CN115226811A - 一种饲料防腐剂及其在制备冬虫夏草幼虫饲料中的应用 - Google Patents
一种饲料防腐剂及其在制备冬虫夏草幼虫饲料中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115226811A CN115226811A CN202210884812.1A CN202210884812A CN115226811A CN 115226811 A CN115226811 A CN 115226811A CN 202210884812 A CN202210884812 A CN 202210884812A CN 115226811 A CN115226811 A CN 115226811A
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- feed
- cordyceps sinensis
- preservative
- parts
- larva
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种饲料防腐剂及其在制备冬虫夏草幼虫饲料中的应用。饲料防腐剂包括双乙酸钠、柠檬酸、柑橘皮和葫芦茶提取物，冬虫夏草幼虫饲料包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂，饲料基料包括花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐。本发明中的饲料防腐剂通过双乙酸钠、柠檬酸、柑橘皮和葫芦茶提取物的相互配合，能够对饲料微环境进行调节，抑制饲料中霉菌等微生物的生长，显著延长饲料的贮藏期限。同时，饲料防腐剂作为饲料的添加剂，其还能改善喂养动物的肠胃环境，促进营养物质的吸收，提升饲料的利用率。本发明中的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料含有丰富的营养成分，并且营养均衡，能够为冬虫夏草幼虫提供充足的营养，满足冬虫夏草幼虫生长的需求。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料技术领域，具体涉及一种饲料防腐剂及其在制备冬虫夏草幼虫饲料中的应用。
背景技术
冬虫夏草是冬虫夏草菌寄生在蝠蛾属昆虫幼虫上形成的虫菌复合体，是我国传统的名贵中药材，《中华人民共和国药典》记载其功效为“补肺益肾、止血化痰。用于久咳虚喘、劳嗽咳血、阳痿遗精、腰膝酸痛”。冬虫夏草味甘性温、药性平和、温而不燥、补而不滞，比其它种类的补益中药更具广泛的药用价值，且无任何副作用。
人工培育冬虫夏草首先要解决寄主昆虫的饲养，冬虫夏草寄主幼虫的饲养是人工培殖冬虫夏草重要的一个环节，关系着冬虫夏草寄主及最终冬虫夏草产品的数量和质量。由于饲养条件苛刻，人工饲养的成虫存在雌蛾不振翅，雄蛾不具有交尾能力等现象，不能实现种源的人工培育。蝙蝠蛾生长的生态环境脆弱，资源有限，野外收集种源对生态环境和资源都造成了极大的破坏，且采集费用高、难度大，严重制约了冬虫夏草人工培育的产业化。
冬虫夏草寄主幼虫是一种多食性的资源昆虫。随着人工培植冬虫夏草规模的扩大，幼虫所需的饲料也将会大量增加，因此需要准备大量的饲料备用，但是，现有的冬虫夏草寄主幼虫饲料容易腐烂变质，不利于饲料的长时间保存。因此，开发一种能够能够防止饲料腐烂变质的防腐剂以及能够快速补充冬虫夏草幼虫所需营养的饲料尤为必要。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术，本发明提供一种饲料防腐剂及其在制备冬虫夏草幼虫饲料中的应用，以解决现有冬虫夏草寄主幼虫饲料容易腐烂变质以及营养价值不高的技术问题。
为了达到上述目的，本发明所采用的技术方案是：提供一种饲料防腐剂，包括以下质量份的组分：
双乙酸钠10～15份，柠檬酸5～10份，柑橘皮5～10份和葫芦茶提取物1～3份。
在上述技术方案的基础上，本发明还可以做如下改进。
进一步，本发明中的料防腐剂包括以下质量份的组分：
双乙酸钠15份，柠檬酸8份，柑橘皮5份和葫芦茶提取物2份。
本发明采取上述技术方案的有益效果是：本发明中的饲料防腐剂包括双乙酸钠、柠檬酸、柑橘皮和葫芦茶提取物。其中，双乙酸钠在自然状态下会缓慢放出乙酸，而乙酸可渗透到霉菌组织的细胞壁，干扰细胞间酶的相互作用，能够使细胞内蛋白质变性，从而起到抗菌防霉作用；并且，双乙酸钠的酸香味能掩盖饲料的不适气味，有利于喂养动物对饲料的采食；同时，双乙酸钠可调节喂养动物胃肠道的pH值，促进对饲料营养物质消化吸收。
柠檬酸可以降低饲料的pH，有害微生物的增殖及毒素的产生受到抑制，有明显的防霉作用；并且，柠檬酸具有一定的抗氧化作用，能够提升饲料的抗氧化效果，阻止或延缓饲料氧化，进一步延长饲料的贮存期；同时，柠檬酸和双乙酸钠释放的乙酸共同作用，能够更好的改善喂养动物的胃肠环境，肠道内乳酸菌等益生菌得到良好的生长条件，从而维持消化道中微生物菌群的正常平衡，更有利于吸收饲料中的营养成分。再者，双乙酸钠和柠檬酸配合使用，在提升防腐剂防腐性能的同时，又不会因酸性太大而导致饲料适口性变差。
柑橘皮中含有大量的萜烯类挥发油成分，其可以抑制菌体的呼吸途径，导致菌体能量物质ATP和还原物质NADH亏缺，菌体合成代谢受阻，活性的动态膜结构不能维持，代谢方向趋于水解，最终产生细胞自溶，从而实现抗菌的目的；并且，柑橘中的挥发油成分具有特殊的香味，能够改善饲料的味道和口感，促进喂养动物的进食。
葫芦茶提取物中含有大量的黄酮类成分，其对霉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等具有良好的抑制作用，结合双乙酸钠、柠檬酸的调节作用，能够很好的抑制腐烂菌的生长，进而延长饲料的储藏期限。
进一步，葫芦茶提取物经过以下步骤制得：
S1：取葫芦茶叶，烘干后粉碎至粒径不超过1mm；
S2：将经过S1处理后的葫芦茶叶浸没于碱液中，超声处理30～60min，然后捞出沥干；
S3：将经过S2处理后的葫芦茶叶与提取剂按1g:3～5ml的料液比混合，然后于45～60℃下浸提100～150min，再去除提取剂，即得；提取剂由乙醇溶液和正己烷混合而成。
进一步，葫芦茶提取过程中所用碱液为浓度为0.5～1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液。
进一步，葫芦茶提取过程中所用提取剂中乙醇溶液的体积浓度为65～75％，乙醇溶液与正己烷的体积比为1:1。
本发明采取上述技术方案的有益效果是：本发明采用浸提的方式对葫芦茶叶进行提取，浸提所用浸提溶剂由乙醇和正己烷混合而成，两种溶剂相互配合，可以将葫芦茶中的鞣质、生物碱、黄酮苷等提取出来。直接以提取物作为防腐剂的活性成分，不会影响饲料的口感，并且能够差生更好的防腐效果。
进一步，柑橘皮以粉末形式添加，其粒径不超过1mm。
本发明还公开了一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，本发明中的饲料包括饲料基料以及上述饲料防腐剂，饲料防腐剂与饲料基料的质量为1～5:100；饲料基料包括花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐。
进一步，饲料基料中花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐的质量之比为40～50:40～50:10～20:10～20:5～10:1～5。
本发明采取上述技术方案的有益效果是：本发明中的饲料以花生渣、豆渣、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐等作为饲料基料。其中，花生渣含有大量的粗蛋白(40～45％)和粗纤维(5～8％)，还含有较多的精氨酸、蛋氨酸、胱氨酸等氨基酸，同时含有较多的钙、磷等元素；大豆粉含有蛋白质、膳食纤维、碳水化合物、不饱和脂肪酸、多种维生素(A、E、B1、B2、B3)、胡萝卜素磷脂、皂苷、异黄酮、核酸以及多种微量元素(钙、碘、硒、锌、钾、镁)；西兰花含有丰富的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素、维生素A1、胡萝卜素、维生素C、维生素E、烟酸以及钙、镁、锌、铜等微量元素；玉米粉含有不饱和脂肪酸、谷固醇、维生素E、卵磷脂等营养成分。上述组分搭配使用，不仅成饲料本较低，而且饲料中含有丰富的营养成分，并且营养均衡，能够为冬虫夏草幼虫提供充足的营养，满足冬虫夏草幼虫生长的需求。
本发明还公开了冬虫夏草幼虫饲料的制备方法，制备方法包括以下步骤：
S1：分别将花生渣和西兰花粉碎成粒径不超过1mm的渣料，并调节渣料的含水量为10～20％；
S2：将粉碎后的花生渣和西兰花与大豆粉、玉米粉、贝壳粉和食盐按配方量进行混合，再加入造粒剂，然后将混合物制成粒径为1～5mm的颗粒，即得。
进一步，造粒剂由淀粉和羧甲基纤维素按1:1～5的质量比混合而成；造粒剂占混合物总质量的4～8％。
本发明的有益效果是：
1、本发明中的饲料防腐剂通过双乙酸钠、柠檬酸、柑橘皮和葫芦茶提取物的相互配合，能够对饲料微环境进行调节，抑制饲料中霉菌等微生物的生长，显著延长饲料的贮藏期限。同时，饲料防腐剂作为饲料的添加剂，其还能改善喂养动物的肠胃环境，促进营养物质的吸收，提升饲料的利用率。
2、本发明中的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料含有丰富的营养成分，并且营养均衡，能够为冬虫夏草幼虫提供充足的营养，满足冬虫夏草幼虫生长的需求。
3、本发明中的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料组成简单，组分易得，成本较低。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方式做详细的说明。
实施例1
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂，饲料防腐剂与饲料基料的质量为3:100；其中，饲料基料的有效成分由花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐按45:45:15:15:8:3的质量比混合而成。饲料防腐剂包括以下质量份的原料：双乙酸钠15份，柠檬酸8份，柑橘皮5份(粒径不超过1mm)和葫芦茶提取物2份；葫芦茶提取物经过以下步骤制得：
S1：取新鲜葫芦茶叶，烘干后粉碎至粒径不超过1mm；
S2：将经过S1处理后的葫芦茶叶浸没于浓度为1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液中，以25KHz的频率超声处理45min，然后捞出沥干；
S3：将经过S2处理后的葫芦茶叶与提取剂按1g:4ml的料液比混合，然后于55℃下浸提120min，再旋转蒸发去除提取剂，即得；所用提取剂由体积浓度为70％的乙醇溶液和正己烷按1:1的体积比混合而成。
本实施例中的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料经过以下步骤制得：
(1)分别将花生渣和西兰花粉碎成粒径不超过1mm的渣料，并调节渣料的含水量为20％；
(2)将粉碎后的花生渣和西兰花与大豆粉、玉米粉、贝壳粉和食盐按配方量进行混合，再加入造粒剂，然后将混合物制成粒径为1mm的颗粒，即得；所用造粒剂由淀粉和羧甲基纤维素按1:3的质量比混合而成，造粒剂占混合物总质量的8％。
实施例2
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂，饲料防腐剂与饲料基料的质量为1:100；其中，饲料基料的有效成分由花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐按40:50:10:20:5:5的质量比混合而成。饲料防腐剂包括以下质量份的原料：双乙酸钠10份，柠檬酸10份，柑橘皮5份(粒径不超过1mm)和葫芦茶提取物3份；葫芦茶提取物经过以下步骤制得：
S1：取新鲜葫芦茶叶，烘干后粉碎至粒径不超过1mm；
S2：将经过S1处理后的葫芦茶叶浸没于浓度为0.5mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液中，以25KHz的频率超声处理60min，然后捞出沥干；
S3：将经过S2处理后的葫芦茶叶与提取剂按1g:3ml的料液比混合，然后于45℃下浸提150min，再旋转蒸发去除提取剂，即得；所用提取剂由体积浓度为70％的乙醇溶液和正己烷按1:1的体积比混合而成。
本实施例中的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料经过以下步骤制得：
(1)分别将花生渣和西兰花粉碎成粒径不超过1mm的渣料，并调节渣料的含水量为15％；
(2)将粉碎后的花生渣和西兰花与大豆粉、玉米粉、贝壳粉和食盐按配方量进行混合，再加入造粒剂，然后将混合物制成粒径为1mm的颗粒，即得；所用造粒剂由淀粉和羧甲基纤维素按1:1的质量比混合而成，造粒剂占混合物总质量的4％。
实施例3
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂，饲料防腐剂与饲料基料的质量为5:100；其中，饲料基料的有效成分由花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐按50:40:20:10:10:1的质量比混合而成。饲料防腐剂包括以下质量份的原料：双乙酸钠15份，柠檬酸5份，柑橘皮10份(粒径不超过1mm)和葫芦茶提取物1份；葫芦茶提取物经过以下步骤制得：
S1：取新鲜葫芦茶叶，烘干后粉碎至粒径不超过1mm；
S2：将经过S1处理后的葫芦茶叶浸没于浓度为1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液中，以25KHz的频率超声处理30min，然后捞出沥干；
S3：将经过S2处理后的葫芦茶叶与提取剂按1g:3ml的料液比混合，然后于60℃下浸提100min，再旋转蒸发去除提取剂，即得；所用提取剂由体积浓度为70％的乙醇溶液和正己烷按1:1的体积比混合而成。
本实施例中的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料经过以下步骤制得：
(1)分别将花生渣和西兰花粉碎成粒径不超过1mm的渣料，并调节渣料的含水量为10％；
(2)将粉碎后的花生渣和西兰花与大豆粉、玉米粉、贝壳粉和食盐按配方量进行混合，再加入造粒剂，然后将混合物制成粒径为1mm的颗粒，即得；所用造粒剂由淀粉和羧甲基纤维素按1:5的质量比混合而成，造粒剂占混合物总质量的5％。
对比例1
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料防腐剂缺少双乙酸钠，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例2
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料防腐剂缺少柠檬酸，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例3
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料防腐剂缺少柑橘皮，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例4
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料防腐剂缺少葫芦茶提取物，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例5
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料防腐剂缺少双乙酸钠和柠檬酸，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例6
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料。与实施例1相比，缺少饲料防腐剂，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例7
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料基料缺少食盐，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例8
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料基料缺少贝壳粉，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例9
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料基料缺少玉米粉，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
对比例10
一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，包括饲料基料和饲料防腐剂。与实施例1相比，饲料基料缺少花生渣和玉米粉，其余条件与实施例1完全相同。
实验例
经过实验发现，实施例1～3中饲料的性能基本类似，因此，以实施例1中制得的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料为例与对比例中制得的饲料进行对比，说明采用本发明中的方法制得的饲料具有优良的性能。
一、冬虫夏草幼虫饲料的防腐性能
取等量实施例1和对比例1～6所制得的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，装袋(普通编织袋)后放置于阴凉储藏室中(温度15～20℃，湿度50～60％RH)，分别于储藏5天、10天、15天、20天、30天后观察袋内饲料的发霉情况，结果列于表1中。
表1饲料储藏过程中的发霉情况
| 储藏5天 | 储藏10天 | 储藏15天 | 储藏20天 | 储藏30天 | |
| 实施例1 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料开始霉变 |
| 对比例1 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料开始霉变 | 饲料大量霉变 | 饲料腐烂 |
| 对比例2 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料开始霉变 | 饲料大量霉变 | 饲料腐烂 |
| 对比例3 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料轻微起霉 | 饲料霉变 | 饲料大量霉变 |
| 对比例4 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料霉变 | 饲料大量霉变 | 饲料腐烂 |
| 对比例5 | 饲料不起霉 | 饲料轻微起霉 | 饲料大量霉变 | 饲料开始腐烂 | 饲料腐烂 |
| 对比例6 | 饲料轻微起霉 | 饲料霉变 | 饲料大量霉变 | 饲料腐烂 | —— |
从表1中可以看出，向冬虫夏草幼虫饲料中添加本发明中的饲料防腐剂后，储藏30天左右才开始出现霉变，即饲料在通常情况下能够储藏30天左右，饲料的储藏时间显著延长。
二、冬虫夏草幼虫饲料的饲喂性能
取6000只蝙蝠蛾幼虫，均分成6组，编号为1～6，分别用实施例1和对比例7～10所制得的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料喂养1～5组中的蝙蝠蛾幼虫，用胡萝卜饲喂编号为6的蝙蝠蛾幼虫组。统计生长至3龄时的幼虫的存活率和生长至6龄期的幼虫平均重量(饲养方法为常规的蝙蝠蛾幼虫饲养方法)。具体结果如表2所示。
表2蝙蝠蛾幼虫饲养结果
| 组别 | 存活率(100) | 平均重量(g) |
| 实施例1(1组) | 73.1 | 0.61 |
| 对比例7(2组) | 64.7 | 0.54 |
| 对比例8(3组) | 65.5 | 0.54 |
| 对比例9(4组) | 63.5 | 0.52 |
| 对比例10(5组) | 61.6 | 0.50 |
| 对照组(6组) | 62.4 | 0.48 |
从表2中可以看出，采用本申请中的饲料喂养冬虫夏草幼虫，不仅能够保证幼虫具有较高的存活率，而且最终体重也显著增加，表明本发明中的饲料能够作为冬虫夏草幼虫的优质饲料。
虽然结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方式进行了详细地描述，但不应理解为对本专利的保护范围的限定。在权利要求书所描述的范围内，本领域技术人员不经创造性劳动即可作出的各种修改和变形仍属本专利的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种饲料防腐剂，其特征在于，包括以下质量份的组分：
双乙酸钠10～15份，柠檬酸5～10份，柑橘皮5～10份和葫芦茶提取物1～3份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的饲料防腐剂，其特征在于，包括以下质量份的原料：
双乙酸钠15份，柠檬酸8份，柑橘皮5份和葫芦茶提取物2份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的饲料防腐剂，其特征在于，所述葫芦茶提取物经过以下步骤制得：
S1：取葫芦茶叶，烘干后粉碎至粒径不超过1mm；
S2：将经过S1处理后的葫芦茶叶浸没于碱液中，超声处理30～60min，然后捞出沥干；
S3：将经过S2处理后的葫芦茶叶与提取剂按1g:3～5ml的料液比混合，然后于45～60℃下浸提100～150min，再去除提取剂，即得；所述提取剂由乙醇溶液和正己烷混合而成。
4.根据权利要求3所述的饲料防腐剂，其特征在于：所述碱液为浓度为0.5～1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液。
5.根据权利要求3所述的饲料防腐剂，其特征在于：所述提取剂中乙醇溶液的体积浓度为65～75％，乙醇溶液与正己烷的体积比为1:1。
6.根据权利要求1所述的饲料防腐剂，其特征在于：所述柑橘皮以粉末形式添加，其粒径不超过1mm。
7.一种冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，其特征在于：包括饲料基料和权利要求1～6任一项所述的饲料防腐剂，所述饲料防腐剂与饲料基料的质量为1～5:100；所述饲料基料包括花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐。
8.根据权利要求7所述的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料，其特征在于：所述饲料基料中花生渣、大豆粉、玉米粉、西兰花、贝壳粉和食盐的质量之比为40～50:40～50:10～20:10～20:5～10:1～5。
9.如权利要求7或8所述的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1：分别将花生渣和西兰花粉碎成粒径不超过1mm的渣料，并控调节渣料的含水量为10～20％；
S2：将粉碎后的花生渣和西兰花与大豆粉、玉米粉、贝壳粉和食盐按配方量进行混合，再加入造粒剂，然后将混合物制成粒径为1～5mm的颗粒，即得。
10.根据权利要求9所述的冬虫夏草幼虫饲料的制备方法，其特征在于：所述造粒剂由淀粉和羧甲基纤维素按1:1～5的质量比混合而成；所述造粒剂占混合物总质量的4～8％。
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