CN115316202A - Greenhouse watermelon cultivation method for three crops in one year - Google Patents
Greenhouse watermelon cultivation method for three crops in one year Download PDFInfo
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- CN115316202A CN115316202A CN202211045009.5A CN202211045009A CN115316202A CN 115316202 A CN115316202 A CN 115316202A CN 202211045009 A CN202211045009 A CN 202211045009A CN 115316202 A CN115316202 A CN 115316202A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
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- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year, which comprises the following steps: 1, selecting varieties; 2, cultivating healthy seedlings; 3, allocating crops for 3 crops; 4, transplanting and planting; 5, field management; 6, pest control; and 7, harvesting. Based on the technical advantages of greenhouse multi-layer coverage cultivation in early spring in Jiangsu, the invention researches and fuses key technical measures for cultivating watermelons in summer and autumn, fully utilizes the functions of temperature increase and heat preservation of the greenhouse in early spring, rain and sun sheltering in summer and autumn and sun protection and the like, provides a good microclimate environment for the growth of the watermelons, integrates and popularizes a three-crop-year efficient cultivation technical mode of the greenhouse watermelons by selecting and matching appropriate varieties and reasonable crop rotation configuration, applying comprehensive technical measures such as hole tray seedling cultivation, water and fertilizer regulation, rain and sun sheltering, green prevention and control and the like, concentrates the original marketing period of the watermelons in the greenhouse at 4-6 months, prolongs the original marketing period of the watermelons to 4-10 months and even the Yuan-dan festival to be sold in the market, carries out high-quality cultivation of 1 plant of 1 fruit, fully utilizes limited land, increases the yield of the watermelons, and has obvious economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a greenhouse watermelon cultivation method for three crops in one year.
Background
Jiangsu is one of the main watermelon production areas in China, the early spring facility greenhouse cultivation is taken as the main cultivation area, the area accounts for more than 80% of the total watermelon cultivation area, the dominant watermelon production areas in the whole province are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, the area of the greenhouse watermelons in salt cities only reaches 60 ten thousand mu, the production level of the greenhouse watermelons in the early spring facility is high, the technical advantage is strong, but the problems of concentration and large homogeneous competition in the market period exist, and the market vacancy of the watermelons in summer and autumn is serious. At present, the problems of poor applicability of crop varieties, high temperature and much rain in summer, multiple diseases and insect pests and the like exist in summer and autumn watermelon cultivation, so that the product quality is poor, the benefit is not high, and the realization of annual green and efficient production of watermelons is not facilitated.
For example, granted Chinese patent CN106576867B discloses a long-season planting method of potted watermelons, which comprises the following steps of (1) sowing and seedling raising; (2) vine retention, vine pressing and vine coiling; (3) vine straightening and melon retaining; (4) producing second-batch melons; (5) producing third batch of melons; (6) producing fourth batch of melons; (7) producing the melons in the fifth crop; and (8) topdressing. By using the potting matrix with lasting fertility and reasonable topdressing, the special methods of vine remaining, vine pressing and vine coiling are adopted to renew vines, increase the number of root systems and control the growth of watermelon seedlings, and 5 batches of watermelons can be harvested at most.
For another example, chinese patent application CN107211670A discloses a method for controlling watermelon continuous cropping diseases by inducing natural factors, comprising: step one, fully fertilizing soil before planting; and step two, planting the first watermelon according to a common planting mode. And step three, cutting off the vines of the watermelons along the ground after the first batch of watermelons are harvested, and cleaning out the field. Directly dibbling watermelons on the original planting rows without ploughing. And step four, no thinning is carried out after the second batch of melons grow out, and then the melons are allowed to grow freely. And step five, cutting off the watermelon vines along the ground again about 3 months after the second batch of melons are sowed. And planting the third batch of watermelons according to the planting management mode of the second batch of watermelons. And sixthly, planting 3 batches of watermelons in one year under the greenhouse facility condition. After the 3-crop watermelon is planted, the inhibiting factors of the continuous cropping diseases of the Chinese and western watermelons in the soil can be induced. By utilizing the method, after 1 year of induction, the watermelon planted within 3 consecutive years after the induction basically has no continuous cropping diseases of the watermelon, and the stable yield of the watermelon is kept.
However, how to ensure that the yield and quality of three batches of watermelons can be improved on the basis of three batches of greenhouse watermelons in one year, so that the economic benefit is further improved, still remains a technical problem to be solved by technical personnel in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the reasons, the invention provides the greenhouse watermelon cultivation method for three batches of watermelons in one year, and the yield and the quality of the three batches of watermelons can be improved. In order to realize the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to a method for cultivating three-crop greenhouse watermelons in one year, which comprises the following steps:
1 variety selection
The 1 st early spring watermelon is cultivated and a marketable variety which is resistant to low temperature and low illumination, high in quality and multiple resistance, early maturing and high in yield is selected; 2, cultivating the 2 nd-crop spring and summer watermelon to select a middle-early-maturing variety with high temperature resistance, strong stress resistance and excellent comprehensive quality; 3, cultivating early autumn watermelons in the 3 rd crop to select high-temperature-resistant, high-quality and multi-resistance and high-yield varieties;
2 cultivating healthy seedlings
Seedling raising is carried out by adopting a plug substrate, a plug with 50-70 holes is adopted, a high-quality commodity seedling raising substrate with good air permeability, high water retention and acidic pH is selected, and the common commodity substrate is added with Henry No. 2 for disinfection, so as to prevent seedling diseases; sowing and raising seedlings in 2-3 batches, sunning seeds for 5-6 h before sowing, soaking the seeds in warm water at 50-60 ℃, then loading the seeds into a square tray, covering the square tray with wet cloth, and carrying out germination accelerating treatment at 26-30 ℃;
arrangement of 3 crops
Sowing and seedling raising the 1 st early spring watermelon from 12 months to 1 month, transplanting the watermelon from the middle and last months to 2 months, and harvesting and marketing the watermelon before May's day; sowing and seedling raising watermelons in the middle and late 3 months in the 2 nd spring and summer, transplanting and planting in the middle and late 4 months, and harvesting ripe watermelons in the middle and late 7 months; sowing and seedling growing in the middle ten days of 7 months for the 3 rd early autumn watermelon, transplanting to the beginning of 8 months in the late 7 months, and harvesting after the end of 9 months to the celebration festival of China;
4 transplanting and field planting
4.1 applying base fertilizer to soil preparation
Applying 800-1200 kg of organic fertilizer, 20-25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 100-200 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer per mu in a combined manner, and mechanically ploughing for more than 30cm to uniformly mix the base fertilizer and the soil;
4.2 build up big-arch shelter
Selecting a field block which is not planted with melon crops for more than 5 years, wherein the field block is required to be high in terrain, fertile in soil, convenient to drain and irrigate and sandy loam; constructing a greenhouse 25-35 days before the 1 st watermelon is transplanted, constructing three ditches inside and outside the field when constructing the greenhouse, digging a furrow in the middle of the greenhouse, making two furrows, wherein the width of the furrow is 35-45cm, the height of the furrow is 30-40cm, and an angle is kept between the furrow and the ground;
4.3 laying drip irrigation tape
Adopting a water and fertilizer integration technology, laying a dropper belt under a mulching film: 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid on each ridge surface along the planting row direction of watermelons, 1 drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle of each ridge surface, 1 drip irrigation tape is laid at the positions 70-90cm away from the inner side and the outer side of the shed, holes of the drip irrigation tapes are upward, and white mulching films are covered on the drip irrigation tapes; one end of the drip irrigation tape is fastened, and the other end of the drip irrigation tape is connected with the water pump;
4.4 permanent planting
The early spring planting is carried out in sunny weather with cold tail and warm head, the 1 st melon seedling is planted at the position of 5-10 cm outside the middle drip irrigation belt, the planting distance is 23-25 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 750-900 plants; the melon seedlings of the 2 nd crop are intercropped at the position 5-10 cm outside the outermost drip irrigation zone about 15 days before the 1 st crop is mature, the plant spacing is 33-35 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 600-700 plants; planting the 3 rd batch of melon seedlings in the middle position between the middle drip irrigation belt and the outermost drip irrigation belt, wherein the plant spacing is 40-45 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 450-500 plants;
5 field management
5.1 temperature and humidity management
In the early spring 1 st watermelon vegetative growth stage, the temperature is kept between 26 and 28 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ at night; keeping the temperature of the shed at 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; the lowest temperature of the fruit in the development and maturation period is 20 ℃ and the highest temperature is not more than 35 ℃. When the temperature of the greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, removing the inner layer small greenhouse film and then removing the outer layer small greenhouse film; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 30 ℃, and the greenhouse is opened at the downwind position for ventilation and cooling; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 35 ℃, and the ventilation quantity and the ventilation time are gradually increased;
the temperature of the watermelon in the 2 nd crop before fruit setting is kept to be 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature is not lower than 18 ℃ at night, and the temperature is not higher than 32 ℃ in the daytime during the fruit development period. The inner greenhouse can be gradually removed from the inside to the outside in the middle ten days of April, the apron film of the outer greenhouse can be removed when the outside air temperature is more than 25 ℃, the top film of the outer greenhouse is reserved, so that the watermelon is prevented from cracking in rainy days, a sunshade net is covered, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, and the watermelon water flesh caused by high temperature is prevented;
and (4) increasing ventilation and cooling in the early cultivation stage of the 3 rd crop, and keeping warm in the later cultivation stage to prevent low temperature at night. In the early growth stage of the watermelon, the temperature is controlled to be 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, water and fertilizer are supplemented once in 3-5 days, the greenhouse film and the apron film at two ends are completely ventilated, and a 60-mesh insect-proof net is covered; in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, two ends of the greenhouse are mainly uncovered for ventilation, the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the greenhouse is properly closed for heat preservation in the later period, particularly, the low temperature at night needs to be prevented before fruits are ripe, a small arched greenhouse can be added, the temperature in the greenhouse is increased, and the ripening of watermelons is promoted;
5.2 Fertilizer water Conditioning
After the 1 st watermelon is planted, sufficient seedling reviving water is poured, planting holes are sealed, and a greenhouse film is sealed for 6-8d to promote survival; when the vines grow to 45-55cm, dressing the potassium sulfate compound fertilizer for 1-2 times, wherein the fertilization interval is 6-8 days; after female flowers are pollinated, when young melons begin to expand, applying a potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer for 1 time, and then applying a calcium magnesium fertilizer for 1 time; when the fruit grows to 5-6 jin, applying 1 time high-potassium compound fertilizer; the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is separately applied by using drip irrigation belts at two sides and the calcium-magnesium fertilizer is separately applied by using a middle drip irrigation belt so as to prevent precipitation and influence on nutrient element absorption;
and (4) replenishing water and fertilizer for the watermelons of the 2 nd crop by using the drip irrigation zone at the outermost side, replenishing water in time according to the growth vigor of plants, and performing ventilation, cooling and dehumidification. Applying the water-soluble fertilizer for 1 time respectively after the first batch of melons are subjected to fruit setting and in the fruit expanding period, and applying the water-soluble fertilizer for 1 time according to the growth vigor of plants after the first batch of melons are harvested;
high temperature is carried out at the early stage of the 3 rd-crop watermelon cultivation, drip irrigation under a film is adopted every 3-10 days, flushing application is carried out, expanding watermelon fertilizer is applied after fruit setting, outer-side drip irrigation is adopted before the vine extending period, and inner-side and outer-side drip irrigation is simultaneously used after the vine extending period, the flowering period and the fruit expanding period;
5.3 pruning and pollination
In the early spring, 1 st watermelon is cultivated by pruning three vines, selecting and reserving 1 main vine and 2 robust lateral vines, removing all the other vines, carrying out artificial pollination on the 2 nd and 3 rd female flowers of the main vines, carrying out pollination at 8-10 am in a sunny day, carrying out uniform pollination, and reserving 1-2 fruits on each plant;
cultivating watermelons in the 2 nd crop, coiling a main vine around roots for 1 circle in the vine extending period, then arranging the main vine to the inner side of a greenhouse, arranging all the other side vines to the outer side of the greenhouse, removing all flowers and side buds in time before fruit setting, ensuring nutritional growth, reserving enough functional blades, selecting and reserving female flowers for pollination after 24-28 sections of the main vine, reserving 1 fruit for each plant, reserving the original vines after the first-crop melons are ripe and harvested, allowing the first-crop melons to freely pollinate to finish the second-crop melons, selecting the second-crop melons with commodity values before and after 7 months for sale and marketing, clearing the vines after harvesting, making the stubbles clear the field, reserving a drip irrigation tape, deeply ploughing soil for 1 time by using a small rotary cultivator, and then laying a mulching film again;
topping the 3 rd crop of watermelon when cultivating 5-7 leaves of the main vines, after the lateral buds germinate and grow, selecting and reserving 1 thick lateral vine, coiling the lateral vine around the root for 1 circle, arranging the lateral vine to the inner side of the greenhouse, and arranging the rest vines to the outer side of the greenhouse; carrying out artificial pollination on 30-40 sections of the bearing melon vines, namely carrying out artificial pollination on the 4 th-6 th female flowers to seat the melons, selecting and reserving 1 fruit type well-corrected melon after the melons are shaped, and timely removing redundant flowers and lateral buds before fruit setting;
6 pest control
And 7, harvesting.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the 1 st early spring watermelon is selected from Zaojia 8424, jingjia 301, su honey 518, zhe honey No. 8, xiaolan and/or Texiaofeng.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the watermelon of the 2 nd crop of spring and summer is selected from Zaojia 8424, quanmei 4K, zhejiang honey No. 10, huaxin 469 and/or Meidu.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the 3 rd early autumn watermelon is selected from Jiajia No. 6, jianianhua No. 5 and/or Meidu.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the step of cultivating healthy seedlings, the age of the 1 st transplanted seedling is 35 to 45 days, the age of the 2 nd transplanted seedling is 28 to 30 days, and the age of the 3 rd transplanted seedling is 10 to 15 days.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the greenhouse is formed by connecting various components made of galvanized steel pipes into a plurality of units to form a greenhouse framework, one ends of arch rods at two sides are inserted into the ground to a depth of 0.5m, the other ends are connected together in a bending way, the joints are overlapped to be more than 200mm and are fixed by connecting sleeves, the distance between arch pipes of the outer greenhouse is 0.7-0.8 m, the distance between arches of the inner greenhouse can be increased to 1-2 m, 1 sunken longitudinal pull rod is arranged at the top of the greenhouse, the distance between each pull rod is less than 2m, 2 pull rods are respectively arranged at two ends of the greenhouse in a diagonal manner, 4 pull rods are respectively vertically supported at two ends of steel frames of the outer greenhouse, and 2 steel frames are respectively vertically supported at two ends of the inner greenhouse; the greenhouse film covers the top film and the skirt film, the overlapping position of the greenhouse films at two ends is 1.5-2 m, one end of the skirt film is fixed by a clamping groove, and the other end of the skirt film is embedded into soil; the apron film is also fixed by plastic ropes, and 1 film pressing rope is used for fixing every 1 arch bar; the greenhouse is in the north-south direction, the shape of the greenhouse is a circular arch with side shoulders, the length of the greenhouse is 100m, the span is 6m, the height of the top of the outer greenhouse is 2.5-2.7 m, and the height of the shoulders is 1.2-1.5 m; the span of the outer shed is 6m, the distance between the two sides of the inner shed and the outer shed is 0.05-0.10 m, and the distance between the shed roof and the outer shed roof is 0.2-0.25 m.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the harvesting step is: the 1 st crop of general medium-fruited watermelons has a fruit development period of 38-48 days; the 2 nd crop is generally the development period of medium-fruited watermelon fruits for 32-42 days; the 3 rd crop generally has a fruit development period of 40-44 days.
Advantageous effects
Based on the technical advantages of greenhouse multi-layer coverage cultivation in early spring in Jiangsu, the invention researches and fuses key technical measures for cultivating watermelons in summer and autumn, fully utilizes the functions of temperature increase and heat preservation of the greenhouse in early spring, rain and sun sheltering in summer and autumn and sun protection and the like, provides a good microclimate environment for the growth of the watermelons, integrates and popularizes a three-crop-year efficient cultivation technical mode of the greenhouse watermelons by selecting and matching appropriate varieties and reasonable crop rotation configuration, applying comprehensive technical measures such as hole tray seedling cultivation, water and fertilizer regulation, rain and sun sheltering, green prevention and control and the like, concentrates the original marketing period of the watermelons in the greenhouse at 4-6 months, prolongs the original marketing period of the watermelons to 4-10 months and even the Yuan-dan festival to be sold in the market, carries out high-quality cultivation of 1 plant of 1 fruit, fully utilizes limited land, increases the yield of the watermelons, and has obvious economic benefit.
Detailed Description
In order to further understand the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise specified, the reagents used in the examples of the present invention are commercially available products, and all of them can be purchased from commercial sources.
Example 1:
1 variety selection
In the 1 st early spring watermelon cultivation, suitable marketable varieties with low temperature and low irradiation resistance, high quality and multiple resistance, early maturity and high yield are selected, such as Zaojia 8424, jingjia 301, su honey 518, zhe honey No. 8, xiaolan, and Texiaofeng; in the 2 nd crop of the spring even summer watermelon, medium and early maturing varieties with high temperature resistance, strong stress resistance and excellent comprehensive quality, such as Zaojia 8424, quanmei 4K, zhejiang honey No. 10, huaxin 469, meidu and the like, are preferably selected; the 3 rd early autumn watermelon is cultivated by selecting high temperature resistant, high quality and high yield varieties, such as Jingjia No. 6, jianianhua No. 5, meidu, etc.
2 cultivating healthy seedlings
Seedling is cultivated by adopting a plug substrate, 50-70 holes are formed, a high-quality commodity seedling substrate with good air permeability, high water retention and acidic pH is selected, and 5g of Luheng No. 2 disinfection is preferably added into a common commodity substrate per cubic meter to prevent seedling diseases. Sowing and raising seedlings in 2-3 batches, sunning the seeds for 5-6 h before sowing, soaking the seeds in warm water at 55 ℃, then putting the seeds into a square plate, covering the square plate with wet cloth, and accelerating germination at 28 ℃. The seedling age of the 1 st seedling is about 40 days, the seedling age of the 2 nd seedling is 28-30 days, and the seedling age of the 3 rd seedling is 10-15 days. The invention can ensure that 3-crop seedlings have higher survival rate by adjusting the seedling age according to different temperatures in different seedling raising periods.
Arrangement of 3 crops
The 1 st early spring watermelon is cultivated by covering with a five-shed six-film (three-shed + two small arched sheds + mulching films), seeding and seedling are carried out from 12 to 1 last month of the last year, transplanting is carried out from 1 middle to 2 last months, and the watermelon is ripe before May, harvested and sold; sowing and seedling raising watermelons in the middle and late 3 months in the 2 nd spring and summer, transplanting and planting in the middle and late 4 months, and harvesting ripe watermelons in the middle and late 7 months; and sowing and seedling the 3 rd early autumn watermelon in the middle 7 th month, transplanting the watermelon to the beginning 8 months in the last 7 th month, and harvesting the watermelon after the end 9 months to the festival of national celebration.
4 transplanting and field planting
4.1 applying base fertilizer to soil preparation
Combined soil preparation 667m 2 Applying 1000kg of high-quality commercial organic fertilizer, 20-25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 160kg of biological bacterial fertilizer, and mechanically ploughing for more than 30cm to uniformly mix the base fertilizer and the soil. The watermelon and melon ultra-wide rotary tillage ridging compound operation machine, the multifunctional field management machine and the like can be used for mechanical soil preparation, and the operations of laying a drip irrigation tape, laminating, ridging and the like can be completed at one time, so that the standards of flattening, smashing and cleaning are met.
4.2 build up big-arch shelter
The field which is not planted with melon crops for more than 5 years is selected, and the requirements are higher terrain, fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and sandy loam are suitable. The greenhouse is built 30d before 1 st watermelon is transplanted, various components made of dip galvanized steel pipes are connected into a plurality of units to form a greenhouse framework, one ends of arch rods at two sides are inserted into the ground to a depth of 0.5m, the other ends are connected in a bending mode, the joints are overlapped to be larger than 200mm and fixed through connecting sleeves, the distance between arch pipes of the outer greenhouse is 0.7-0.8 m, the distance between arch pipes of the inner greenhouse can be increased to 1-2 m, 1 sunken longitudinal pull rod is installed at the top of the greenhouse, the distance between each pull rod is smaller than 2m, 2 pull rods are obliquely supported at two ends of the greenhouse, 4 steel frames are vertically supported at two ends of the outer greenhouse, and 2 steel frames are vertically supported at two ends of the inner greenhouse. The greenhouse film covers the top film and the skirt film, the overlapping position of the greenhouse films at two ends is 1.5-2 m, one end of the skirt film is fixed by a clamping groove, and the other end of the skirt film is embedded into soil; the apron film is also fixed by plastic ropes, and 1 film pressing rope is used for fixing every 1 arch bar. The greenhouse is in the north-south direction, the shape of the greenhouse is a circular arch with side shoulders, the length of the greenhouse is 100m, the span is 6m, the top height of the outer greenhouse is 2.5-2.7 m, and the shoulder height is 1.2-1.5 m. The span of the outer shed is 6m, the distance between the two sides of the inner shed and the outer shed is 0.05-0.10 m, and the distance between the shed roof and the outer shed roof is 0.2-0.25 m. In addition, when the greenhouse is built, three ditches inside and outside the field are built in a matched manner, a furrow is formed in the middle of the greenhouse, two furrows are formed, the width of the furrow is 40cm, the height of the furrow surface is 35cm, and a certain angle is kept between the furrow and the ground.
4.3 laying drip irrigation tape
And (3) paving a drip pipe belt under the mulching film by adopting a water and fertilizer integration technology. 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid on each ridge surface along the planting row direction of watermelons, 1 drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle of each ridge surface, 1 drip irrigation tape is laid at the positions 80cm away from the inner side and the outer side of the shed, holes of the drip irrigation tapes face upwards, and white mulching films are covered on the drip irrigation tapes. One end of the drip irrigation tape is tightly tied, and the other end of the drip irrigation tape is connected with the water pump. By adopting the technical scheme, the method at least has the advantages of 4 aspects: the advantages of 1, timely and appropriate supplement of plant nutrients is realized, absorption and utilization of nutrients are facilitated, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved, and yield and efficiency are increased; the drip irrigation under the film has the advantages that water evaporation is prevented, the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, and the occurrence of diseases, pests and weeds is reduced, so that the using amount of pesticides is reduced, and the quality safety of products is facilitated; the advantages are that 3, the soil structure is not damaged, the soil is not easy to harden, and the soil salinization is delayed; advantage 4: water and fertilizer are saved, and the economic cost is reduced.
4.4 reasonable planting
The early spring planting is carried out in sunny weather with cold tail and warm head, the 1 st batch of melon seedlings are planted at the position 5-10 cm outside the middle drip irrigation zone, the planting distance is 23-25 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 750-900 plants; the melon seedlings of the 2 nd crop are planted at the position 5-10 cm outside the outermost side drip irrigation zone 15 days before the 1 st crop is mature, the plant spacing is 33-35 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 600-700 plants; planting the 3 rd batch of melon seedlings in the middle position between the middle drip irrigation belt and the outermost drip irrigation belt, wherein the plant spacing is 40-45 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 450-500 plants. And (5) properly and densely planting the small fruit type variety. The invention reasonably determines the planting density according to different conditions of the 3-crop watermelons. Specifically, the 1 st watermelon is high in temperature at the early stage and the later stage of the growth period, and the planting is inclined to the inner side, so that the heat preservation and the temperature increase are facilitated, the growth of the plant is promoted, and the plant grows to the outer side of the greenhouse at the later stage; the summer-crossing period of the watermelon of the 2 nd crop is high in temperature and fixedly planted on the outer side; the watermelon of the 3 rd crop is planted in the middle of the watermelon at the high temperature and the low temperature in the early stage and the high temperature and the low temperature in the later stage of the growth period, so that the planting holes of the first two crops are avoided, and the plants grow towards the inner side of the greenhouse in the early stage by ventilation and cooling, so that the growth is promoted by heat preservation.
5 field management
5.1 temperature and humidity management
In the early spring 1 st watermelon vegetative growth stage, the temperature is kept between 26 and 28 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ at night; keeping the temperature of the shed at 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; the lowest temperature of the fruit in the development and mature period is 20 ℃ and the highest temperature is not more than 35 ℃. When the temperature of the greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, removing the inner layer small greenhouse film and then removing the outer layer small greenhouse film; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 30 ℃, and the greenhouse is opened at the downwind position for ventilation and cooling; the temperature of the shed exceeds 35 ℃, and the ventilation quantity and the ventilation time are gradually increased.
The temperature is kept between 25 ℃ and 30 ℃ in the daytime before the second watermelon is set, is not lower than 18 ℃ at night, and is not higher than 32 ℃ in the daytime during the fruit development period. The inner greenhouse can be gradually removed from the inside to the outside in the middle ten days of April, the apron film of the outer greenhouse can be removed when the outside air temperature is more than 25 ℃, the top film of the outer greenhouse is reserved, so that the watermelon is prevented from cracking in rainy days, the sunshade net is covered, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, and the watermelon water flesh caused by high temperature is prevented.
And (4) increasing ventilation and cooling in the early cultivation stage of the 3 rd crop, and keeping warm in the later cultivation stage to prevent low temperature at night. In the early growth stage of the watermelon, the temperature is controlled to be 32-35 ℃ in the daytime, water and fertilizer are supplemented once in 3-5 days, the greenhouse film and the apron film at two ends are completely ventilated, and a 60-mesh insect-proof net is covered; in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, two ends of the greenhouse are mainly used for uncovering the film for ventilation, the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the greenhouse is properly closed for heat preservation in the later period, particularly, the low temperature at night needs to be prevented before fruits are ripe, a small arched greenhouse can be added, the temperature in the greenhouse is increased, and the ripening of watermelons is promoted.
5.2 Fertilizer water Conditioning
The 1 st watermelon is a new crop, and needs to be supplemented with nutrients to be beneficial to the growth of the watermelon, and particularly, after the 1 st watermelon is planted in a fixed way, sufficient seedling-relaxing water is poured, the fixed planting holes are sealed, and the greenhouse film is sealed for about 7d to promote the survival of the watermelon. When the vine is about 50cm long, every 667m 2 Applying 5kg of 45% (N: P: K = 15; after pollination of female flowers, when the young melon begins to expand, every 667m 2 Applying 5-10 kg of 45% (N: P: K = 15; when the fruit grows to 5-6 jin, every 667m 2 5kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer is applied for 1 time. The nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is separately applied by using drip irrigation belts on two sides and the calcium-magnesium fertilizer is separately applied by using a drip irrigation belt in the middle to prevent precipitation and influence on absorption of nutrient elements.
The watermelon of the 2 nd crop can absorb the residual nutrients of the previous crop and supplement the nutrients at the same timeIn particular, the watermelon of the 2 nd crop is mainly supplemented with water and fertilizer by the drip irrigation zone at the outermost side, and timely supplemented with water according to the growth vigor of plants, ventilated, cooled and dehumidified. Applying 1 time after fruit setting and fruit expanding period of first-batch melon, each 667m 2 And (5) applying 5kg of water soluble fertilizer, and properly applying the water soluble fertilizer for 1 time after the first batch of melons are harvested according to the growth vigor of the plants.
The 3 rd crop early stage needs high water and nutrient and is subjected to multiple service applications, specifically, the 3 rd crop (early autumn watermelon) is cultivated at early stage with high temperature and large plant nutrient consumption, sufficient supply of rich water is ensured, the growth of the watermelon is promoted, generally every 3-10 days, drip irrigation is carried out under a film, and every 667m 2 3-5 kg of water is applied for supplement application, and expanding melon fertilizer is applied in time after fruit setting, wherein each 667m of the fertilizer 2 And (3) applying 10kg of a 45% (N: P: K = 15). The outside drip irrigation is adopted before the vine extending period, and the inside drip irrigation and the outside drip irrigation are simultaneously adopted after the vine extending period, the flowering period and the fruit expanding period.
5.3 pruning and pollination
Because the microclimates of the 3 batches of watermelons in the growing period are different, different pruning and pollination schemes are required to be adopted so that the 3 batches of watermelons can obtain high yield and high quality. The early growth temperature of the 1 st batch of melons is low, the main vines grow vigorously, the main vines retain the melons to ensure the yield and quality, and excessive lateral branches consume nutrients and should be removed in time. The temperature is high during the growth period of the 2 nd batch of melons, the plants grow vigorously, the growth speed is high, early fruit setting is easy, however, the leaf area is not enough, firstly, vines are not sealed, the ground cannot be shielded, high-temperature burning is easy, secondly, the root cap ratio is unreasonable, the root system of the underground part cannot absorb nutrients enough to supply the overground part for growth, and the melons are not favorable for sitting. The 3 rd batch of melons have high early-stage temperature and vigorous growth, promote more and quick lateral bud germination after topping, are favorable for quick row sealing, reduce the ground temperature and ensure the leaf area in the later stage.
Specifically, three vines are adopted for cultivating watermelons in the first crop of early spring, 1 main vine and 2 robust lateral vines are selected and left, the rest vines are removed, female flowers 2 and 3 of the main vines are subjected to artificial pollination, the pollination is carried out at 8-10 am in a sunny day, the pollination is uniform, meanwhile, a mark is made, the pollination cannot be missed, so that empty plants are avoided, the watermelon plants are guaranteed to bear 1 fruit, and 2 fruits can be kept for small watermelons.
In the second crop watermelon cultivation, in the vine extending period, a main vine is coiled around roots for 1 circle and then is arranged on the inner side of a greenhouse, the other lateral vines are all arranged on the outer side of the greenhouse, all flowers and lateral buds are removed in time before fruit setting, nutritional growth is guaranteed, enough functional leaves are reserved, female flowers are selected to be pollinated after 26 sections of the main vine, 1 fruit is reserved for each plant, after a first crop of watermelon is ripe and harvested, the original vines are reserved, the vines are allowed to pollinate freely to form second crop melons, the second crop melons with commodity values can be selected to be sold and listed before and after 7 months, and partial income is increased. After harvesting, the vines are immediately cleaned, stubble ploughing and field cleaning are carried out, a drip irrigation tape is reserved, the mulching film is recovered to a professional recovery department according to requirements, the small rotary cultivator deeply ploughs the soil for 1 time, and then the mulching film is paved again.
And (3) topping when 6 leaves of the main vines are cultivated in autumn stubbles of watermelons, selecting and reserving 1 thick lateral vine after the lateral buds germinate and grow, winding the lateral vine around the root for 1 circle, and arranging the lateral vine to the inner side of the greenhouse, wherein all the rest vines are arranged to the outer side of the greenhouse. And (3) carrying out artificial pollination on 30-40 sections of the melon vines, namely carrying out artificial pollination on 4 th-6 th female flowers to set the melons, selecting and keeping 1 melon with a well-corrected fruit type after shaping the melons, and timely removing redundant flowers and lateral buds before setting the melons to keep sufficient leaf area.
6 pest control
The method adheres to a strategy of 'prevention is main and comprehensive control', and main plant diseases and insect pests of the watermelon comprise powdery mildew, epidemic disease, sclerotinia, gray mold, blight, aphid, bemisia tabaci and the like. The 1 st melon has less pest and disease damage, the 2 nd melon has heavier disease and sometimes aphid damage, and is fumigated by 45 percent of chlorothalonil smoke agent or 15 percent of pythium aphanidermatum smoke promoting agent every 10 to 15 days, and the 75 percent of chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times liquid and 70 percent of thiophanate methyl wettable powder 800 times liquid and other medicaments are used for prevention. In the positive high-temperature season of the growth period of watermelon cultivated in autumn, insect pests such as aphids, spider mites, bemisia tabaci and prodenia litura are seriously damaged and need to be prevented and treated in time. The prevention and treatment of aphids suggest using dicyclopropyl tetramat, sulfoxaflor, cyantraniliprole, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran and matrine; chlorobipyrronil, bifenazate and cyenopyrafen are recommended for controlling red spider. High-toxicity and limited-use pesticides are strictly forbidden, and the safe interval period of pesticide use is strictly required to ensure the quality safety of watermelon products.
7 harvesting
After the watermelon is ripe, it should be harvested in time. The 1 st crop generally has a medium-fruited watermelon fruit development period of 45 days and a small-fruited watermelon fruit development period of 40 days; the 2 nd crop generally has a medium-fruited watermelon fruit development period of 40 days and a small-fruited watermelon fruit development period of 35 days; the general fruit development period of the 3 rd crop is 42 days. And (4) cleaning watermelon flour after picking the watermelons, and packaging and selling the watermelons according to the size.
By adopting the planting method, taking the production of a certain planting family in Tokawa town of salt city as an example, the watermelon 667m in early spring facility 2 The yield is 3000kg, the output value is 15000-18000 yuan, and the central sugar content is more than 12%; watermelon 667m in spring and summer 2 The yield is 4000-4500 kg, the yield value is 11000-15000 yuan, and the central sugar content is about 11.5 percent; autumn watermelon 667m 2 The yield is 2000-2500 kg, the output value is 8000-10000 yuan, and the central sugar content is more than 11%. 667m all year round 2 5000 yuan is input into the greenhouse (including steel frame depreciation), 2000 yuan is rent to the land, 7500 yuan is used for labor, 4500 yuan is used for fertilizer and pesticide, 2200 yuan is used for seedlings, and the total cost is 21200 yuan. Removal cost, 667m 2 The benefit can reach 21800 yuan.
The foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the present invention, but is not intended to limit the invention thereto. Modifications and variations of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A greenhouse watermelon cultivation method for three crops in one year comprises the following steps:
1 variety selection
The 1 st early spring watermelon is cultivated and a marketable variety which is resistant to low temperature and low illumination, high in quality and multiple resistance, early maturing and high in yield is selected; 2, cultivating the spring and summer watermelon of the second crop to select a middle-early-maturing variety which has high temperature resistance, strong stress resistance and excellent comprehensive quality; 3, cultivating early autumn watermelons in the 3 rd crop, and selecting high-temperature-resistant, high-quality and multi-resistance and high-yield varieties;
2 cultivating healthy seedlings
Seedling raising is carried out by adopting a plug substrate, a plug with 50-70 holes is adopted, a high-quality commodity seedling raising substrate with good air permeability, high water retention and acidic pH is selected, and the common commodity substrate is added with Henry No. 2 for disinfection, so as to prevent seedling diseases; sowing and raising seedlings in 2-3 batches, sunning seeds for 5-6 h before sowing, soaking the seeds in warm water at 50-60 ℃, then loading the seeds into a square tray, covering the square tray with wet cloth, and carrying out germination accelerating treatment at 26-30 ℃;
3 crops for rotation configuration
Sowing and raising the 1 st early spring watermelon in the last 12 to 1 month, transplanting in the middle and last 2 months, and harvesting and marketing before the fifth festival; sowing and raising the 2 nd crop of the watermelons in spring and summer in the middle and upper 3 months, transplanting and planting in the middle and upper 4 months, and harvesting mature watermelons in the middle and upper 7 months; sowing and seedling the 3 rd early autumn watermelon in the middle ten days of 7 months, transplanting to the beginning of 8 months in the last ten days of 7 months, and harvesting after the end of 9 months to the festival of national celebration;
4 transplanting and field planting
4.1 land preparation and base application
Applying 800-1200 kg of organic fertilizer, 20-25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 100-200 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer per mu in a combined manner, and mechanically ploughing for more than 30cm to uniformly mix the base fertilizer and the soil;
4.2 build up big-arch shelter
Selecting a field block which is not planted with melon crops for more than 5 years, wherein the field block is required to have higher topography, fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage and sandy loam; building a greenhouse 25-35 days before the 1 st watermelon is transplanted, building three ditches inside and outside the field when building the greenhouse, and making two furrows with a furrow width of 35-45cm and a furrow surface height of 30-40cm and keeping an angle with the ground in the middle of the greenhouse;
4.3 laying drip irrigation tape
Adopting a water and fertilizer integration technology, laying a burette belt under a mulching film: 3 drip irrigation tapes are laid on each ridge surface along the planting row direction of watermelons, 1 drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle of each ridge surface, 1 drip irrigation tape is laid at the positions 70-90cm away from the inner side and the outer side of the shed, holes of the drip irrigation tapes are upward, and white mulching films are covered on the drip irrigation tapes; one end of the drip irrigation tape is fastened, and the other end of the drip irrigation tape is connected with the water pump;
4.4 permanent planting
The early spring planting is carried out in sunny weather with cold tail and warm head, the 1 st batch of melon seedlings are planted at the position 5-10 cm outside the middle drip irrigation zone, the planting distance is 23-25 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 750-900 plants; the melon seedlings of the 2 nd crop are intercropped at the position 5-10 cm outside the outermost drip irrigation zone about 15 days before the 1 st crop is mature, the plant spacing is 33-35 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 600-700 plants; no. 3 melon seedlingsPlanted in the middle of the middle drip irrigation belt and the outermost drip irrigation belt, the plant spacing is 40-45 cm, and each 667m 2 Planting 450-500 plants;
5 field management
5.1 temperature and humidity management
In the early spring 1 st watermelon vegetative growth stage, the temperature is kept between 26 and 28 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ at night; keeping the temperature of the shed at 30-32 ℃ in the flowering and fruiting period; the lowest temperature of the fruit in the development and mature period is 20 ℃ and the highest temperature is not more than 35 ℃; when the temperature of the greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, removing the inner layer small greenhouse film and then removing the outer layer small greenhouse film; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 30 ℃, and the greenhouse is opened at the downwind position for ventilation and cooling; the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 35 ℃, and the ventilation quantity and the ventilation time are gradually increased;
keeping the temperature of 25-30 ℃ in the daytime before the watermelon of the 2 nd crop is set, not lower than 18 ℃ at night, and not higher than 32 ℃ in the daytime during the fruit development period; the inner greenhouse can be gradually removed from the inside to the outside in the middle ten days of April, the apron film of the outer greenhouse can be removed when the outside air temperature is more than 25 ℃, the top film of the outer greenhouse is reserved, so that the watermelon is prevented from cracking in rainy days, a sunshade net is covered, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, and the watermelon water flesh caused by high temperature is prevented;
the ventilation and cooling are increased in the early stage of the 3 rd crop cultivation, and the heat preservation is carried out in the later stage to prevent the low temperature at night; in the early growth stage of the watermelon, the temperature is controlled to be 32-35 ℃ in daytime, water and fertilizer are supplemented once in 3-5 days, the greenhouse film and the apron film at two ends are completely ventilated, and a 60-mesh insect-proof net is covered; in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, two ends of the greenhouse are mainly uncovered for ventilation, the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the greenhouse is properly closed for heat preservation in the later period, particularly, the low temperature at night needs to be prevented before fruits are ripe, a small arched greenhouse can be added, the temperature in the greenhouse is increased, and the ripening of watermelons is promoted;
5.2 Fertilizer Water Conditioning
After the 1 st watermelon is planted, sufficient seedling reviving water is poured, planting holes are sealed, and a greenhouse film is sealed for 6-8d to promote survival; when the vines grow to 45-55cm, dressing the potassium sulfate compound fertilizer for 1-2 times, wherein the fertilization interval is 6-8 days; after female flowers are pollinated, when young melons begin to expand, applying a potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer for 1 time, and then applying a calcium magnesium fertilizer for 1 time; when the fruit grows to 5-6 jin, applying high-potassium compound fertilizer for 1 time; the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is separately applied by using drip irrigation belts at two sides and the calcium-magnesium fertilizer is separately applied by using a middle drip irrigation belt so as to prevent precipitation and influence on nutrient element absorption;
the watermelons of the 2 nd crop are subjected to water and fertilizer supplement by using the drip irrigation zone at the outermost side, water is supplemented in time according to the growth vigor of plants, and the watermelons are subjected to ventilation, cooling and dehumidification; applying the water-soluble fertilizer for 1 time respectively after the first batch of melons are subjected to fruit setting and in the fruit expanding period, and applying the water-soluble fertilizer for 1 time according to the growth vigor of plants after the first batch of melons are harvested;
high temperature is adopted at the early stage of the cultivation of the 3 rd watermelon, drip irrigation under a film is adopted every 3-10 days, flushing application is carried out, expanding watermelon fertilizer is applied after fruit setting, outside drip irrigation is adopted before the expanding period, and inside and outside drip irrigation is simultaneously adopted after the expanding period, the flowering period and the fruit expanding period;
5.3 pruning and pollination
In the early spring, 1 st watermelon is cultivated by pruning three vines, selecting and reserving 1 main vine and 2 robust lateral vines, removing all the other vines, carrying out artificial pollination on the 2 nd and 3 rd female flowers of the main vines, carrying out pollination at 8-10 am in a sunny day, carrying out uniform pollination, and reserving 1-2 fruits on each plant;
cultivating watermelons in the 2 nd crop, coiling a main vine around roots for 1 circle in the vine extending period, then arranging the main vine to the inner side of a greenhouse, arranging all the other side vines to the outer side of the greenhouse, removing all flowers and side buds in time before fruit setting, ensuring nutritional growth, reserving enough functional blades, selecting and reserving female flowers for pollination after 24-28 sections of the main vine, reserving 1 fruit for each plant, reserving the original vines after the first-crop melons are ripe and harvested, allowing the first-crop melons to freely pollinate to finish the second-crop melons, selecting the second-crop melons with commodity values before and after 7 months for sale and marketing, clearing the vines after harvesting, making the stubbles clear the field, reserving a drip irrigation tape, deeply ploughing soil for 1 time by using a small rotary cultivator, and then laying a mulching film again;
topping when the 3 rd crop of watermelon is used for cultivating 5-7 leaves of the main vines, after the lateral buds germinate and grow, selecting and reserving 1 thick and strong lateral vine, winding the lateral vine around the root for 1 circle, and arranging the lateral vine to the inner side of the greenhouse, wherein all the rest vines are arranged to the outer side of the greenhouse; carrying out artificial pollination on 30-40 sections of the bearing melon vines, namely carrying out artificial pollination on the 4 th-6 th female flowers to seat the melons, selecting and reserving 1 fruit type well-corrected melon after the melons are shaped, and timely removing redundant flowers and lateral buds before fruit setting;
6, pest control;
and 7, harvesting.
2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the 1 st early spring watermelon is selected from Zaojia 8424, jingjia 301, sumi 518, zhejiang honey No. 8, xiaolan and/or Texiaofeng.
3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the watermelon of the 2 nd crop of spring and summer is selected from Zaojia 8424, quanmei 4K, zhejiang honey No. 10, huaxin 469 and/or Meidu.
4. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the 3 rd early autumn watermelon is selected from Jia 6 Jing, jianianhua 5 Jiadu and/or Meidu.
5. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of cultivating healthy seedlings, the seedling age of the 1 st transplanted seedling is 35-45 days, the seedling age of the 2 nd transplanted seedling is 28-30 days, and the seedling age of the 3 rd transplanted seedling is 10-15 days.
6. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the greenhouse is formed by connecting various components made of galvanized steel pipes into a plurality of units which are combined together to form a greenhouse framework, one ends of two side arch rods are inserted into the ground to a depth of 0.5m, the other ends of the two side arch rods are connected together in a bending way, the joints are overlapped to be more than 200mm and fixed by connecting sleeves, the distance between the arch pipes of the outer greenhouse is 0.7-0.8 m, the distance between the arch pipes of the inner greenhouse can be increased to 1-2 m, 1 sinking type longitudinal pull rod is arranged at the top of the greenhouse, the distance between each pull rod is less than 2m, 2 pull rods are respectively supported at two ends of the greenhouse in a diagonal way, 4 pull rods are respectively supported at two ends of the steel frame of the outer greenhouse, and 2 steel frames are respectively supported at two ends of the inner greenhouse in a vertical way; the greenhouse film covers the top film and the skirt film, the overlapping position of the greenhouse films at two ends is 1.5-2 m, one end of the skirt film is fixed by a clamping groove, and the other end of the skirt film is embedded into soil; the apron film is also fixed by plastic ropes, and 1 film pressing rope is used for fixing every 1 arch bar; the greenhouse is in the north-south direction, the shape of the greenhouse is a circular arch with side shoulders, the length of the greenhouse is 100m, the span is 6m, the height of the top of the outer greenhouse is 2.5-2.7 m, and the height of the shoulders is 1.2-1.5 m; the span of the outer shed is 6m, the distance between the two sides of the inner shed and the outer shed is 0.05-0.10 m, and the distance between the shed roof and the outer shed roof is 0.2-0.25 m.
7. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the harvesting step is: the 1 st crop of general medium-fruited watermelons has a fruit development period of 38-48 days; the 2 nd crop generally has a medium-fruited watermelon fruit development period of 32-42 days; the 3 rd crop generally has a fruit development period of 40-44 days.
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