A kind of okra high-yield high-quality safe implantation methods
Technical field
The invention belongs to okra planting technology field, particularly a kind of okra high-yield high-quality safe implantation methods.
Background technology
Okra has another name called gumbo, swordweed, kidney tonifying dish, and Abelmoschus esculentus belongs to Malvaceae Abelmoschus, annual herb plant.Original producton location is African torrid areas, is one of the important vegetables in Africa and South Asia, in the vegetables in the world, occupies important position.American and Britain, method, Deng state are all listed it among new century best pollution-free food register in.China introduces a fine variety only about 10 years time.It is reported, during okra is the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, one of Africa and the athletic necessary vegetables of South Asian nation, be called " Olympic Games dish ".Okra based on the tender fruit pod of edible children, the tender lubrication of meat, nutritious, the stickum (strengthening the endurance of human body) containing compositions such as pectin, galactan and arabans in fruit pod.Flower, root, seed all can be used as medicine, have good therapeutic effect to the disease such as gastritis, stomach ulcer, protect the liver in addition, ease constipation, strong kidney function.Aging seed dries rear grinds, is cooked into beverage, and local flavor is similar to coffee.Well received on the markets such as Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Shanghai in recent years, be the huge health-care vegetable of development potentiality.
Adopt existing method to carry out okra plantation, exist yield poorly, poor quality, not resistance to continuous cropping, the problem such as disease increases the weight of year by year, Pesticide use number of times is frequent, labor is many.Therefore explore the culture technique of okra high-yield high-quality safe, become urgent task and the key issue of the production of current okra, to promoting that the sound development of okra plant husbandry has great importance.
Summary of the invention
Order ground of the present invention is the deficiency making up the existing culture technique of okra, provides a kind of culture technique of okra high-yield high-quality safe.This technology comprise Fruit variety, seeding and seedling raising, fertilising wholely, transplanting, the extermination of disease and insect pest, the measure such as rich water quality management, okra per mu yield is made to reach 4550kg, and okra quality better, delicate mouthfeel lubricates, there is special fragrance and local flavor, the demand in market can be met.
The invention provides a kind of okra high-yield high-quality safe implantation methods, it is characterized in that: the method comprise Fruit variety, seeding and seedling raising, fertilising wholely, transplanting, the extermination of disease and insect pest, the measure such as rich water quality management, wherein,
1. Fruit variety selects five happinesses;
2. apply fertilizer and select deep, loose fertile, the well-drained loam of soil layer or sandy loam wholely.Before field planting, wholely, mu executes decomposed manure 3000 kilograms, diammonium phosphate 20 kilograms, ash 150 kilograms or potassium sulfate 15 kilograms, EM beneficial bacterium 5 kilograms in deep ploughing.After single fertilization, no longer impose in the whole vegetative period of okra.Do furrow behind whole ground, adopt raised bed cultivate, ridge height 20cm, row spacing 70cm, every ridge plants 2 row, two strain field planting, seeding row spacing 60cm × 50cm, and begin to rehearse between ridge ditch, furrow width 40cm, covers black mulch film field planting;
3. Plant adjustment is when July, plant grew to about 0.9m, and remove a strain in two strains of field planting, retain a strain, object is to improve early yield, also avoids middle and later periods plant tall and bigly to shade mutually, contention nutrient and moisture simultaneously.
In said method, cultivation season is selected: when temperature is stabilized in more than 12 DEG C, can sow.Okra is arranged in frost-free season whole breeding time, and the phase of yielding positive results is in warm and moist season, generally seeding and seedling raising at the beginning of mid-March to 4 month.
In said method, presoaking and germinating method is as follows: every mu of sowing quantity 500 grams, with 50 ~ 55 DEG C of water seed soaking 15min, then at room temperature soaks seed 10 ~ 20 hours.Then vernalization 12 ~ 24 hours under 25 ~ 30 DEG C of conditions, can sow in time having the seed of half to show money or valuables one carries unintentionally.At booth or Li Yong50 hole, greenhouse point disk seedling growing, 2, the seed of every cave seeding belt bud, thickness of earth covering 2cm, covers film, within 6 ~ 7 days, can sprout.3 ~ 4 true leaves get final product field planting, seedling age 30 ~ 40 days.
In said method, during plant strain growth, remove the side shoot of base portion, promote stem precocity fruiting.Water sprout is taked to turn round a method, to control to nourish and grow.The middle and late growth stage, extracts in time to each joint Lao Ye below tender fruit of gathering.
In said method, water management points for attention are as follows: okra requires that soil conservation is moistening between breeding time, and season hot summer, water requirement was large, water in time on the occasion of the okra results Sheng phase.Fruiting period is as arid, and plant growing way is poor, and fruit quality is bad.Watering time should in the morning before 9, after at 4 in afternoon.Water under avoiding high temperature and hinder root.Rainy season notes draining, prevents the dead seedling of ponding and occurs the phenomenon that fallen flowers are fallen leaves.Therefore to accomplish zanjon raised bed cultivate, can arrange and can fill with.
In said method, in the extermination of disease and insect pest: the virus disease initial stage can increase anti-agent 100 times of liquid foliar spray controls with viral A500-800 times liquid or 83-.Damping off, epidemic disease can be prevented and treated with thiophanate methyl 600 times or 50% metalaxyl 500 times spraying.The methods such as yellow card's trap aphid, frequency ventilating type insecticidal lamp, black light lamps the moth pests are utilized to reach the order ground of kill pests.(proportioning is sugar 6 parts to soil insect sugar-vinegar liquid, vinegar 3 parts, white wine 1 part, 10 parts, water, 1 part, chlorophos), fresh vegetable leaf (the trichlorphon 1kg of 90%, after adding 5 ~ 10kg water-solubleization, admix in 100kg fresh vegetable leaf) or rice bran (150 grams, chlorophos, 5 kilograms of rice bran poaches fried poison bait) trapping.Also can check plant in the morning by the method for artificial capture method simultaneously, as found insect pest sign, nearby can cut the earth, carrying out manual catching and killing.
In said method, conventionally gather in the crops okra.
At present, the planting technology of okra has the following disadvantages:
(1) existing okra planting technology does not use EM beneficial bacterium to improve soil, causes diversity of soil microorganism to decline, and beneficial microbe reduces, harmful microorganism increases, and damage by disease and insect increases the weight of, and Pesticide use is frequent, finally cause yielding poorly, poor quality, affect the safety of okra.The present invention uses EM beneficial bacterium to improve soil, and okra growing way is strong, and resistance strengthens, and damage by disease and insect reduces, and Pesticide use amount and number of times reduce.
(2) existing okra planting technology was topdressed often in the whole breeding time of okra.Topdress after slow seedling 1 time, every mu to be watered with the night soil become thoroughly decomposed 500 ~ 600 kilograms and to water seedling or 6 ~ 7 kilograms, urea and be watered and water seedling or 3% composite fertilizer's aqueous solution drenches root.When height of seedling 30cm fruiting period (7 ~ 9 leaves are bloomed), execute disposable fertilizer, every mu with composite fertilizer 25 ~ 30 kilograms or with muck (2000 ~ 3000 kilograms, loose stool water).Topdressed 1 time every 10 ~ 15 days later, each with composite fertilizer 25 kilograms.Fertilizer application frequency is too much, adds labor.And adopt single fertilization technology can save labor, reduce production cost.
(3) existing okra culture technique transparent membrane covers, and herbicidal effect is poor.The present invention's black film mulching, herbicidal effect is good, saves weeding recruitment.
(4) existing culture technique adopts the method for Plant colonization, and per unit area yield is lower.And the present invention adopts the method for two strain field planting, improve the early yield of okra.When okra grows to 0.9m height left and right, remove a strain, retain a strain, avoid middle and later periods plant tall and bigly to shade mutually, contention nutrient and moisture, improve middle and later periods output.
Feature of the present invention is as follows:
Applying of 1.EM beneficial bacterium.
2. single fertilization technology.
3. the use of black thin film.
4. pair strain field planting, the middle and later periods removes a strain, retains a strain.
The beneficial effect that technical solution of the present invention is brought:
The present invention compared with prior art has following beneficial effect: okra implantation methods provided by the invention can shift to an earlier date 15 ~ 20 days results.Okra applies EM beneficial bacterium, enhances the disease resistance of okra, improve the yield and quality of okra.Average 667m
2produce cadmium yellow gumbo and reach 4550kg, than existing okra cultivation method volume increase more than 28%.Quality better, delicate mouthfeel lubricates, and can satisfy the demands of consumers, and decrease the use of agricultural chemicals.Use black mulch film and single fertilization method, decrease weeding and link of topdressing, save artificial 5 ~ 6 manually.Reduce production cost, improve the economic benefit of okra.For promoting scale, the standardized production of okra industry, establish solid technical foundation.
Embodiment
The following examples can make those skilled in the art more fully understand the present invention, but do not limit the present invention in any way.
Inventor has carried out okra high-yield high-quality safe cultivation examination in 2012 on Ya'an, Sichuan Province Sichuan Agricultural University farm.Main research conditions is as follows:
1. research material and method
1.1 research material
This experimental selection okra kind of 4, is respectively five happinesses, five-pointed star, delicate fingers, Rodococcus sp J-5.The group arrangement of random district, repeats for 3 times.On March 10th, 2012, at Sichuan Agricultural University's farm booth, carries out point disk seedling growing.Adopt 55 DEG C of process of hoting water treatment of seeds before sowing, sow after carrying out vernalization.Select deep, loose fertile, the well-drained loam of soil layer or sandy loam, before field planting, wholely, mu executes decomposed manure 3000 kilograms, diammonium phosphate 20 kilograms, potassium sulfate 15 kilograms, EM beneficial bacterium 5 kilograms in deep ploughing.After single fertilization, no longer impose in the whole vegetative period of okra.Do furrow behind whole ground, adopt raised bed cultivate, ridge height 20cm, row spacing 70cm, every ridge plants 2 row, 3 ~ 4 leaf field planting on April 10, two strain field planting, seeding row spacing 60cm × 50cm, and begin to rehearse between ridge ditch, furrow width 40cm, covers black mulch film field planting.When plant grows to 0.9m height, remove a strain, retain a strain.Remove the side shoot of base portion during plant strain growth, promote stem precocity fruiting.Water sprout is taked to turn round a method, to control to nourish and grow.The middle and late growth stage, extracts in time to each joint Lao Ye below tender fruit of gathering.
In okra implantation methods, cultivation season selection, presoaking and germinating, water management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and collecting method are as follows:
Cultivation season: when temperature is stabilized in more than 12 DEG C, can sow.Okra is arranged in frost-free season whole breeding time, and the phase of yielding positive results is in warm and moist season, generally seeding and seedling raising at the beginning of mid-March to 4 month.
Presoaking and germinating: every mu of sowing quantity 500 grams.With 50 ~ 55 DEG C of water seed soaking 15min, then at room temperature soak seed 10 ~ 20 hours.Then vernalization 12 ~ 24 hours under 25 ~ 30 DEG C of conditions, can sow in time having the seed of half to show money or valuables one carries unintentionally.At booth or Li Yong50 hole, greenhouse point disk seedling growing, 2, the seed of every cave seeding belt bud.Thickness of earth covering 2cm, covers film.Within 6 ~ 7 days, can sprout.3 ~ 4 true leaves get final product field planting.Seedling age 30 ~ 40 days.
Water management gumbo requires that soil conservation is moistening between breeding time, and season hot summer, water requirement was large, water in time on the occasion of the okra results Sheng phase.Fruiting period is as arid, and plant growing way is poor, and fruit quality is bad.Watering time should, in the morning before 9, after at 4 in afternoon, water under avoiding high temperature and hinder root.Rainy season notes draining, prevents the dead seedling of ponding and occurs the phenomenon that fallen flowers are fallen leaves.Therefore to accomplish zanjon raised bed cultivate, can arrange and can fill with.
The extermination of disease and insect pest: the virus disease initial stage can increase anti-agent 100 times of liquid foliar spray controls with viral A500-800 times liquid or 83-.Damping off, epidemic disease can be prevented and treated with thiophanate methyl 600 times or 50% metalaxyl 500 times spraying.The methods such as yellow card's trap aphid, frequency ventilating type insecticidal lamp, black light lamps the moth pests are utilized to reach the order ground of kill pests.(proportioning is sugar 6 parts to soil insect sugar-vinegar liquid, vinegar 3 parts, white wine 1 part, 10 parts, water, 1 part, chlorophos), fresh vegetable leaf (the trichlorphon 1kg of 90%, after adding 5 ~ 10kg water-solubleization, admix in 100kg fresh vegetable leaf) or rice bran (150 grams, chlorophos, 5 kilograms of rice bran poaches fried poison bait) trapping.Also can check plant in the morning by the method for artificial capture method simultaneously, as found insect pest sign, nearby can cut the earth, carrying out manual catching and killing.
Gather and conventionally gather in the crops okra.
1.2 test method
The indexs such as each kind thing marquis's phase, morphological feature, fruit properties, output are recorded in process of the test.Seeding stage with cotyledon be unearthed more than 80% date be as the criterion, flowering stage has the date of the plant blossom of 50% to be as the criterion with every community.Thick with vernier caliper measurement stem, tape measure plant height, fruit longitudinal and transverse demeter measured by ruler.The harvesting standard of okra is that length reaches 10 ~ 12 centimetres.
2 results of study
The comparison in the phenophase of 2.1 different cultivars okras
Table 1 is the phenophase of different okra kind in Yaan Prefecture.Each phenophase difference of the okra of different cultivars is not obvious, is almost to emerge to budding to bloom simultaneously simultaneously simultaneously, and difference was at 1 ~ 2 day.Five happinesses, delicate fingers and Rodococcus sp J-5 started to gather by 16 days May 14, and five-pointed star May 21 just starts to gather delayed 5 ~ 6 days.All stopped October 5, when gathering, be about 4 months.
The table 1 different okra kind phenophase compares
The comparison of 2.2 different cultivars okra plant forms features
In five happinesses, five-pointed star, delicate fingers, Rodococcus sp J-5 four strains, the plant height degree the shortest of delicate fingers is 1 meter, and the plant height of Rodococcus sp J-5 is the highest, and average plant height reaches 2.25 meters, and the average plant height of five happinesses and five-pointed star is 1.5 meters and 1.4 meters.The color of the stem of five happinesses, five-pointed star and delicate fingers, leaf, flower is more similar, and difference is not obvious, comparatively sturdy; The flower of red globe mallow, leaf, stem are peony, and stem comparatively other three kinds is thin, is about 1.3 centimetres.
Table 2 different cultivars okra plant forms feature compares
The comparison of 2.3 different cultivars okra fruit properties
The horizontal stem difference of five happinesses, five-pointed star and delicate fingers fruit is little, is 2.1 ~ 2.2 cm, and fruit pod color is light green color, 5 ~ 6 ribs; Rodococcus sp J-5 transverse diameter is 1.9 centimetres, and be less than other three kinds, most of fruit pod has 8 ~ 9 ribs, and wherein 8 ribs is maximum.
Table 3 different okra kind fruit properties compares
The comparison of 2.4 different cultivars Yield of Okras
Focus between 15g ~ 17g in the single fruit of four okra kinds.The per plant number of five happinesses is 47.6, is the highest in 4 kinds, and be secondly five-pointed star, reach 46.9, the per plant number of delicate fingers and Rodococcus sp J-5 is respectively 43.5 and 42.2.Individual plant fruit heavily five happinesses is up to 810g, and Rodococcus sp J-5 is minimum is 630g.Per mu yield five happinesses the highest, reach per mu yield 4550kg, five-pointed star takes second place, and output is 4200kg, delicate fingers and Rodococcus sp J-5 output minimum, only have 3432kg and 3326kg.The output of five happinesses exceeds 8.3% than five-pointed star, exceeds delicate fingers 25.3%, exceeds 29.0% than the output of minimum Rodococcus sp J-5.
Table 4 different cultivars Yield of Okra compares
3 discuss
In this test, 4 okra kind phenophase differences are not obvious, and the picking time only having five-pointed star is other three 4 ~ 5 days evenings of kind comparatively.What 4 kinds differed greatly in plant forms feature only has Rodococcus sp J-5, high compared with the plant height of other three kinds, and thick comparatively other three kinds of stem are thin, and also there were significant differences with other three kinds for the color of stem, leaf, flower.On the fruit shapes of okra, the pod of Rodococcus sp J-5 shows as 8 ribs, and other three Performance of cultivars are 5 ~ 6 ribs.Four okra variety and qualities are good, and delicate mouthfeel has special fragrance and local flavor, can satisfy the demands of consumers, and the use of agricultural chemicals is few.In output, the output of five happinesses is higher than five-pointed star, delicate fingers, Rodococcus sp J-5.Comprehensive each index, five happinesses are adapted at western sichuan region plantation, can promote.
In the growing process of whole okra, Seedling Stage has heart-eating worm to gnaw root and the stem of plant specially, grows animated period and has aphid and smelly stinkbug latter stage, but being all a small amount of appearance, does not form the situation of growing that the impact of large-scale damage by disease and insect is overall.But because Yaan Prefecture's rainwater is more, some rot, the situation of fruit pod deformity to cause okra to occur, the resistance to overhead flooding injury of okra is more weak.The resistance to overhead flooding injury of wherein five happinesses, five-pointed star and delicate fingers is slightly better than Rodococcus sp J-5 again.
The above; be only the present invention's preferably embodiment, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, is anyly familiar with those skilled in the art in the technical scope that the present invention discloses; the change that can expect easily or replacement, all should be encompassed within protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be as the criterion with the protection domain of claim.