CN109170141A - 一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料 - Google Patents
一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109170141A CN109170141A CN201811234512.9A CN201811234512A CN109170141A CN 109170141 A CN109170141 A CN 109170141A CN 201811234512 A CN201811234512 A CN 201811234512A CN 109170141 A CN109170141 A CN 109170141A
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- pelteobagrus fulvidraco
- juvenile fish
- compound feed
- feed
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，包括以下成分及其重量份：发酵豆粕30‑50份、鱼粉5‑15份、面粉5‑15份、植物油3‑7份、柠檬酸0.2‑0.4份、植酸酶0.1‑0.3份、免疫增强剂0.2‑0.3份。有益效果为：本发明饲料中各原料配比合理，可提高颡鱼幼鱼的免疫机能，具有抗应激作用，能促进黄颡鱼幼鱼生长，改善肉质，饲料的保质期、利用率和安全性高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及饲料技术领域，特别涉及一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料。
背景技术
黄颡鱼隶属鲇形目（Siluriformes）、鲿科（Bagridae）、黄颡鱼属（Pelteobagrus）。是亚太地区特有的的一种经济淡水鱼类。黄颡鱼具有很高的经济价值，近年来，持续且居高不下的价格使得黄颡鱼在中国的养殖市场越来越广阔。而随着市场需求的增加，自然资源逐渐减少，促使黄颡鱼的人工养殖规模越来越大。但是，黄颡鱼人工养殖仍存在一些技术问题，养殖技术尚未成熟。目前，随着人工喂养的普及，都是以配合饲料为主要喂养方法，但配料中的营养成份不是很合理，各种蛋白和维生素的含量比较低，造成黄颡鱼生长慢、体质差、易患病。同时随着鱼粉短缺问题日益突出，寻求价格低廉的植物性替代蛋白源成为必然选择，我国植物蛋白源种类多，来源广，包括棉粕、菜粕、豆粕等。但是植物蛋白源纤维素含量较高，导致饲料的适口性降低，从而引起水产动物的采食量下降。同时，植物性蛋白源中存在多种抗营养因子，对水产动物健康生长和生产会产生负面影响。为了提高植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的效果，生产上经常会用各种加工方法开发植物蛋白源，如去皮豆粕、发酵豆粕、膨化豆粕等，改善其适口性，消除抗营养因子。然而植物蛋白源替代后常常会降低黄颡鱼的摄食和蛋白质的代谢，从而大大影响鱼粉替代效果。因此，需要寻求一种解决植物蛋白源的处理方法，提高蛋白利用率，提高磷的利用率，最大化减少营养物质，尤其是磷的排出，为促进水产养殖业的可持续发展，必须降低对水域环境的污染力以及养殖成本。
现有技术如授权公告号为CN 102132784 B的中国发明专利，公开了一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，旨在提供一种饲料系数低，营养均衡、全面，诱食性强，水中稳定性好的黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料。按重量百分比计，该饲料由以下组分组成：蒸汽鱼粉15~25%，白鱼粉5~15%，面粉20~25%，玉米1~5%，发酵豆粕20~30%，花生麸5~10%，葵花籽粕5~10%，菜粕1~10%，血球粉0.5~2%，玉米蛋白粉2~5%，豆油0.5~1.5%，玉米油0.5~1.5%，鱼油1.5~3%，磷酸二氢钙0.8~1%，玉米芯粉0.5~1%；余量为含有复合维生素、复合矿物质、Vc磷酸酯、氯化胆碱、盐、防霉剂和抗氧化剂的添加剂。该饲料可广泛应用于黄颡鱼幼鱼养殖领域。但是该饲料中的发酵豆粕的加入会降低黄颡鱼的摄食积极性，且饲料中的磷不能完成被黄颡鱼幼鱼利用，促使了养殖水体的恶化。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种各原料配比合理，可提高颡鱼幼鱼的免疫机能，具有抗应激作用，能促进黄颡鱼幼鱼生长，改善肉质，饲料的保质期、利用率和安全性高的黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料。
本发明针对上述技术中提到的问题，采取的技术方案为：
一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，包括以下成分及其重量份：发酵豆粕30-50份、鱼粉5-15份、面粉5-15份、植物油3-7份、柠檬酸0.2-0.4份、植酸酶0.1-0.3份、免疫增强剂0.2-0.3份。上述配合饲料各原料配比合理，可以提高颡鱼幼鱼的免疫机能，具有抗应激作用，能提高黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能、营养物表观消化率、矿质元素的沉积和抗氧化性能，有效阻止脂类过氧化，能抑制黄颡鱼肌肉的组织微粒体脂质氧化；该饲料中活性磷水平较高，使得营养物质释放为能被鱼体吸收的形式，降低了饵料系数，增加了鱼体对饲料中磷和蛋白质、氨基酸等营养物质的利用率；该饲料进入鱼体中，能够增加淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶的活性，提高配合饲料的利用率，促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长。
作为优选，发酵豆粕的制备方法为：将豆粕加水至含水量为47-55%，再加入蛋氨酸，搅拌均匀后高压灭菌20-30min，冷却室室温后按接种量为8-12%接种复合菌种，在27-33℃下发酵3-5d，冷冻干燥，粉碎过200-300目筛，即得发酵豆粕。微生物发酵过程中能够降解植酸和寡聚糖，降低豆粕中抗营养因子，使产品具有更好的风味和适口性，显著提高豆粕的利用率和营养价值，同时还能降解豆粕过敏原蛋白，并破坏其原有的过敏原线性表位和构象性表位，从而有效的降低其致敏性，提高黄颡鱼幼鱼对发酵豆粕的利用率，此外发酵还会产生蛋白酶，使得发酵豆粕蛋白在制备过程中还有进一步被降解为小分子的肽，更易于被黄颡鱼幼鱼吸收利用。
进一步优选，蛋氨酸和复合菌种的重量比为1:300-500，蛋氨酸中L-蛋氨酸和D-蛋氨酸的比例为53-65:1。上述蛋氨酸的加入能够刺激过敏原蛋白，使包埋在过敏原蛋白内部的β-伴大豆球蛋白α亚基和大豆球蛋白碱性亚基暴露，进而被微生物代谢出的蛋白酶快速识别并降解形成了小分子多肽，降低发酵豆粕中具有耐胃消化性的β-伴大豆球蛋白α亚基和大豆球蛋白碱性亚基的含量，改变过敏原表位结构，降低发酵豆粕的致敏性，促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长；同时还能够在高压灭菌的条件下，促进豆粕蛋白发生变性并聚集，提高发酵效果，最终提高饲料的利用率。
进一步优选，复合菌种中干酪乳杆菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酵母菌的重量比为1:1.2-1.5:0.2-0.5。
作为优选，免疫增强剂的成分及其重量份为：β-葡聚糖5-20份、果寡糖3-7份、维生素D32.2-3.2份、桉树叶提取物13-17份。该免疫增强剂能刺激黄颡鱼鱼体免疫功能，能够显著上调黄颡鱼肝脏中AP1M1基因的表达，小肠、肾脏中MHC-II基因的表达，以及肾脏和肝脏中的IFP35基因表达，具有免疫调节效应，同时可以调节黄颡鱼机体的钙、磷平衡，此外，该免疫增强剂还可清除机体自由基发挥抗氧化的作用，可以降低一些炎症因子的表达且在不同组织器官出现不同的结果，具有提高促进黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能和生理功能、增强免疫和抗氧化功能和抗感染和解毒能力的效果。
作为优选，桉树叶提取物的制备方法为：将桉树叶干燥后粉碎至40-60目，按料液比为1:6-10（g/mL）加入67-76%的乙醇溶液，在20-30℃的条件下浸提1-2h，再重复浸提一次，抽滤，然后在转速为3000-5000r/min的条件下离心15-25min，上清液干燥得桉树叶提取物。上述桉树叶提取物的制备方法简单可行，得到的桉树叶提取物不需要纯化即可使用，其中含有大量的食子酸、月见草素B、英国鞣花酸、鞣花酸、潘石榴苷等桉树叶多酚物质，对具有较强的抗氧化能力，能有有效提升黄颡鱼幼鱼的机体免疫能力、提高肉质中丝氨酸浓度、改善肉质、提高生产性能等，且能够提高配合饲料的保质期。
进一步优选，乙醇溶液含有0.02-0.04mM的β-内酰胺和0.013-0.017mM的氧化三甲胺。β-内酰胺和氧化三甲胺的加入能够可渗入至桉树叶的纤维结晶区，使纤维素发生产生无限溶胀，使纤维素溶解，进而改变细胞壁的通透性，使内化合物渗透出来，提高桉树叶提取物中月见草素B和鞣花酸的含量，而月见草素B和鞣花酸的存在能够刺激黄颡鱼幼鱼体内的酶活性，使得未被黄颡鱼幼鱼吸收消化的β-葡聚糖分解成溶于水的小分子寡糖或原糖，进而被黄颡鱼幼鱼吸收利用，能够避免过量免疫多糖β-葡聚糖与其他多种化合物结合产生可与DNA共价结合或产生氧自由基或肿瘤等毒性代谢产物，进而避免对机体产生不利的影响，提高配合饲料的使用安全性，促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点在于：1）本发明配合饲料各原料配比合理，可提高颡鱼幼鱼的免疫机能，具有抗应激作用，能促进黄颡鱼幼鱼生长，改善肉质，饲料的保质期、利用率和安全性高；2）本发明用发酵豆粕的致敏性和抗营养因子低，能够促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长，且含有小分子的肽，具有更好的风味和适口性，更易于被黄颡鱼幼鱼吸收利用；3）本发明用免疫增强剂能刺激黄颡鱼鱼体免疫功能，具有提高促进黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能和生理功能、增强免疫和抗氧化功能和抗感染和解毒能力和改善肉质的效果。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明方案作进一步说明：
实施例1：
一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，包括以下成分及其重量份：发酵豆粕30份、鱼粉15份、面粉5份、植物油7份、柠檬酸0.2份、植酸酶0.3份、免疫增强剂0.2份。上述配合饲料各原料配比合理，可以提高颡鱼幼鱼的免疫机能，具有抗应激作用，能提高黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能、营养物表观消化率、矿质元素的沉积和抗氧化性能，有效阻止脂类过氧化，能抑制黄颡鱼肌肉的组织微粒体脂质氧化；该饲料中活性磷水平较高，使得营养物质释放为能被鱼体吸收的形式，降低了饵料系数，增加了鱼体对饲料中磷和蛋白质、氨基酸等营养物质的利用率；该饲料进入鱼体中，能够增加淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶的活性，提高配合饲料的利用率，促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长。
发酵豆粕的制备方法为：将豆粕加水至含水量为55%，再加入蛋氨酸，搅拌均匀后高压灭菌20min，冷却室室温后按接种量为12%接种复合菌种，在27℃下发酵5d，冷冻干燥，粉碎过200目筛，即得发酵豆粕。微生物发酵过程中能够降解植酸和寡聚糖，降低豆粕中抗营养因子，使产品具有更好的风味和适口性，显著提高豆粕的利用率和营养价值，同时还能降解豆粕过敏原蛋白，并破坏其原有的过敏原线性表位和构象性表位，从而有效的降低其致敏性，提高黄颡鱼幼鱼对发酵豆粕的利用率，此外发酵还会产生蛋白酶，使得发酵豆粕蛋白在制备过程中还有进一步被降解为小分子的肽，更易于被黄颡鱼幼鱼吸收利用。
上述蛋氨酸和复合菌种的重量比为1:500，蛋氨酸中L-蛋氨酸和D-蛋氨酸的比例为53:1。上述蛋氨酸的加入能够刺激过敏原蛋白，使包埋在过敏原蛋白内部的β-伴大豆球蛋白α亚基和大豆球蛋白碱性亚基暴露，进而被微生物代谢出的蛋白酶快速识别并降解形成了小分子多肽，降低发酵豆粕中具有耐胃消化性的β-伴大豆球蛋白α亚基和大豆球蛋白碱性亚基的含量，改变过敏原表位结构，降低发酵豆粕的致敏性，促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长；同时还能够在高压灭菌的条件下，促进豆粕蛋白发生变性并聚集，提高发酵效果，最终提高饲料的利用率。
上述复合菌种中干酪乳杆菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酵母菌的重量比为1:1.5:0.2。
免疫增强剂的成分及其重量份为：β-葡聚糖20份、果寡糖3份、维生素D33.2份、桉树叶提取物13份。该免疫增强剂能刺激黄颡鱼鱼体免疫功能，能够显著上调黄颡鱼肝脏中AP1M1基因的表达，小肠、肾脏中MHC-II基因的表达，以及肾脏和肝脏中的IFP35基因表达，具有免疫调节效应，同时可以调节黄颡鱼机体的钙、磷平衡，此外，该免疫增强剂还可清除机体自由基发挥抗氧化的作用，可以降低一些炎症因子的表达且在不同组织器官出现不同的结果，具有提高促进黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能和生理功能、增强免疫和抗氧化功能和抗感染和解毒能力的效果。
上述桉树叶提取物的制备方法为：将桉树叶干燥后粉碎至60目，按料液比为1:6（g/mL）加入76%的乙醇溶液，在20℃的条件下浸提2h，再重复浸提一次，抽滤，然后在转速为3000r/min的条件下离心25min，上清液干燥得桉树叶提取物。上述桉树叶提取物的制备方法简单可行，得到的桉树叶提取物不需要纯化即可使用，其中含有大量的食子酸、月见草素B、英国鞣花酸、鞣花酸、潘石榴苷等桉树叶多酚物质，对具有较强的抗氧化能力，能有有效提升黄颡鱼幼鱼的机体免疫能力、提高肉质中丝氨酸浓度、改善肉质、提高生产性能等，且能够提高配合饲料的保质期。
上述乙醇溶液含有0.02mM的β-内酰胺和0.017mM的氧化三甲胺。β-内酰胺和氧化三甲胺的加入能够可渗入至桉树叶的纤维结晶区，使纤维素发生产生无限溶胀，使纤维素溶解，进而改变细胞壁的通透性，使内化合物渗透出来，提高桉树叶提取物中月见草素B和鞣花酸的含量，而月见草素B和鞣花酸的存在能够刺激黄颡鱼幼鱼体内的酶活性，使得未被黄颡鱼幼鱼吸收消化的β-葡聚糖分解成溶于水的小分子寡糖或原糖，进而被黄颡鱼幼鱼吸收利用，能够避免过量免疫多糖β-葡聚糖与其他多种化合物结合产生可与DNA共价结合或产生氧自由基或肿瘤等毒性代谢产物，进而避免对机体产生不利的影响，提高配合饲料的使用安全性，促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长。
实施例2：
一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，包括以下成分及其重量份：发酵豆粕40份、鱼粉10份、面粉10份、植物油5份、柠檬酸0.3份、植酸酶0.2份、免疫增强剂0.25份。
发酵豆粕的制备方法为：将豆粕加水至含水量为50%，再加入蛋氨酸，搅拌均匀后高压灭菌25min，冷却室室温后按接种量为10%接种复合菌种，在30℃下发酵4d，冷冻干燥，粉碎过250目筛，即得发酵豆粕。上述蛋氨酸和复合菌种的重量比为1:400，蛋氨酸中L-蛋氨酸和D-蛋氨酸的比例为60:1；复合菌种中干酪乳杆菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酵母菌的重量比为1:1.3:0.4。
免疫增强剂的成分及其重量份为：β-葡聚糖13份、果寡糖5份、维生素D32.6份、桉树叶提取物15份。上述桉树叶提取物的制备方法为：将桉树叶干燥后粉碎至50目，按料液比为1:8（g/mL）加入70%的乙醇溶液，其中乙醇溶液含有0.03mM的β-内酰胺和0.015mM的氧化三甲胺，在25℃的条件下浸提1.5h，再重复浸提一次，抽滤，然后在转速为4000r/min的条件下离心20min，上清液干燥得桉树叶提取物。
实施例3：
一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，包括以下成分及其重量份：发酵豆粕40份、鱼粉10份、面粉10份、植物油5份、柠檬酸0.3份、植酸酶0.2份、免疫增强剂0.25份。
发酵豆粕的制备方法为：将豆粕加水至含水量为50%，搅拌均匀后高压灭菌25min，冷却室室温后按接种量为10%接种复合菌种，在30℃下发酵4d，冷冻干燥，粉碎过250目筛，即得发酵豆粕。上述复合菌种中干酪乳杆菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酵母菌的重量比为1:1.3:0.4。
免疫增强剂的成分及其重量份为：β-葡聚糖13份、果寡糖5份、维生素D32.6份、桉树叶提取物15份。上述桉树叶提取物的制备方法为：将桉树叶干燥后粉碎至50目，按料液比为1:8（g/mL）加入70%的乙醇溶液，其中乙醇溶液含有0.03mM的β-内酰胺和0.015mM的氧化三甲胺，在25℃的条件下浸提1.5h，再重复浸提一次，抽滤，然后在转速为4000r/min的条件下离心20min，上清液干燥得桉树叶提取物。
实施例4：
一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，包括以下成分及其重量份：发酵豆粕40份、鱼粉10份、面粉10份、植物油5份、柠檬酸0.3份、植酸酶0.2份、免疫增强剂0.25份。
发酵豆粕的制备方法为：将豆粕加水至含水量为50%，再加入蛋氨酸，搅拌均匀后高压灭菌25min，冷却室室温后按接种量为10%接种复合菌种，在30℃下发酵4d，冷冻干燥，粉碎过250目筛，即得发酵豆粕。上述蛋氨酸和复合菌种的重量比为1:400，蛋氨酸中L-蛋氨酸和D-蛋氨酸的比例为60:1；复合菌种中干酪乳杆菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酵母菌的重量比为1:1.3:0.4。
免疫增强剂的成分及其重量份为：β-葡聚糖13份、果寡糖5份、维生素D32.6份、桉树叶提取物15份。上述桉树叶提取物的制备方法为：将桉树叶干燥后粉碎至50目，按料液比为1:8（g/mL）加入70%的乙醇溶液，在25℃的条件下浸提1.5h，再重复浸提一次，抽滤，然后在转速为4000r/min的条件下离心20min，上清液干燥得桉树叶提取物。
实施例5：
黄颡鱼幼鱼养殖
养殖品种：1克左右的黄颡鱼幼鱼2000条，随机分配为五组：网箱1、网箱2、网箱3、网箱4，各组总重相当，每组网箱总放养黄颡鱼幼鱼500条；
养殖条件：环境因素、化学因素和生物因素基本相同的同一水域的网箱；
养殖管理：其它条件基本相同，所不同的只是网箱1每天投喂实施例1产品；网箱2每天投喂实施例2产品；网箱3每天投喂实施例3产品；网箱4每天投喂实施例4产品；
结果比较：养殖实验持续2个月，然后计算黄颡鱼的成活条数、成活率和末重，实验结果如表1所示。
表1 黄颡鱼幼鱼养殖效果
| 类别 | 成活条数（条） | 成活率（%） | 末重（g/尾） |
| 网箱1 | 485 | 97.0 | 12.14 |
| 网箱2 | 493 | 98.6 | 13.01 |
| 网箱3 | 472 | 94.4 | 11.24 |
| 网箱4 | 458 | 91.6 | 10.99 |
从表1中可以看出，网箱1、2中黄颡鱼幼鱼的成活率和末重均高于网箱3、4，说明蛋氨酸的加入能够提高饲料的利用率，促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长；β-内酰胺和氧化三甲胺的加入能够提高配合饲料的使用安全性，促进促进黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长。
本发明的操作步骤中的常规操作为本领域技术人员所熟知，在此不进行赘述。
以上所述的实施例对本发明的技术方案进行了详细说明，应理解的是以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例，并不用于限制本发明，凡在本发明的原则范围内所做的任何修改、补充或类似方式替代等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，其特征在于：包括以下成分及其重量份：发酵豆粕30-50份、鱼粉5-15份、面粉5-15份、植物油3-7份、柠檬酸0.2-0.4份、植酸酶0.1-0.3份、免疫增强剂0.2-0.3份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，其特征在于：所述发酵豆粕的制备方法为：将豆粕加水至含水量为47-55%，再加入蛋氨酸，搅拌均匀后高压灭菌20-30min，冷却室室温后按接种量为8-12%接种复合菌种，在27-33℃下发酵3-5d，冷冻干燥，粉碎过200-300目筛，即得发酵豆粕。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，其特征在于：所述蛋氨酸和复合菌种的重量比为1:300-500，所述蛋氨酸中L-蛋氨酸和D-蛋氨酸的比例为53-65:1。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，其特征在于：所述复合菌种中干酪乳杆菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酵母菌的重量比为1:1.2-1.5:0.2-0.5。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，其特征在于：所述免疫增强剂的成分及其重量份为：β-葡聚糖5-20份、果寡糖3-7份、维生素D32.2-3.2份、桉树叶提取物13-17份。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，其特征在于：所述桉树叶提取物的制备方法为：将桉树叶干燥后粉碎至40-60目，按料液比为1:6-10（g/mL）加入67-76%的乙醇溶液，在20-30℃的条件下浸提1-2h，再重复浸提一次，抽滤，然后在转速为3000-5000r/min的条件下离心15-25min，上清液干燥得桉树叶提取物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料，其特征在于：所述乙醇溶液含有0.02-0.04mM的β-内酰胺和0.013-0.017mM的氧化三甲胺。
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| CN115462488A (zh) * | 2022-10-08 | 2022-12-13 | 河南师范大学 | 鞣花酸作为饲料添加剂的应用，功能性饲料及制备方法 |
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| CN111557395A (zh) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-08-21 | 珠海海龙生物科技有限公司 | 一种防治黄颡鱼肠炎的低鱼粉配合饲料及其制备方法 |
| CN115462488A (zh) * | 2022-10-08 | 2022-12-13 | 河南师范大学 | 鞣花酸作为饲料添加剂的应用，功能性饲料及制备方法 |
| CN115462488B (zh) * | 2022-10-08 | 2024-01-16 | 河南师范大学 | 鞣花酸作为饲料添加剂的应用，功能性饲料及制备方法 |
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