit is fixed, the outer drip irrigation is adopted before the vine stretching stage, and the inner and outer drip irrigation are simultaneously adopted after the vine stretching stage, the flowering stage and the fruit expansion stage;
5.3 pruning and pollination
Three vines are adopted for cultivating the 1 st-crop watermelon in early spring, 1 main vine and 2 robust side vines are selected and reserved, all other vines are removed, the 2 nd female flower and the 3 rd female flower of the main vine are subjected to artificial pollination, the pollination is carried out in 8-10 am in sunny days, the pollination is uniform, and 1-2 fruits are reserved for each plant;
cultivating 2 nd-crop watermelons, winding a main vine around a root for 1 circle in a vine stretching period, arranging the main vine towards the inner side of a greenhouse, arranging the rest side vines towards the outer side of the greenhouse, timely removing all flowers and side buds before fruit setting, ensuring nutrition growth, reserving enough functional leaves, selecting female flowers for pollination after 24-28 sections of the main vine, reserving 1 fruit per plant, reserving the original vines after the first-crop watermelons are ripe and harvested, freely pollination and harvesting second-crop watermelons, selecting the second-crop watermelons with commodity value before and after 7 months, selling the second-crop watermelons to market, cleaning the vines, removing the crop field, reserving a drip irrigation belt, deeply turning soil for 1 time, and paving a mulching film again after harvesting;
topping when the 3 rd crop of watermelon cultivates 5-76 leaves of main vines, after lateral buds germinate and grow, selecting 1 thick and strong lateral vine to coil around the root for 1 circle, and then arranging the two strong lateral vines towards the inner side of the greenhouse, and arranging all the other vines towards the outer side of the greenhouse; the seed-bearing vine pollinates in 30-40 knots, namely, the seed-bearing vine is pollinated by the 4 th-6 th female flower, 1 fruit type melon is selected and reserved after shaping, and redundant flowers and lateral buds are removed in time before fruit setting;
6. pest control;
7. harvesting.
2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein said early spring watermelon of the 1 st crop is selected from early jia 8424, jia 301, su Mi 518, zhe mi 8, xiaolan and/or teppanyaki.
3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein, the 2 nd spring and summer watermelons are selected from early good 8424, full U.S. Pat. No. 4K, zhejiang Honey No. 10, hua Xin 469 and/or Mei Du.
4. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the 3 rd crop of early autumn watermelons is selected from jia 6, jia 5 and/or meidu.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of cultivating healthy seedlings, the transplanting seedling age of 1 st is 35-45 days, the transplanting seedling age of 2 nd is 28-30 days, and the transplanting seedling age of 3 rd is 10-15 days.
6. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the greenhouse is formed by connecting various components made of galvanized steel pipes into a plurality of units to be combined together to form a greenhouse framework, one end of each arch bar at two sides is inserted into the underground for 0.5m, the other ends of the arch bars are connected together in a bending way, the overlapping of the connecting parts is more than 200mm, the connecting parts are fixed by a splicing sleeve, the spacing between the outer greenhouse arch pipes is 0.7-0.8 m, and the spacing between the inner greenhouse arch pipes is increased to 1-2 m; the top of the greenhouse is provided with 1 track of submerged longitudinal pull rods, the distance between each track of pull rods is smaller than 2m, 2 tracks are respectively and obliquely pulled and supported at two ends of the greenhouse, 4 tracks are respectively and vertically supported at two ends of an outer greenhouse steel frame, and 2 tracks are respectively and vertically supported at two ends of an inner greenhouse steel frame; the greenhouse film covers the top separating film and the skirt film, the overlapping position of the greenhouse films at the two ends is 1.5-2 m, one end of the skirt film is fixed by a clamping groove, and the other end of the skirt film is buried in soil; the apron film is fixed by plastic ropes, and each 1 arch bar is fixed by 1 film pressing rope; the greenhouse is in a north-south trend, the greenhouse is in a circular arch shape with side shoulders, the greenhouse is 100m long and 6m long in span, the outer greenhouse top is 2.5-2.7 m, and the shoulder height is 1.2-1.5 m; the span of the outer shed is 6m, the distance between the two sides of the overhead inner shed and the outer shed is 0.05-0.10 m, and the distance between the shed roof and the outer shed roof is 0.2-0.25 m.
7. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said harvesting step means: the development period of the general middle-fruit type watermelon fruit of the 1 st crop is 38-48 days; the development period of the fruit type watermelon fruit in the 2 nd crop is 32-42 days; the 3 rd crop is 40-44 days in fruit development period.
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