CN115250856A

CN115250856A - Production method for improving yield of tobacco coat on middle upper part of cigar tobacco leaves

Info

Publication number: CN115250856A
Application number: CN202210814771.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 杨春雷; 饶雄飞; 吴哲宽; 樊俊; 廖世鹏; 李小坤; 余君; 杨锦鹏; 余振
Original assignee: Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province
Current assignee: Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province
Priority date: 2022-07-12
Filing date: 2022-07-12
Publication date: 2022-11-01
Anticipated expiration: 2042-07-12
Also published as: CN115250856B

Abstract

The invention discloses a production method for improving the yield of cigar coat on the middle upper part of cigar tobacco leaves, and relates to the technical field of cigar planting. The method promotes the absorption of nutrient substances and moisture of the tobacco leaves on the middle and upper parts by performing sprinkling irrigation water replenishing and leaf surface dressing from the late vigorous growth period to the mature period of the tobacco leaves, and simultaneously improves the environmental humidity of the field, so that the tobacco leaves on the middle and upper parts normally grow and are sliced, and the leaf surfaces are smooth; the thickness of the leaves and the thickness degree of the vein are reduced by reducing the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer; spraying cellulase in the dampening process before fermentation, and optimizing the initial water content of fermentation and the pile turning temperature; the fermentation strength of the middle and upper leaves is enhanced, the conversion and degradation of substances in the leaves are accelerated, and the leaves are thinner and the leaf veins are thinner; finally, the characteristics of the middle leaves of the upper part She Chengxian are ensured, and the quality of the middle and lower tobacco leaves is kept unchanged. By using the method, the appearance quality of the middle and upper leaves can meet the quality requirement of the eggplant coats, and the eggplant coat yield of the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts of the tobacco plants is improved.

Description

Production method for improving yield of tobacco coat on middle upper part of cigar tobacco leaves

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of cigar planting, in particular to a production method for improving the yield of cigar coats at the middle and upper parts of cigar tobacco leaves.

Background

The cigar coat is the appearance of the cigar, a great part of the cost of one cigar comes from the cigar coat, which is the essence part of the cigar and the most expensive part, and the requirement on the appearance quality is high. At present, the domestic eggplant-coated tobacco production is in a grope starting stage, the production level of a tobacco production area is relatively low, the eggplant coating yield of eggplant-coated varieties is still lower than 20 percent, the eggplant coating yield of the high-quality eggplant-coated varieties in foreign countries such as Guba, dominica and other countries can reach more than 60 percent, the low production level causes shortage of raw materials of the eggplant-coated in the domestic cigar industry, and the eggplant-coated varieties are seriously dependent on import.

The cigar coat requires moderate leaf size, wide leaf shape, thin leaf, fine leaf vein, fine tissue, uniform color, good elasticity, strong tension and good combustibility. The number of the cigar leaves of one cigar is generally 18-24, the coat of the cigar produced in China is generally from the lower second shed and the middle tobacco leaf of the middle lower part of the tobacco plant, namely 5-11, and the leaves above 12 can be only used as a cigar sleeve or a cigar core. The whole cigar plant in the foreign high-quality eggplant coat production area can be used as the eggplant coat after the broken leaves are removed except that 2-3 pieces of the bottom leaves and 3-4 pieces of the top leaves can not be used as the eggplant coat, and has the advantages of good extension of the upper leaves, thin leaves and harmonious length-width ratio. The tobacco leaf cutting machine has the advantages that firstly, after years of development, the foreign production technology level is relatively high, secondly, the foreign main production area mainly adopts marine climate, the air humidity is high, in the mature period of middle and upper tobacco leaves, the middle and upper tobacco leaves can directly obtain moisture through humid air, and the cutting degree of the middle and upper tobacco leaves is good.

The cigar tobacco leaves in China have different growing parts and larger leaf characteristic difference, and the purposes are also different: the bottom foot leaves can only be used as filling materials because the leaves are too thin and fragile; the middle and lower leaf part can be used as eggplant coat: the leaves at the middle upper part and the top leaf are thick and long, the leaf shape is long and narrow, the leaves are not flat and have more folds, a small part of the leaves can be used as the eggplant sheath, and the rest can be used as the eggplant core. The main reason for the quality defect of the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts of the cigars in China is that the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts are positioned at the topmost ends of plants, the transpiration effect is strong, the water loss speed is high, the transportation distance of water and nutrient elements obtained from soil is long, and the required potential energy is larger; in the main tobacco production area of China, adverse weather such as drought, low temperature and the like is easily encountered in the maturation period of the upper She Shengchang, so that the supply of water and nutrient elements is not smooth; the tobacco leaves on the middle and upper parts cannot be fully stretched and cut, the tobacco leaves on the middle and upper parts are long and narrow in leaf shape, the length-width ratio of the leaves is large, the number of folds is large, the structure is compact, and thick and tough leaves are easy to form; the defects of rough leaf tissue and the like exist, and the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts produced in cigar production areas in China are difficult to meet the quality requirements of the eggplant and can only be used as eggplant cores or fillers, so that the use value is greatly reduced.

In the prior art, a Chinese granted patent CN110692478B provides a cigar tobacco cultivation method for the same-plant production of eggplant-coated tobacco leaves and eggplant core tobacco leaves, the method firstly carries out seedling and transplanting of tobacco plants and applies root-fixing fertilizer; then, when the dark green of the bottom leaves subsides, the eggplant-coated tobacco leaves at the bottom are collected, 3-4 pieces of eggplant-coated tobacco leaves are collected each time, every 5-8 days are separated, the eggplant-coated tobacco leaves at the middle part and the lower part of a tobacco plant are collected in turn from bottom to top, the eggplant-coated tobacco leaves are only collected and aired in time according to an eggplant-coated tobacco leaf airing method, and no topping is carried out after the buds of the tobacco plants appear; and (3) topping the tobacco plants after picking, increasing the illumination intensity of the environment, increasing the illumination intensity to 100% of natural light, starting to collect the eggplant core tobacco leaves when the upper eggplant core tobacco leaves turn white, airing according to the method for airing the eggplant core tobacco leaves, and picking the eggplant core tobacco leaves from the upper parts to the tops in sequence. The leaves of the eggplant-coated tobacco leaves produced by the method are complete and the tissue is fine and smooth, and the cigar evaluation style of the produced eggplant core tobacco leaves is outstanding, so that the inapplicability of upper tobacco leaves or lower tobacco leaves is avoided, the output ratio is increased, and the raw material cost of cigars and the processing amount of the inapplicable tobacco leaves are reduced, thereby reducing the cost.

For another example, chinese patent application CN113974195a provides a method for producing cigars, which dries the harvested tobacco leaves until the water content is 16-18%; grading the tobacco leaves and then dampening the tobacco leaves to ensure that the moisture content of the dampened tobacco leaves is 20-26%; when the tobacco leaves are used as the cigar cores of cigars, the water content is 22-26 percent, and when the tobacco leaves are used as the coat and the cigar sleeves, the water content is 20-23 percent; then carrying out primary fermentation, alcoholization, secondary fermentation and alcoholization on the remoistened tobacco leaves to obtain eggplant sheath or eggplant core, wherein the first fermentation is carried out for 2-4 times when the temperature of the tobacco stack is 45-55 ℃, the second fermentation is carried out for 2-3 times when the temperature of the tobacco stack is 40-48 ℃, the moisture content of the tobacco leaves after the primary fermentation is 20-22%, and the moisture content of the tobacco leaves after the second fermentation is 16-19%. By adopting the secondary fermentation method, differentiated fermentation is carried out according to the product quality during fermentation, further full fermentation of tobacco leaves is realized, the bitter taste of cigars is eliminated, and the taste of finished cigar products is adjusted; and the airing temperature and humidity are adjusted in the airing time stage.

The cultivation method of the cigar only researches the factors of sensory index, eye content, leaf thickness, cigar style degree, smoking quality and the like of the finished cigar tobacco leaves, and the detected yield of the cigar coat only aims at the lower leaves of the tobacco plant; however, no corresponding research has been conducted on how to improve the cultivation method to improve the leaf quality of the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts, and obtain cigars with moderate leaf thickness, smaller length-width ratio and wider leaves and higher yield of the eggplant coats (especially of the leaves at the middle and upper parts).

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a production method for improving the yield of the cigarette coat on the middle-upper part of the cigar tobacco, which is characterized in that the production technology of the production method is the most important factor influencing the appearance quality of the cigarette on the middle-upper part of the cigar tobacco, aiming at the defects of the prior art, the production method reduces the middle-upper part She Houdu of the cigar tobacco in aspects of adding cellulase in water for moisture regaining and the like by regulating and controlling key production technology, promotes the leaf vein thinning, improves the leaf width, improves the fineness of leaf tissue, realizes the appearance quality improvement of the middle-upper part leaf and improves the yield of the cigarette coat; specifically, the following technique is used.

A production method for improving the yield of the tobacco coat at the middle upper part of the cigar tobacco leaves is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s1, selecting cigar seedlings for transplanting, and applying a base fertilizer during transplanting;

s2, after the central flower of the cigar plant is opened, topping the central flower and leaving twigs, performing foliar topdressing on the leaves at the middle upper part for a plurality of times, and performing sprinkling irrigation on the leaves at the middle upper part; the mixed nutrient solution for topdressing contains 0.5-1.5 percent of potassium nitrate, 0.1-0.25 percent of monopotassium phosphate and 0.05-0.15 percent of borax by mass percent, and the topdressing amount is 40-60 kg/mu;

the flowers are cut off when the branches are cut off, pollen is prevented from falling onto the blades, the color uniformity of the blades is prevented from being influenced, the reserved main branches are allowed to grow naturally, namely, part of nutrients are consumed and the thickness of the blades is reduced through certain reproductive growth and proper measures for reserving more blades.

When the fertilizer is applied to the leaf surface, the leaves of the tobacco plant are uniformly distributed with fine and dense fog-like small water drops, and the water drops are not dripped. Generally, the fertilizer is sprayed when the sunshine is not strong in the afternoon of a fine day, so that the warm-moistening time of the fertilizer liquid on the leaves is prolonged, and the effect is improved. If raining occurs within 3 hours after the top dressing is sprayed, the top dressing needs to be supplemented and sprayed after sunny days, but the concentration needs to be reduced by 30-50%.

During sprinkling irrigation and water supplement, the method is generally carried out in the rapid growth period of the upper leaves after the tops of tobacco plants are cut, so that the normal growth of the upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco plants is guaranteed, and the tobacco leaves are fully cut. Besides supplementing soil moisture, the spray irrigation can also increase the air humidity of the field and promote the blades to directly absorb moisture from the air. The sprinkling irrigation time is 10-11 am in fine weather, and the sprinkling irrigation water supplementing time needs to be staggered with the foliage dressing time, so that the foliage dressing is prevented from being influenced. The sprinkling irrigation equipment can be fixed, semi-fixed or movable. If a large amount of rainfall is suitable in the day of each sprinkling irrigation water supplement (the rainfall is more than 30mm within 24 hours), the irrigation is cancelled.

In the late growth stage to the mature stage of the tobacco leaves, the air humidity in the field can be improved by sprinkling irrigation, water replenishing and foliage dressing, nutrient elements and moisture are replenished from the root and two ends of the leaf surfaces, the problem that the moisture and nutrient supply of the tobacco leaves on the middle upper part is not smooth due to too fast transpiration or adverse weather is solved, the normal growth and splitting of the tobacco leaves on the middle upper part are promoted, and the defects that the leaf shapes of the leaves are long and narrow, the aspect ratio is not coordinated, the wrinkles are more, the structure is compact, the rough ribs and the leaves are violent, the tissues of the leaves are rough and the like are avoided. By adopting the method, the 12 th to 18 th tobacco leaves of the tobacco plant can be smoothly cut into pieces, the leaf surface is smooth, the quality requirement of the cigar coat of the cigar can be met, and the yield of the cigar coat of the whole tobacco leaf is improved.

S3, starting to harvest upwards from lower leaves of the cigar plants, harvesting for 1 time every 5-7d, and harvesting for 3-4 leaves each time until the harvesting is finished; discarding tobacco leaves with unqualified top length;

according to past experience, the lower leaves of tobacco plants are generally harvested (i.e. the lower leaves are harvested in advance) 50 days after transplantation, the mature characteristics are that the leaves are all green, the breaking sound of leaf stalks is clear and crisp during picking, no skin is produced, and the leaf surfaces are smooth; the picked leaves are not allowed to wrinkle, fade, etc. The harvesting mode is to pick the tobacco leaves according to the conventional tobacco leaf picking standard requirements and to discard the tobacco leaves (generally the tobacco leaves with the length less than 35 cm) of which the tops do not accord with the size requirements.

S4, drying the cigar tobacco leaves, spreading the tobacco leaves, adding water for moisture regaining, stacking and turning over piles; adding cellulase into the water after adding water for moisture regaining; independently fermenting the middle-upper tobacco leaves for 30-40 days.

The processes of air-curing, spreading, adding water for moisture regain, stacking and turning over the tobacco leaves of the cigars are normally processed according to a conventional method, for example, box-type fermentation can be adopted for fermentation. Generally, when the temperature rises slowly in the later period, the highest temperature is close to the ambient temperature, and the irritation of the tobacco leaves is greatly reduced, the fermentation can be stopped. By adjusting the initial water content and the turning temperature of the upper tobacco leaf, the fermentation strength of the upper tobacco leaf is increased, the fermentation process can be accelerated, the conversion and degradation of the substances in the upper tobacco leaf are promoted, and the leaf is thinner. The key point of the steps of the method is that cellulose degrading enzyme is added in the fermentation process, so that the cellulose in the veins can be promoted to degrade, the veins of the fermented tobacco leaves are thinner, and the sensory quality requirement of eggplant coats is met.

Preferably, in step S1, the base fertilizer is selected from tobacco special fertilizer, nitrogen (calculated as N) and phosphorus (calculated as P)₂O₅Calculated as K), potassium (in K)₂O) is 1, (0.2-0.4) to 2, and the fertilizing amount is 7.5-8.5 kg/mu in terms of pure nitrogen.

Preferably, in step S2, the method for topping and retaining twigs includes: and (3) topping after the central flower of the cigar plant is completely opened, only removing the flower during topping, and keeping all the leaves and 1 main branch.

When the tobacco plant is topped, only the flowers are beaten, the leaves are not beaten, 1 main branch is reserved, partial nutrients can be consumed by reserving certain reproductive growth and proper measures for reserving more leaves, the thickness of the leaves is reduced, and pollen can be prevented from falling onto the leaves to influence the uniformity of the color of the leaves.

Preferably, in step S2, leaf surface topdressing is performed from the 12 th or more leaf of cigar plant, 1 time of topdressing is performed every 3-5d, and 2-3 times of topdressing are performed in total.

More preferably, in step S2, the sprinkling irrigation water supplementing method includes: carrying out first sprinkling irrigation water supplement 2-3d after the cigar plant is topped, and then carrying out sprinkling irrigation once every 1d for 4-6 times; the water supplement amount of the spray irrigation is 1.5-2.5 t/mu.

Preferably, in the step S4, the dosage of the cellulase in the conditioning water is 0.05-0.3% of the mass of the tobacco leaves.

Preferably, the initial moisture content of the cigar tobacco leaves in the step S4 before fermentation is 32-35%, the stack turning temperature is 54-58 ℃, and the stack turning times are 3-5 times.

More preferably, the base fertilizer used in step S1 is phosphorus pentoxide P₂O₅The application amount is 24-48kg/hm²。

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:

1. the method improves the environmental humidity by performing sprinkling irrigation water supplement and foliage top dressing from the late vigorous growth stage to the mature stage of the tobacco leaves, promotes the absorption of nutrient substances and moisture of the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts, and breaks through the defect and limitation that the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts of the cigar leaves are poor in quality and cannot be used as cigar coats at present; the normal growth and the slicing of the tobacco leaves at the middle upper part are promoted finally, the leaf surfaces are smooth, the quality requirement of eggplant coats is met, and the eggplant coat yield of the whole tobacco leaves is improved;

2. by means of measures of reserving a certain reproductive growth and appropriately reserving more leaves during topping, the thickness of the leaves is reduced, and pollen is prevented from falling onto the leaves to influence color uniformity;

3. by reducing the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer, spraying cellulase in the dampening process before fermentation, optimizing the initial water content of fermentation and the turning temperature, increasing the fermentation strength of upper leaves, accelerating the conversion and degradation of substances contained in the leaves, and making the leaves thinner and the leaf veins thinner; finally, the characteristics of the middle leaves of the She Chengxian upper part and the tobacco leaves of the middle and upper part which can be used as eggplant leaves are greatly improved, and the quality of the tobacco leaves of the middle and lower parts is kept unchanged.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a photograph of example 1-3, no. CX-26 cigar No. 12-18 cigar No. She Chengpin;

FIG. 2 is a photograph of comparative examples 1-3, CX-26 cigar Nos. 12-18 cigar flakes She Chengpin;

FIG. 3 is a photograph of example 4-6, no. CX-26 cigar No. 12-18 cigar No. She Chengpin;

FIG. 4 is a photograph of comparative examples 4-6, CX-26 cigar Nos. 12-18 cigar flakes She Chengpin;

FIG. 5 is a photograph of example 7-9, no. CX-81 cigar No. 12-18 cigar flakes She Chengpin;

FIG. 6 is a photograph of the final product of comparative examples 7-9, CX-81 cigar No. 12-18 tobacco lamina.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The following examples and comparative examples, respectively, were made for the eggplant variety of No. CX-26 cigar in the Ministry of Shangjiang City, hubei province, and the Tri-dam test site of Enshi City, hubei province, and the eggplant variety of No. CX-81 cigar in the Tri-dam test site, enshi City, hubei province, and each example and comparative example had a test field area of about 1 acre; and tests are carried out aiming at different regional environments and different cultivation and fermentation methods, and physical indexes (leaf thickness, leaf length, leaf width and length-width ratio) of the finally obtained leaves of the cigar tobacco leaves, the appearance quality of the 12 th leaf to 18 th leaf of each tobacco plant is subjected to sensory evaluation (leaf structure looseness, identity, oil content, uniformity, branch vein thickness, particulate matter and leaf surface flatness), and the eggplant coat yield of the 12 th leaf to 18 th leaf of each tobacco plant are researched. In the following examples and comparative examples, except for some specific steps being adjusted, all the cultivation and planting processes are conventional tobacco cultivation techniques, and reference is made to technical contents of the cultivation of solanum tuberosum leaves in chapter twelfth chapter i of "tobacco cultivation science" (author, liu Guoshun, 7/2003).

In the following examples and comparative examples, if not specifically stated, the transplanted tobacco seedlings were obtained by the following cultivation methods:

1. sowing time: seeding was completed 2 months and 8 days before.

2. Seedling raising mode: intensive floating seedling.

3. Seedling number: a floating disc with 200 holes/disc specification is used, 1 mu of field seedling of the eggplant-coated tobacco 8 discs and 1 mu of field seedling of the eggplant-core tobacco 7 discs.

4. Depth of pool water: after sowing, water is added once 15 days before placing the tray, the water depth is controlled to be about 10cm, the water temperature is prevented from being reduced due to repeated water addition, and the growth of tobacco seedlings is not facilitated.

5. Temperature and humidity management: firstly, heat preservation and seedling promotion measures such as double-shed double-film measures and the like are adopted when the temperature is relatively low after sowing; secondly, enough water is added into the seedling pool in advance, and the film is covered to heat. Thirdly, the humidity is controlled, and the plastic film on the shed roof does not drip.

6. Hardening seedlings: the stress resistance of the cigar seedlings is poor, and the water and fertilizer are cut off and the seedlings are hardened 7 to 10 days before transplanting. When the tobacco seedlings do not return to normal at night due to wilting of the tobacco seedlings in the day, water is properly sprayed.

7. And (3) standard of seedling formation: the seedlings are 45-50 days old, the stem height is 6-10 cm, the leaf number is 5-6, the sizes are uniform, the stems are thick and strong, the root system is developed and tightly wraps the substrate, and no plant diseases or insect pests exist.

In the following examples and comparative examples, if not specifically described, the base fertilizer used was a fertilizer for tobacco produced by northHubei Xiangqing chemical fertilizer Co., ltd, in which nitrogen (in terms of N) and phosphorus (in terms of P) were added₂O₅Calculated as K), potassium (calculated as K)₂O) is 1 (0.2-0.4) to 2, and the fertilizing amount is 7.5-8.5 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen; meanwhile, boron fertilizer (0.5-1 kg/mu of borax purchased from chemical industry Limited company in south of the Yangtze river) and magnesium fertilizer (10-15 kg/mu of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate purchased from Shandong ZiboChuanbei chemical industry Limited company) are also applied in an appropriate amount.

In the following examples and comparative examples, if not specifically described, the mixed nutrient solution used for foliar applications contains 0.5 to 1.5% potassium nitrate, 0.1 to 0.25% monopotassium phosphate, and 0.05 to 0.15% borax. In the following examples and comparative examples, if not specifically described, in the case of cigar leaf fermentation, a box fermentation was used, the size of the fermentation box was 120cm × 100cm × 100cm, and about 120 to 180kg of the tobacco leaves were fermented at a time.

Example 1

In this example, in 2020, a cigar coat tobacco planting method CX-26 is carried out in Xijia town of Danjiang Kou, hubei province.

S1, selecting cigar seedlings for transplanting, and applying a base fertilizer during transplanting; transplanting density is 1.0m, plant spacing is 0.40m, 1667 plants are planted per mu. The quantity of pure nitrogen, nitrogen (counted by N) and phosphorus (counted by P) of the compound fertilizer specially applied for each mu is 8kg₂O₅Calculated as K), potassium (in K)₂O) is 1.

S2, topping the cigar plants after 55 days of transplanting, namely topping after the central flowers are completely opened, only removing the flowers during topping, preventing pollen from falling onto the blades to influence the color uniformity of the blades, keeping all the blades and keeping 1 main fork;

after topping, carrying out foliar topdressing on the middle and upper leaves of more than 12 th leaf at 10 am on the 2 nd day, wherein the topdressing amount is 40 kg/mu, and the mixed nutrient solution for topdressing is prepared by adding water into 1.5 mass percent of potassium nitrate, 0.2 mass percent of monopotassium phosphate and 0.15 mass percent of borax; then spraying 1 time every 5 days, and performing foliage dressing for 3 times. When the fertilizer is applied to the leaf surface, the leaves of the tobacco plant are uniformly distributed with fine and dense fog-like small water drops, and the water drops are not dripped. Generally, the fertilizer is sprayed when the sunshine is not strong in the afternoon of a fine day, so that the warm-moistening time of the fertilizer liquid on the leaves is prolonged, and the effect is improved. If raining occurs within 3 hours after the top dressing is sprayed, the top dressing needs to be supplemented and sprayed after sunny days, but the concentration needs to be reduced by about 30 percent.

Meanwhile, at 2 pm in the 3 rd day after topping, a movable sprinkling irrigation device is adopted to carry out sprinkling irrigation water replenishing on the upper blade of the middle part for the first time, and the total amount of the irrigation water is 2 tons/mu; then sprinkling 1 time every 1 day, and continuously sprinkling 4 times; therefore, the time for top dressing on the leaf surfaces and the time for spraying, hanging and supplementing water can be staggered; during sprinkling irrigation and water supplement, the method is generally carried out in the rapid growth period of the upper leaves after the tops of tobacco plants are cut, so that the normal growth of the upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco plants is guaranteed, and the tobacco leaves are fully cut. Besides supplementing soil moisture, the spray irrigation can also increase the air humidity of the field and promote the blades to directly absorb moisture from the air. If a large amount of rainfall is suitable in the day of each sprinkling irrigation water supplement (the rainfall is more than 30mm within 24 hours), the irrigation is cancelled.

S3, starting to harvest upwards from the lower leaves of the cigar plants 50 days after transplanting, wherein the mature characteristic is that the leaves are all green, and the broken sound of the leaf stalks is crisp without skin and the leaf surfaces are smooth during harvesting; harvesting every 6d for 1 time, 3-4 tablets each time until harvesting is finished; the picked leaves are not allowed to have wrinkles, chlorosis and the like; discarding tobacco leaves with the top length less than 35 cm;

s4, the cigar tobacco leaves are aired, piled and spread into pieces according to a conventional airing and fermenting method, then the 12 th to 18 th tobacco leaves are added with water for moisture regaining, cellulase is added into the moisture regaining water, and box type fermentation is independently carried out for 30-40 days. The dosage of the cellulase is 0.05 percent of the mass of the tobacco leaves, the initial water content of the cigar tobacco leaves before fermentation is 32 percent, the pile turning temperature is 55 ℃, and the pile turning times are 4 times.

When the temperature rises slowly in the later period, the highest temperature is close to the environmental temperature, and the irritation of the tobacco leaves is greatly reduced, the fermentation can be stopped.

Example 2

In this example, the planting of No. CX-26 cigar-coating tobacco in Xijia town of Danjiang Kou of Hubei province was also carried out in 2020.

Compared with the embodiment 1, the difference points are that: in the base fertilizer used in the step S1, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1; in the step S2, the topdressing amount of the foliar topdressing is 50 kg/mu; the continuous times of sprinkling irrigation water supplement are 5 times; in the step S4, the cellulase dosage of the backwater is 0.15 percent of the mass of the tobacco leaves.

Example 3

Compared with the embodiment 1, the difference points are that: in the base fertilizer used in the step S1, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1; in the step S2, the top dressing amount of the foliar top dressing is 60 kg/mu; the continuous times of sprinkling irrigation and water supplement are 6 times; in the step S4, the cellulase of the backwater is used in an amount of 0.05% of the mass of the tobacco leaves.

Example 4

In this example, no. CX-26 cigar coat tobacco was planted in the test base Cui Ba town of Enshi city, hubei in 2020. The specific methods for cultivating and preparing tobacco leaves are the same as in example 1.

Example 5

In this example, no. CX-26 cigar coat tobacco was planted in the test base Cui Ba town of Enshi city, hubei in 2020. The specific methods for cultivating and preparing tobacco leaves are the same as in example 2.

Example 6

In this example, no. CX-26 cigar coat tobacco was planted in the test base Cui Ba town of Enshi city, hubei in 2020. The specific methods for cultivating and preparing tobacco leaves are the same as in example 3.

Example 7

In this example, a variety of No. CX-81 cigar coat tobacco was planted in test base Cui Ba town of Enshi city, hubei in 2020. The specific methods for cultivating and preparing tobacco leaves are the same as in example 1.

Example 8

Example 9

In this example, in 2020, a variety of No. CX-81 cigar coat tobacco was planted in the test base of Cui Ba, enshi city, hubei province. The specific methods for cultivating and preparing tobacco leaves are the same as in example 1.

Comparative examples 1 to 9

Selecting 3 tobacco growers with the same area near the test field of the embodiment 1-3, and adopting a conventional production method, specifically: selecting cigar seedlings to be transplanted, and applying base fertilizer during transplanting; the pure nitrogen quantity per mu is 8kg, and the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio is 1; base fertilizer, namely topdressing =1:1, wherein the topdressing is carried out about 25 days after the tobacco leaves are transplanted, and fertilizer water is injected into the soil at the maximum blade tip projection position on one side of the tobacco plant by using a fertilizer gun;

topping and removing twigs after 50% of central flowers of the cigar plants are bloomed, namely after topping, removing over 2cm of axillary buds, and applying a chemical bud inhibitor;

after topping, harvesting the lower leaves of the cigar plants, 1 time every 5-7 days, 3-4 leaves each time until harvesting is finished;

and (3) airing, turning and spreading the harvested cigar tobacco leaves, adding water to all the tobacco leaves for moisture regaining, and performing mixed fermentation on the tobacco leaves for 30-40 days.

By the conventional method, base fertilizers corresponding to the examples 1, 2 and 3 are respectively selected, the No. CX-26 cigar cigarettes are cultivated, and the middle and upper tobacco leaves after fermentation are correspondingly collected and are respectively called as a comparative example 1, a comparative example 2 and a comparative example 3.

By the same conventional method, 3 tobacco growers with the same area are selected near the test field of the example 4-6, base fertilizers corresponding to the example 4, the example 5 and the example 6 are respectively selected, the No. CX-26 cigar cigarettes are cultivated, and the middle and upper tobacco leaves after fermentation are correspondingly collected and are respectively called as a comparative example 4, a comparative example 5 and a comparative example 6.

By adopting the same conventional production method, 3 families of tobacco growers with the same area are selected near the test field of the example 7-9, base fertilizers corresponding to the example 7, the example 8 and the example 9 are respectively selected, the No. CX-81 cigar is cultivated, and the middle and upper tobacco leaves after fermentation are correspondingly collected and are respectively called as a comparative example 7, a comparative example 8 and a comparative example 9.

Test example: evaluation of tobacco leaf quality

The cigar leaves of 12 th to 18 th tobacco plants prepared in examples 1 to 9 and comparative examples 1 to 9 were evaluated for quality, which includes average values of physical indexes (leaf thickness, leaf length, leaf width, aspect ratio), appearance quality (leaf structure, identity, oil content, uniformity, branch thickness, particulate matter, leaf surface), and yield of eggplant coats. The quality standard of the eggplant-coated tobacco leaves is carried out according to YC/T588-2021 'the trade-over grade standard of cigar tobacco leaves industry and commerce'. The results are shown in tables 1-3 below.

TABLE 1 quality evaluation results of CX-26 cigar No. 12 to 18 tobacco lamina of examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 3

TABLE 2 quality evaluation results of CX-26 cigar Nos. 12 to 18 tobacco flakes of examples 4 to 6 and comparative examples 4 to 6

TABLE 3 quality evaluation results of CX-81 cigar No. 12-18 tobacco lamina of examples 7-9 and comparative examples 7-9

As can be seen from Table 1, the tobacco leaves of comparative examples 1-3 are narrow in width, and the widest comparative example 2 is only 20.9cm, has an aspect ratio of 2.93 to 3.07, and is narrow and long; the structure of the blades is compact, the identity is thick, the uniformity is uniform, the branch veins are thick to thick, particles exist, and the blades are wrinkled; in the 12 th to 18 th leaves, the yield of the cigar coat of the cigar tobacco is lower than 4 percent.

The leaf widths of the tobacco leaves of examples 1-3 are all above 23cm, with aspect ratios below 2.5; the tobacco leaves are loose, the identity is thin, the oil content is sufficient, the leaves are uniform, the branch veins are thin, particles exist slightly, and the leaf surfaces are flat; most importantly, the yield of the cigar coat of the cigar tobacco in the 12 th to 18 th leaves can reach more than 26 percent.

As can be seen from Table 2, the tobacco leaves of comparative examples 4 to 6 are narrow in leaf width, only 20.1cm at the widest, 2.94 to 3.04 in aspect ratio, and narrow and long; the identity of the leaves is from thin to thick, the uniformity is uniform, the branch veins are thick, the particles are some or little, and the leaves are wrinkled; the yield of the cigar coat of the cigar tobacco leaves in the 12 th to 18 th leaves is 5.8 percent to 6.2 percent,

the tobacco leaves of examples 4-6 all had widths above 22cm and aspect ratios below 2.5. Tobacco leaves of a control group; the tobacco leaves are loose, the identity is thin, the oil content is sufficient, the leaves are uniform, the branch veins are thin, particles exist slightly, and the leaf surfaces are flat; most importantly, the yield of the cigar coat of the cigar tobacco leaves in the 12 th to 18 th leaves can reach more than 25 percent.

As can be seen from Table 3, the tobacco leaves of comparative examples 7 to 9 are narrow in leaf width, only 21.6cm in maximum width, 2.69 to 2.96 in aspect ratio, and narrow in length; the identity of the leaves is 'thinner to thicker', the uniformity is 'uniform', the branch veins are thinner to thicker, the particles are or slightly are, and the leaves are wrinkled; in the 12 th to 18 th leaves, the yield of the cigar coat of the cigar tobacco is only 2.1 percent to 3 percent.

The leaf widths of the tobacco leaves of examples 4-6 are all above 23cm, and the aspect ratios are all below 2.4; the tobacco leaves are loose, the identity is thin, the oil content is sufficient, the leaves are uniform, the branches are fine, particles exist slightly, and the leaf surfaces are flat; most importantly, the yield of the cigar tobacco leaves in the 12 th to 18 th leaves can reach over 22 percent.

Therefore, by adopting the method disclosed by the invention, the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts of the cigar plants are subjected to special cultivation and fermentation treatment, so that the tobacco leaf products with better quality can be obtained, the proportion of the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts (12 th to 18 th leaves) meeting the quality standard of cigar wrappers is higher, the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts serving as the cigar wrappers are further obviously improved, and the economic value of tobacco crops is improved.

The practice of the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing detailed description, but the invention is not limited to the specific details of the foregoing embodiment. Within the scope of the claims and the technical idea of the invention, a number of simple modifications and changes can be made to the technical solution of the invention, and these simple modifications are within the scope of protection of the invention.

Claims

1. A production method for improving the yield of the cigarette coat at the middle upper part of the cigar tobacco leaves is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s4, drying the cigar tobacco leaves in the air, spreading the tobacco leaves into pieces, adding water for moisture regaining, stacking and turning over; adding cellulase into the water after adding water for moisture regaining; fermenting the middle and upper tobacco leaves for 30-40 days.

2. The production method for improving the yield of the cigar coat at the middle upper part of the cigar tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein in the step S1, the special fertilizer for tobacco is used as the base fertilizer, the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1 (0.2-0.4) to 2, and the fertilizing amount is 7.5-8.5 kg/mu calculated by pure nitrogen.

3. The production method for improving the yield of the cigar coat at the middle and upper part of the cigar tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the method for topping and cutting off the twigs in the step S2 comprises: and (3) topping after the central flower of the cigar plant is completely opened, only removing the flower during topping, and keeping all the leaves and 1 main branch.

4. The production method for improving the yield of the cigar coat at the middle-upper part of the cigar tobacco leaves according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein in the step S2, the leaf surface dressing is performed from the 12 th or more leaf blades of the cigar plant, 1 time of dressing is performed every 3 to 5 days, and 2 to 3 times of dressing are performed in total.

5. The production method for improving the yield of the cigar coat at the middle-upper part of the cigar tobacco leaves according to claim 4, wherein in the step S2, the method for supplementing water by sprinkling irrigation is as follows: carrying out first sprinkling irrigation water supplement 2-3d after the cigar plant is topped, and then carrying out sprinkling irrigation once every 1d for 4-6 times; the water supplement amount of the spray irrigation is 1.5-2.5 t/mu.

6. The production method for improving the yield of the cigar coat at the middle-upper part of the cigar tobacco according to claim 1, wherein in the step S4, the cellulase in the dampening water is used in an amount of 0.05 to 0.3 percent of the mass of the tobacco.

7. The production method for improving the yield of the cigar coat at the middle-upper part of the cigar tobacco leaves according to the claim 1, wherein the initial moisture content of the cigar tobacco leaves in the step S4 before fermentation is 32-35%, the pile-turning temperature is 54-58 ℃, and the pile-turning times are 3-5 times.

8. The production method for improving the yield of the cigar coat at the middle and upper parts of the cigar leaves according to claim 2, wherein in the step S1, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer in the base fertilizer is 24-48kg/hm in terms of phosphorus pentoxide²。