CN111183855A - High-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for high-quality tomatoes with dual purposes of fruits and vegetables - Google Patents
High-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for high-quality tomatoes with dual purposes of fruits and vegetables Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-quality dual-purpose over-summer cultivation method for high mountains of tomatoes for fruits and vegetables in long seasons, which comprises the following steps: (1) selecting the land by temperature: (2) selecting seeds according to the longevity: (3) culturing strong seedlings: (4) planting and cultivating; (5) field management: (6) and (3) constant temperature shrinkage: (7) and (3) cultivating the garden, removing the tomato plants after all the large tomatoes are harvested, uncovering the film in the greenhouse, turning over and airing the field, deep ploughing again in the deep winter, and freezing the field until 4 months in the coming year or the late frost in the mountain area is finished. The method of the invention utilizes the natural law that the temperature drops by 0.6 ℃ when the vertical temperature at the altitude of the high mountain rises by 100 meters every time, selects cultivated land with the highest temperature not exceeding 40 ℃ in short time in summer in the mountain area, and enables the tomatoes to be produced in long seasons going over summer, wherein the daily average temperature is not exceeding 38 ℃. The cultivation management of the invention is mainly rain sheltering, temperature intervention is not carried out, and the advantage of large natural temperature difference in mountainous areas is fully utilized to produce the high-quality tomatoes which are eaten fresh, have rich taste and are used for selling fruits and vegetables nearby, thus the benefit is obvious.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of vegetable cultivation and cultivation methods, and particularly relates to a high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method and system for high-quality tomatoes with dual purposes of fruits and vegetables.
Background
Tomatoes (academic name:Lycopersicon esculentummill.) is a plant of Solanaceae, Lycopersicon, which is annual or perennial, has succulent and yellow seeds, and is one of the most popular vegetables people like to eat. Tomato is cultivated widely in south America and south and north China. The tomato has rich nutrition and special flavor, can be eaten raw, boiled, processed into tomato sauce, juice or canned in whole fruit, and has wide application. The tomato is cultivated in Zhejiang province, but the optimum temperature of the tomato is 25-28 deg.C in day and 15-20 deg.C in night; the temperature in the daytime exceeds 30 ℃, the temperature in the nighttime exceeds 25 ℃, and the growth is retarded, so that the result is influenced. Above 40 ℃, the growth stops, and above 45 ℃, the stems and leaves are easy to be burnt by day and generate necrosis to cause stem and leaf damage and fruit abnormality, so that the growth period of the tomatoes is short, the tomatoes cannot be produced in long season and over summer.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method and a system for high-quality over-summer cultivation of high-mountain tomatoes in high seasons for both fruits and vegetables.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the method for cultivating the high-quality fruit and vegetable tomatoes in the mountains in the long season in the over summer comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting the land by temperature:
firstly, calculating a relative altitude interval H m between a high mountain tomato planting land and an adjacent plain area, then selecting a high mountain planting area according to the relative altitude interval H, and selecting the high mountain planting area with sandy loam as a planting base setting point;
(2) selecting seeds according to the longevity:
selecting the tomato with unlimited growth as a planting variety;
(3) culturing strong seedlings:
after the late frost is finished or in 4 months in the mountain area, pretreating tomato seeds, then accelerating germination until white leaves are exposed, sowing and raising seedlings, and transplanting the seedlings to a greenhouse when 8-10 leaves emerge in 5 months;
(4) planting and cultivating;
the field planting mode of the tomatoes is single-pole pruning and sparse planting, a 6m shed is taken to be used as 4 ridges, 2 rows are planted in each ridge, the plant distance is 50cm, and 1300-1400 plants are field-planted in 667m 2;
(5) field management:
the field management comprises water and fertilizer management, temperature management, insect pest management, greenhouse plant management and timely harvest;
(6) and (3) constant temperature shrinkage:
when the lowest temperature of the current day is lower than the fixed temperature harvesting threshold value of 5 ℃, continuously harvesting all the large tomatoes for 5 days;
(7) fallow field garden
And after all the large tomatoes are harvested, removing the tomato plants, uncovering the film in the greenhouse, turning over and airing the field, deep ploughing again in the deep winter, and freezing the field until the late frost in the mountainous area or 4 months in the next year is finished.
The mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes, provided by the invention, is further set to be that H is more than or equal to 100 (Tmax-38)/0.6 and less than or equal to 100 (Tmax-25)/0.6, wherein Tmax is the average daily highest temperature of plain areas adjacent to the mountains.
The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the fruits and vegetables dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes, provided by the invention, is further arranged in such a way that the water and fertilizer management comprises 667m after the first inflorescence of the tomatoes bears fruits2Dressing with N, P2O5、K210-15kg of ternary compound fertilizer containing 15% of each O and 15kg of calcium superphosphate; 667m when the third and fourth spica fruit bearing2Applying 20-30kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 10kg of potassium sulfate, and then properly applying additional fertilizer according to the growth condition; properly controlling water before flowering and fruit setting to keep soil moist, and supplying sufficient water when fruits are enlarged; in the last ten days of 7-9 months, the high mountain tomatoes are easy to have calcium deficiency navel rot in a high temperature period, and water-soluble calcium fertilizer is adopted to spray and supplement calcium for 1 time every 10 days of leaf surfaces.
The method for cultivating the high-quality dual-purpose fruit and vegetable tomatoes in the mountains over the summer in the long season is further set to be used for preventing and treating diseases and pests, wherein the disease and pest control comprises agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control;
the agricultural control measures are that after the first fruit cluster bears fruit, the first fruit cluster is sprayed with calcium fertilizer for 1 time every 10-15 days to prevent the navel rot;
the physical prevention and control measures are taken to ensure that no water is accumulated in the greenhouse during building of the greenhouse and the deep furrows are high;
the biological prevention and control vector insects such as aphids or bemisia tabaci or prodenia litura are specifically controlled by spraying 1000 times of 1.5 percent of moroxydine missible oil and 250 times of 2 percent of bactericide-germicide; aphids and bemisia tabaci can be prevented and controlled by spraying with 1500-fold liquid of 20% dinotefuran soluble granules, 2000-fold liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 2000-fold liquid of 10% nitenpyram aqueous solution; the spodoptera litura is applied before the egg hatching peak and 3-instar larvae are dispersed, and can be prevented and treated by spraying 2500 times of 5% flufenoxuron missible oil, 800 times of 10 hundred million PIB/g spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus wettable powder 600-fold liquid and 1500 times of 25 g/L spinosad suspension.
The method for cultivating the high-quality dual-purpose fruit and vegetable tomatoes in the mountains in the long season over the summer is further set as that field management comprises
(4.1) erecting and leading vine
When the height of the tomato plant is about 30cm, inserting a herringbone frame with thin bamboo poles of about 2.8m, and timely tying vines to the frame to avoid lodging, vine breakage or excessive growth;
(4.2) pruning and leaf picking
Pruning single branch, taking main branch as bearing branch, and removing all lateral buds. The lateral branches are removed in a period of 5-15 cm, so that the epidermis of the stem is not pulled and injured, and the method is preferably carried out in sunny days; the first pruning is not suitable for being too early, and is generally carried out before vine binding; after the row is sealed, old leaves and diseased leaves are removed in time to lower fruit leaves, which is favorable for ventilation and light transmission;
(4.3) fruit thinning and topping
The temperature drops from the bottom of 10 months to the beginning of 11 months, and topping is carried out in time according to the climate of each place, so as to promote the expansion and maturity of the last fruit.
The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the fruits and vegetables provided by the invention is further set to be that the temperature management utilizes the temperature difference of mountainous areas, no additional intervention of temperature in a greenhouse is needed, and only in the high-temperature period of 7-8 months, ventilation and cooling are enhanced.
The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes, provided by the invention, is further set to be that the greenhouse is a steel-frame greenhouse with the shoulder height of 2.2-2.5 meters, a rain sheltering film is covered on the greenhouse, the rain sheltering film covers the shoulder of the greenhouse to shelter rainwater falling to the ground vertically, the width of the greenhouse is 150-170 cm times, and ditches with smooth drainage are excavated around the greenhouse.
The high-quality high-mountain over-summer cultivation method for the fruits and vegetables further comprises a greenhouse top, wherein the bottom of the greenhouse top is provided with a plurality of upright columns capable of lifting synchronously, the highest using height of each upright column is in inverse proportion to the altitude, the upright columns are connected with and controlled by a high-mountain tomato planting monitoring device through a circuit, and the monitoring device is provided with an altitude sensor, a temperature sensor, an illumination sensor, a controller, a touch screen, a data storage medium, an alarm and a power supply. The elevation sensor is used for detecting elevation data of the tomato planting area and sending the data to the controller, and the controller calculates the elevation data and simultaneously inputs the data to the data storage medium for storage and preservation;
the temperature sensor is used for detecting the temperature data of the tomato planting area and sending the temperature data to the controller,
the illumination sensor is used for detecting illumination intensity data of the tomato planting area and sending the illumination intensity data to the controller;
a touch screen for inputting or outputting data to a user;
a data storage medium for storing data;
the alarm displays the altitude matching degree of the tomato planting by three colors of red, yellow and green;
a power supply for providing power.
Advantageous effects
The invention provides a high-quality fruit and vegetable dual-purpose high-mountain over-summer long-season tomato cultivation method, which has the following advantages:
1. the method of the invention utilizes the natural law that the temperature drops by 0.6 ℃ when the vertical temperature at the altitude of the high mountain rises by 100 meters every time, selects cultivated land with the highest temperature not exceeding 40 ℃ in short time in summer in the mountain area, and enables the tomatoes to be produced in long seasons going over summer, wherein the daily average temperature is not exceeding 38 ℃.
2. The cultivation management of the invention is mainly rain sheltering, temperature intervention is not carried out, and the advantage of large natural temperature difference in mountainous areas is fully utilized to produce the high-quality tomatoes which are eaten fresh, have rich taste and are used for selling fruits and vegetables nearby, thus the benefit is obvious.
3. The method has the advantages of strong applicability, good universality and quick evaluation method, and can quickly help farmers or agricultural technicians to guide.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structure diagram of a greenhouse used in example 1.
Fig. 2 is a structure diagram of a greenhouse used in embodiment 2.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of greenhouse control.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The method for cultivating the high-quality fruit and vegetable tomatoes in the mountains in the long season in the over summer comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting the land by temperature:
firstly, calculating a relative altitude interval H m between a high mountain tomato planting land and an adjacent plain area, then selecting a high mountain planting area according to the relative altitude interval H, and selecting the high mountain planting area with sandy loam as a planting base setting point;
(2) selecting seeds according to the longevity:
selecting the tomato with unlimited growth as a planting variety;
(3) culturing strong seedlings:
after the late frost is finished or in 4 months in the mountain area, pretreating tomato seeds, then accelerating germination until white leaves are exposed, sowing and raising seedlings, and transplanting the seedlings to a greenhouse when 8-10 leaves emerge in 5 months;
(4) planting and cultivating;
the field planting mode of the tomatoes is single-pole pruning and sparse planting, a 6m shed is taken to be used as 4 ridges, 2 rows are planted in each ridge, the plant distance is 50cm, and 1300-1400 plants are field-planted in 667m 2;
(5) field management:
the field management comprises water and fertilizer management, temperature management, insect pest management, greenhouse plant management and timely harvest;
(6) and (3) constant temperature shrinkage:
when the lowest temperature of the current day is lower than the fixed temperature harvesting threshold value of 5 ℃, continuously harvesting all the large tomatoes for 5 days;
(7) fallow field garden
And after all the large tomatoes are harvested, removing the tomato plants, uncovering the film in the greenhouse, turning over and airing the field, deep ploughing again in the deep winter, and freezing the field until the late frost in the mountainous area or 4 months in the next year is finished.
The mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes, provided by the invention, is further set to be that H is more than or equal to 100 (Tmax-38)/0.6 and less than or equal to 100 (Tmax-25)/0.6, wherein Tmax is the average daily highest temperature of plain areas adjacent to the mountains.
The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the fruits and vegetables dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes, provided by the invention, is further arranged in such a way that the water and fertilizer management comprises 667m after the first inflorescence of the tomatoes bears fruits2Dressing with N, P2O5、K210-15kg of ternary compound fertilizer containing 15% of each O and 15kg of calcium superphosphate; 667m when the third and fourth spica fruit bearing2Applying 20-30kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 10kg of potassium sulfate, and then properly applying additional fertilizer according to the growth condition; properly controlling water before flowering and fruit setting to keep soil moist, and supplying sufficient water when fruits are enlarged; in the last ten days of 7-9 months, the high mountain tomatoes are easy to have calcium deficiency navel rot in a high temperature period, and water-soluble calcium fertilizer is adopted to spray and supplement calcium for 1 time every 10 days of leaf surfaces.
The method for cultivating the high-quality dual-purpose fruit and vegetable tomatoes in the mountains over the summer in the long season is further set to be used for preventing and treating diseases and pests, wherein the disease and pest control comprises agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control;
the agricultural control measures are that after the first fruit cluster bears fruit, the first fruit cluster is sprayed with calcium fertilizer for 1 time every 10-15 days to prevent the navel rot;
the physical prevention and control measures are taken to ensure that no water is accumulated in the greenhouse during building of the greenhouse and the deep furrows are high;
the biological prevention and control vector insects such as aphids or bemisia tabaci or prodenia litura are specifically controlled by spraying 1000 times of 1.5 percent of moroxydine missible oil and 250 times of 2 percent of bactericide-germicide; aphids and bemisia tabaci can be prevented and controlled by spraying with 1500-fold liquid of 20% dinotefuran soluble granules, 2000-fold liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 2000-fold liquid of 10% nitenpyram aqueous solution; the spodoptera litura is applied before the egg hatching peak and 3-instar larvae are dispersed, and can be prevented and treated by spraying 2500 times of 5% flufenoxuron missible oil, 800 times of 10 hundred million PIB/g spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus wettable powder 600-fold liquid and 1500 times of 25 g/L spinosad suspension.
The method for cultivating the high-quality dual-purpose fruit and vegetable tomatoes in the mountains in the long season over the summer is further set as that field management comprises
(4.1) erecting and leading vine
When the height of the tomato plant is about 30cm, inserting a herringbone frame with thin bamboo poles of about 2.8m, and timely tying vines to the frame to avoid lodging, vine breakage or excessive growth;
(4.2) pruning and leaf picking
Pruning single branch, taking main branch as bearing branch, and removing all lateral buds. The lateral branches are removed in a period of 5-15 cm, so that the epidermis of the stem is not pulled and injured, and the method is preferably carried out in sunny days; the first pruning is not suitable for being too early, and is generally carried out before vine binding; after the row is sealed, old leaves and diseased leaves are removed in time to lower fruit leaves, which is favorable for ventilation and light transmission;
(4.3) fruit thinning and topping
The temperature drops from the bottom of 10 months to the beginning of 11 months, and topping is carried out in time according to the climate of each place, so as to promote the expansion and maturity of the last fruit.
The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the fruits and vegetables provided by the invention is further set to be that the temperature management utilizes the temperature difference of mountainous areas, no additional intervention of temperature in a greenhouse is needed, and only in the high-temperature period of 7-8 months, ventilation and cooling are enhanced.
The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes, provided by the invention, is further set to be that the greenhouse is a steel-frame greenhouse 1 with a shoulder height H1 of 2.2-2.5 meters, a rain-shielding film 2 is covered on the greenhouse, the rain-shielding film 2 covers the shoulder of the greenhouse to shield the rainwater falling to the ground vertically, the width of the greenhouse is 150 plus 170cm, and the periphery of the greenhouse is excavated with smooth drainage ditches.
In the specific implementation:
1 variety selection in
Selecting tomato color according to target market demand: the large fruit type tomato cultivar has 3 colors of fruits such as bright red, pink, yellow and the like, and the cherry tomato has various colors such as red, pink, yellow, green, purple and the like.
The variety requirement is as follows: multi-resistant varieties for resisting bacterial wilt, virus diseases and the like; the tomato is eaten fresh and has good mouthfeel.
2 cultivating strong seedlings
2.1 sowing at the right time
Sowing and raising seedlings after the late frost in the mountainous area is finished, sowing and raising seedlings in 4 months, transplanting seedlings in 5 months when 8-10 leaves exist, and harvesting from 7-month old to 12 months. The continuous cropping field advocates the production of grafted seedlings.
2.2 seed treatment
The seeds are sunned for 1-2 hours before sowing, the seeds are soaked in 55-DEG C constant-temperature water with the volume 5-6 times of that of the seeds for 15 min, or the seeds are soaked in clear water for 3-4 hours, then the seeds are soaked in 1% copper sulfate solution for 5 min, germs carried on the surfaces of the seeds are killed, the seeds are fished out and washed clean, and then the seeds are germinated until white, and then the seeds are sowed.
2.3 plug seedling
According to DB33/T873-2012 vegetable plug seedling technical regulation, 50-hole plug seedlings are adopted for sowing and raising.
3 permanent planting
3.1 plot selection
Selecting cultivated land with the highest temperature not exceeding 40 ℃ in short time in summer and mountain land with the daily average temperature not exceeding 38 ℃; deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, good drainage, sufficient sunlight and sandy loam or loam.
3.2 building of rain shelter
And (3) building a steel frame greenhouse with the shoulder height of 2.2-2.5 meters according to the size of the land mass, covering a rain-sheltering film, and installing a film pressing line and a greenhouse stabilizing support to ensure the wind and rain resistance safety of the greenhouse. The rain-sheltering film covers the shed shoulder to shelter rainwater falling to the ground vertically, and the two side films are too low to easily cause the tomato to be burnt by too high temperature in the shed in a high temperature period. The length of the greenhouse is adjusted according to the land parcel, the width of the greenhouse is 150-170 cm, and after the greenhouse is built, ditches with smooth drainage are dug around the greenhouse to ensure that no water is accumulated in the greenhouse.
3.2 soil preparation and fertilization
10-20 days before field planting, deeply turning soil, covering a greenhouse film, applying enough base fertilizer, applying 2500-3000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 150kg of decomposed rape cake fertilizer, 5kg of borax or 500kg of commercial organic fertilizer, 150kg of decomposed rape cake fertilizer, 5kg of borax and 20kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer (containing 15% of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively) per 667m of 2, spreading 100-150 kg of quicklime, and preparing soil and making furrows. The ridge surface is shaped like a turtle back, the ridge width is 150-170 cm, and the groove width is 30 cm. The deep furrows are required to be high, 2 drip irrigation belts are laid on each furrow, and rice straws or rough grass with the thickness of 8-15cm is covered on the surfaces of the furrows, so that the effects of adjusting soil temperature, preserving water, preserving fertilizer, reducing weeds and lightening plant diseases and insect pests are achieved.
3.3 proper thin planting
Planting 8-10 leaves of the seedlings, making 4 ridges in a 6m shed, and planting 2 rows in each ridge. Pruning a single rod, planting 1300-1400 plants in a manner that the plant spacing is 50cm and 667m 2. After field planting, 0.2-0.3% of urea solution and 2% of mesogen tetramycin and other bacterial disease preventing medicines are used for pouring root water in time to prevent bacterial diseases such as bacterial wilt and the like.
4 field management
4.1 erecting and leading vine
When the height of the tomato plant is about 30cm, a thin bamboo rod with the length of about 2.8m is inserted into the herringbone frame, and the vine is tied up in time to avoid lodging, vine breaking or excessive growth. Part of the place
4.2 pruning and leaf picking
Pruning single branch, taking main branch as bearing branch, and removing all lateral buds. The lateral branches are removed in a period of 5-15 cm, so that the epidermis of the stem is not pulled and injured, and the method is preferably carried out in sunny days. The first pruning should not be too early, and is generally carried out before tying the vines. After closing the row, the old leaves and the diseased leaves are removed in time to the lower leaves of the fruit, which is favorable for ventilation and light transmission.
4.3 topping of thinning fruit
Too much fruit left in part of big fruit type varieties can cause extremely uneven sizes, and influence continuous fruit setting of plants and product sale. The temperature drops from the bottom of 10 months to the beginning of 11 months, and topping is carried out in time according to the climate of each place, so as to promote the expansion and maturity of the last fruit.
4.4 Fertilizer and Water Regulation
The tomato has long growth period, and besides sufficient base fertilizer, quick-acting fertilizer is applied in multiple times, and water-soluble fertilizer is applied to supplement nutrients according to the growth vigor of plants. After the first inflorescence is fruited, 667m2 topdressing 10-15kg of ternary compound fertilizer (containing N, P2O5 and K2O of 15 percent respectively) and 15kg of calcium superphosphate; and when the third and fourth flower ears are used for fruit setting, 20-30kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 10kg of potassium sulfate are topdressed 667m2, and then appropriate topdressing is carried out according to growth conditions. Controlling water properly before blooming and fruit setting to keep soil moist, and supplying sufficient water when fruit is enlarged. In the last ten days of 7-9 months, the high mountain tomatoes are easy to have calcium deficiency navel rot in a high temperature period, and water-soluble calcium fertilizer is adopted to spray and supplement calcium for 1 time every 10 days of leaf surfaces.
4.5 greenhouse temperature management
The rain-sheltered high-mountain tomatoes aim at sheltering rain, do not need additional intervention of temperature in a shed, fully utilize the advantage of large temperature difference in mountainous areas and cultivate high-quality tomatoes with rich taste. In the high temperature period of 7-8 months, the ventilation and cooling should be enhanced. If high temperature is hot in summer in part of years, a sunshade net can be used for covering and cooling. In the last 10 months, the temperature drops rapidly, and the tomatoes should be topped in time to ensure that the expanded tomato fruits are ripe. And after 11 months, if the minimum temperature of the weather forecast day is lower than 5 ℃, completely harvesting the whole garden in time, and putting the garden into a warehouse for after-ripening sale.
5 pest control
The pest control adopts the principle of 'prevention is mainly carried out and comprehensive control', and preferably adopts agricultural control, physical control, biological control and scientific chemical control.
The navel rot is a physiological disease, and the calcium fertilizer is sprayed for 1 time every 10-15 days after the first fruit cluster bears fruit to prevent the navel rot.
Bacterial wilt is the main disease of high mountain tomatoes, and when a greenhouse is built, no water is accumulated in the greenhouse, and deep furrows and high ridges are formed. The prevention is carried out by regularly adopting a medicament for preventing and treating bacterial diseases. After the diseased plant is found, the plant is immediately taken out of the field and buried deeply or burnt out, and quicklime is spread around the diseased plant to prevent the spread of germs.
The key of the virus diseases is to prevent and control vector insect aphids and the like, and simultaneously, the virus diseases can be prevented and controlled by spraying 1000 times of 1.5 percent of virolin emulsifiable solution and 250 times of 2 percent of bactericide-antidote solution.
The disease incidence is less due to the long-season sparse planting cultivation of the high mountain tomato line, such as gray mold, leaf mold, early blight, late blight and the like, and part of land can be prevented and controlled according to the actual condition.
The aphids and bemisia tabaci can be prevented and controlled by spraying with 1500-fold liquid of 20 percent dinotefuran soluble granules, 2000-fold liquid of 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder and 2000-fold liquid of 10 percent nitenpyram aqueous solution.
The spodoptera litura is applied before the egg hatching peak and 3-instar larvae are dispersed, and can be prevented and treated by spraying 2500 times of 5% flufenoxuron missible oil, 800 times of 10 hundred million PIB/g spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus wettable powder 600-fold liquid and 1500 times of 25 g/L spinosad suspension.
6 timely harvesting
And according to market demands, harvesting timely when the color of the tomato fruit surface changes to meet the demands. When in collection, the tomato is cut by scissors close to the pedicels, and the pedicels are as level as possible with the tomatoes, so that the phenomenon that the overlong pedicels puncture the peel and influence the commodity of the tomatoes is avoided; part of the naturally mature tomato stems and fruits already form separation layers, and the tomato stems and fruits can be harvested by light rotation and directly harvested by hands.
7 clean and recuperation field and garden
When the daily minimum temperature is lower than 5 ℃, the large tomatoes are completely harvested after the fruits are cut off, the plants are cleared out of the field, the film is uncovered, the field is turned over and dried, when the plants reach the deep winter, the soil is fully frozen, and the base number of overwintering disease and insect sources of the producing area is reduced.
The structure of the rain-sheltering tomato shed in the mountains is not snow-resistant, the heat preservation performance is not good, and prolonged harvesting is forbidden to avoid snow disasters.
Example 2
The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes, provided by the invention, is further characterized in that the greenhouse also comprises a greenhouse top 11, a plurality of upright columns 12 capable of being lifted synchronously are arranged at the bottom of the greenhouse top, the highest use height of the upright columns 12 is in inverse proportion to the altitude height, the proportionality coefficient is K, the range of K is a constant which is larger than zero and smaller than 1, the constant can be fitted with the measured data through the altitude height, the constant is not disclosed in the text, the upright columns are hydraulic lifting rods or electric lifting rods, and are connected with and controlled by a high-mountain tomato planting monitoring device through a circuit, and the monitoring device is provided with an altitude sensor, a temperature sensor, an illumination sensor, a controller, a touch screen, a data storage medium, an alarm and; through the liftable big-arch shelter that uses this embodiment, the degree of difficulty that can greatly reduced peasant's management and big-arch shelter were built reduces the risk that the mountain tomato was planted, avoids planting in the place that is unsuitable to plant, simultaneously because big-arch shelter and temperature illumination all have according to the ground, both made things convenient for the agronomy personnel to go to the door to guide, the problem of pursuing, also made things convenient for the peasant to the quality management and control of tomato, the quality uniformity of tomato obtains fine assurance.
The elevation sensor is used for detecting elevation data of the tomato planting area and sending the data to the controller, and the controller calculates the elevation data and simultaneously inputs the data to the data storage medium for storage and preservation;
the temperature sensor is used for detecting the temperature data of the tomato planting area and sending the temperature data to the controller,
the illumination sensor is used for detecting illumination intensity data of the tomato planting area and sending the illumination intensity data to the controller;
a touch screen for inputting or outputting data to a user;
a data storage medium for storing data;
the alarm displays the altitude matching degree of the tomato planting by three colors of red, yellow and green; green represents a planting area falling at an altitude suitable for tomato growth, yellow represents a deviation of 10-20% from the altitude suitable for tomato growth, and deviations above 30% are shown in red, representing a very high planting risk here.
A power supply for providing power.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the examples, and all technical solutions belonging to the idea of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention. It should be noted that modifications and embellishments within the scope of the invention may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the invention, and are considered to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. The method for cultivating the high-quality fruit and vegetable tomatoes in the mountains in the long season in the over summer is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting the land by temperature:
firstly, calculating a relative altitude interval H m between a high mountain tomato planting land and an adjacent plain area, then selecting a high mountain planting area according to the relative altitude interval H, and selecting the high mountain planting area with sandy loam as a planting base setting point;
(2) selecting seeds according to the longevity:
selecting the tomato with unlimited growth as a planting variety;
(3) culturing strong seedlings:
after the late frost is finished or in 4 months in the mountain area, pretreating tomato seeds, then accelerating germination until white leaves are exposed, sowing and raising seedlings, and transplanting the seedlings to a greenhouse when 8-10 leaves emerge in 5 months;
(4) planting and cultivating;
the field planting mode of the tomatoes is single-pole pruning and sparse planting, a 6m shed is taken to be used as 4 ridges, 2 rows are planted in each ridge, the plant distance is 50cm, and 1300-1400 plants are field-planted in 667m 2;
(5) field management:
the field management comprises water and fertilizer management, temperature management, insect pest management, greenhouse plant management and timely harvest;
(6) and (3) constant temperature shrinkage:
when the lowest temperature of the current day is lower than the fixed temperature harvesting threshold value of 5 ℃, continuously harvesting all the large tomatoes for 5 days;
(7) fallow field garden
And after all the large tomatoes are harvested, removing the tomato plants, uncovering the film in the greenhouse, turning over and airing the field, deep ploughing again in the deep winter, and freezing the field until the late frost in the mountainous area or 4 months in the next year is finished.
2. The method for cultivating the high-quality dual-purpose fruit-vegetable tomato in the long-season over-summer in the mountains of the mountain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of Tmax to 38 to H is not less than 100 and not more than 0.6 and not more than 25 to 0.6, and the Tmax is the average daily highest temperature of the plain areas adjacent to the mountains.
3. The method for cultivating high-quality dual-purpose tomato in high mountains over summer in long seasons according to claim 1, wherein the water and fertilizer management comprises 667m after the first inflorescence of the tomato is set2Dressing with N, P2O5、K210-15kg of ternary compound fertilizer containing 15% of each O and 15kg of calcium superphosphate; 667m when the third and fourth spica fruit bearing2Applying 20-30kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 10kg of potassium sulfate, and then properly applying additional fertilizer according to the growth condition; properly controlling water before flowering and fruit setting to keep soil moist, and supplying sufficient water when fruits are enlarged; in the last ten days of 7-9 months, the high mountain tomatoes are easy to have calcium deficiency navel rot in a high temperature period, and water-soluble calcium fertilizer is adopted to spray and supplement calcium for 1 time every 10 days of leaf surfaces.
4. The method for cultivating the high-quality dual-purpose tomato in the mountainous and over-summer long season as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pest control comprises agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control;
the agricultural control measures are that after the first fruit cluster bears fruit, the first fruit cluster is sprayed with calcium fertilizer for 1 time every 10-15 days to prevent the navel rot;
the physical prevention and control measures are taken to ensure that no water is accumulated in the greenhouse during building of the greenhouse and the deep furrows are high;
the biological prevention and control vector insects such as aphids or bemisia tabaci or prodenia litura are specifically controlled by spraying 1000 times of 1.5 percent of moroxydine missible oil and 250 times of 2 percent of bactericide-germicide; aphids and bemisia tabaci can be prevented and controlled by spraying with 1500-fold liquid of 20% dinotefuran soluble granules, 2000-fold liquid of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 2000-fold liquid of 10% nitenpyram aqueous solution; the spodoptera litura is applied before the egg hatching peak and 3-instar larvae are dispersed, and can be prevented and treated by spraying 2500 times of 5% flufenoxuron missible oil, 800 times of 10 hundred million PIB/g spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus wettable powder 600-fold liquid and 1500 times of 25 g/L spinosad suspension.
5. The method for cultivating high-quality high-mountain over-summer tomatoes with dual purposes of fruits and vegetables according to claim 1, wherein the field management comprises
(4.1) erecting and leading vine
When the height of the tomato plant is about 30cm, inserting a herringbone frame with thin bamboo poles of about 2.8m, and timely tying vines to the frame to avoid lodging, vine breakage or excessive growth;
(4.2) pruning and leaf picking
Pruning a single rod, taking the main stem as a bearing branch, and wiping off all lateral buds;
the lateral branches are removed in a period of 5-15 cm, so that the epidermis of the stem is not pulled and injured, and the method is preferably carried out in sunny days; the first pruning is not suitable for being too early, and is generally carried out before vine binding; after the row is sealed, old leaves and diseased leaves are removed in time to lower fruit leaves, which is favorable for ventilation and light transmission;
(4.3) fruit thinning and topping
The temperature drops from the bottom of 10 months to the beginning of 11 months, and topping is carried out in time according to the climate of each place, so as to promote the expansion and maturity of the last fruit.
6. The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the fruits and vegetables high-quality tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature management utilizes the temperature difference in mountainous areas, no additional intervention of temperature in a greenhouse is needed, and only in a high temperature period of 7-8 months, ventilation cooling is needed to be enhanced.
7. The high-mountain long-season over-summer cultivation method for the dual-purpose high-quality tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the greenhouse is a steel-frame greenhouse with 2.2-2.5 m height of shoulders, covered with a rain-sheltering film, covered by the rain-sheltering film to shelter the shoulders from rain falling to the ground, the width of the greenhouse is 150-170 cm times, and the periphery of the greenhouse is excavated with smooth drainage ditches.
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