CN114956876A - Cockscomb matrix additive and culture medium - Google Patents
Cockscomb matrix additive and culture medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN114956876A CN114956876A CN202210746310.2A CN202210746310A CN114956876A CN 114956876 A CN114956876 A CN 114956876A CN 202210746310 A CN202210746310 A CN 202210746310A CN 114956876 A CN114956876 A CN 114956876A
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- 241000561734 Celosia cristata Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 210000001520 comb Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- PUKLDDOGISCFCP-JSQCKWNTSA-N 21-Deoxycortisone Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@@](C(=O)C)(O)[C@@]1(C)CC2=O PUKLDDOGISCFCP-JSQCKWNTSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- FCYKAQOGGFGCMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fulvic acid Natural products O1C2=CC(O)=C(O)C(C(O)=O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1CC(C)(O)OC2 FCYKAQOGGFGCMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002509 fulvic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229940095100 fulvic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002068 microbial inoculum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000021552 granulated sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 241001573881 Corolla Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 240000003147 Amaranthus hypochondriacus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011746 Amaranthus hypochondriacus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-mannomethylose Natural products CC1OC(O)C(O)C(O)C1O SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-SLPGGIOYSA-N Fucose Natural products C[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)C=O PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 1
- SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-DHVFOXMCSA-N L-fucopyranose Chemical compound C[C@@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-DHVFOXMCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241000233805 Phoenix Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195474 Sargassum Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NCYVXEGFNDZQCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nikethamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 NCYVXEGFNDZQCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/13—Zeolites
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a cockscomb matrix additive and a culture medium, belonging to the technical field of flowers. According to the method, fulvic acid, seaweed fertilizer and EM microbial inoculum are applied in a specific ratio, so that the problems that the cockscomb transplantation management method in the prior art is not simple and convenient enough, and the effect of the existing matrix and nutrient solution still needs to be improved are solved. The cockscomb matrix additive provided by the invention can obviously improve the growth amount of transplanted cockscomb seedlings and bring forward the flowering phase, has an effect obviously superior to that of a common nutrient solution sold in the market, only needs to be mixed with a matrix in application, does not need secondary application, is simple and convenient in method, and saves manpower and material resources. The cockscomb cultivated by applying the cockscomb matrix additive and the cultivation matrix has larger corolla, more dense and sturdy leaves and higher ornamental value, and the flowering phase is about 7d ahead of schedule, thus being more suitable for industrial application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of flowers, in particular to a cockscomb matrix additive and a culture matrix.
Background
Cockscomb (academic name: CelosicratataL.), Chinese alias: chignon flower, red-old, Luhua cockscomb, pen cockscomb, young cockscomb, phoenix tail cockscomb, big cockscomb, chicken horn root, and red cockscomb. The herbaceous plants blossom in summer and autumn in one year, and the flowers are mostly red and in a cockscomb shape. Native africa, tropical america and india. It is good for sunlight, damp heat and frost. Poor resistance, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. Is widely cultivated all over the world and has high medicinal value. Cockscomb is introduced in a transplanting mode mostly, but the existing culture medium and common flower nutrient solution only can ensure the normal growth of cockscomb, the method for further improving the quality and advancing the flowering phase is well documented, and the application method of the flower nutrient solution is complex, needs to be regularly managed, and consumes manpower and material resources.
The seaweed fertilizer as a synergist with the function of biological stimulin can be applied independently or in combination with chemical fertilizers, and not only can improve the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer and promote the growth and development of plants, but also can improve the stress resistance of crops. However, the seaweed fertilizer is mostly used for crops, and the flower cultivation aspect is not reported.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cockscomb matrix additive and a culture medium, and aims to solve the problems that in the prior art, a cockscomb transplanting management method is not simple and convenient enough, and the effect of the existing matrix and nutrient solution still needs to be improved.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a cockscomb matrix additive which comprises the following components in parts by mass:
0.2-0.5 part of fulvic acid, 80-120 parts of seaweed fertilizer, 3-8 parts of EM microbial inoculum and 800-1200 parts of water.
Preferably, the sugar also comprises 30-80 parts of sugar.
Preferably, the sugar is white granulated sugar.
Preferably, the viable bacteria concentration of the EM microbial inoculum is 10 7 ~10 8 CFU/ml。
Preferably, the seaweed fertilizer is derived from sargassum.
The invention also provides a cockscomb cultivation medium matched with the cockscomb matrix additive, and the cockscomb cultivation medium comprises the following components: vermiculite, pond sludge and peat soil;
the weight ratio of the vermiculite to the pond sludge to the peat soil is 8-12: 2-4: 1-3.
Preferably, the adding proportion of the cockscomb matrix additive to the cockscomb cultivation matrix is as follows: 80-120 mL of 1 kg.
The invention has the technical effects and advantages that:
according to the invention, fulvic acid, seaweed fertilizer and EM microbial inoculum are applied in a matched manner according to a specific proportion, the formed cockscomb matrix additive can obviously improve the growth amount of transplanted cockscomb seedlings and bring forward the flowering phase, the effect is obviously superior to that of a commercially available common nutrient solution, only the cockscomb matrix additive needs to be mixed with a matrix in application, secondary application is not needed, the method is simple and convenient, and manpower and material resources are saved. The cockscomb cultivated by applying the cockscomb matrix additive and the cultivation matrix has larger corolla, more dense and sturdy leaves and more ornamental value, and the flowering phase is about 7d earlier, thus being more suitable for industrial application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the statistical results of plant heights;
FIG. 2 shows the statistics of stem thickness;
FIG. 3 shows the statistical results of the length of the corolla;
FIG. 4 shows the statistical results of the crown width;
FIG. 5 is a leaf area statistic;
fig. 6 shows the statistics of the number of leaves.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a cockscomb matrix additive which comprises the following components in parts by mass:
0.2-0.5 part of fulvic acid, 80-120 parts of seaweed fertilizer, 3-8 parts of EM microbial inoculum and 800-1200 parts of water.
The cockscomb matrix additive comprises 0.2-0.5 part of fulvic acid, the preferable part by weight of the fulvic acid is 0.3-0.4 part, and the preferable part by weight of the fulvic acid is biochemical fulvic acid; the fulvic acid can improve the quality of the cockscomb, and can improve the performance of the culture medium, so that the cockscomb can grow better.
The cockscomb matrix additive comprises 80-120 parts of seaweed fertilizer, wherein the preferable part by weight of the seaweed fertilizer is 90-110 parts; the seaweed fertilizer is preferably from gulfweed; the seaweed fertilizer is preferably seaweed polypeptide powder; the seaweed fertilizer preferably contains components such as alginic acid, crude protein, mannitol, ash, fat, pituitous substances, fructose, fucose and the like; the seaweed fertilizer can accelerate the growth effect of the cockscomb peanuts, and can promote the growth of the cockscomb, advance the flowering phase and increase the ornamental value of the cockscomb peanuts when being matched with fulvic acid.
The cockscomb matrix additive comprises 3-8 parts of EM microbial inoculum, the weight part of EM microbial inoculum is preferably 4-6 parts, the raw material state of EM microbial inoculum is preferably liquid, and the viable bacteria concentration of EM microbial inoculum is preferably 10 7 ~10 8 CFU/ml, more preferably 5X 10 7 ~8×10 7 CFU/ml; the EM microbial inoculum has poor effect when being applied alone, but can further improve the biological activity of the culture substrate under the synergistic effect with other components,provides better nutrient conditions for the growth of the cockscomb peanuts.
The cockscomb matrix additive also preferably comprises 30-80 parts of sugar, the sugar is preferably white granulated sugar, the sugar is preferably 40-60 parts by weight, and the white granulated sugar can provide carbon source substances for EM microbial agents on one hand and can provide partial energy for cockscomb growth on the other hand.
The invention also provides a cockscomb cultivation medium matched with the cockscomb matrix additive, and the cockscomb cultivation medium comprises the following components: vermiculite, pond sludge and peat soil; the weight ratio of the vermiculite to the pond sludge to the peat soil is 8-12: 2-4: 1-3, preferably 9-11: 2.5-3.5: 1.5-2.5; in the invention, the adding ratio of the cockscomb matrix additive to the cockscomb cultivation matrix is preferably as follows: 80-120 mL of 1kg, and more preferably 90-110 mL of 1 kg.
The cockscomb matrix additive and the cockscomb cultivation matrix in the invention are preferably applied to cockscomb.
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
The material sources used in the examples are as follows:
fulvic acid is purchased from Shanghai Shantowering Biotechnology Limited;
EM stock solution was purchased from Jiangxi Tianyi organisms (group) Co., Ltd;
algal polypeptide powder was purchased from Wolterlis Biotech, Inc., Lanzhou.
Example 1
Mixing 50g of white granulated sugar and 5ml of EM stock solution, diluting with 1L of water, adding 300mg of fulvic acid and 100g of seaweed polypeptide powder, and uniformly stirring to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Example 2
Mixing 60g of white granulated sugar and 6ml of EM stock solution, diluting with 1L of water, adding 500mg of fulvic acid and 120g of seaweed polypeptide powder, and uniformly stirring to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Example 3
Mixing 40g of white granulated sugar and 4ml of EM stock solution, diluting with 1L of water, adding 200mg of fulvic acid and 80g of seaweed polypeptide powder, and uniformly stirring to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Comparative example 1
Mixing white granulated sugar 50g and EM stock solution 5ml, and diluting with 1L water to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Comparative example 2
Taking 50g of white granulated sugar, 300mg of fulvic acid and 100g of seaweed polypeptide powder, diluting with 1L of water, and uniformly stirring to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Comparative example 3
Mixing 50g of white granulated sugar and 5ml of EM stock solution, diluting with 1L of water, adding 120g of seaweed polypeptide powder, and stirring uniformly to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Comparative example 4
Mixing 50g of white granulated sugar and 5ml of EM stock solution, diluting with 1L of water, adding 300mg of fulvic acid, and uniformly stirring to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Comparative example 5
Diluting 5ml of EM stock solution with 1L of water, adding 300mg of fulvic acid and 100g of seaweed polypeptide powder, and uniformly stirring to obtain the cockscomb matrix additive.
Experimental example 1
Mixing 10 parts of vermiculite, 3 parts of pond sludge and 2 parts of peat soil to serve as a culture medium, applying the cockscomb substrate additives of examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-5 to the culture medium (shaking is needed before application), adding 100ml of the substrate additive into each kg of the culture medium, subpackaging the culture medium into flowerpots, and transplanting cockscomb transplanted seedlings with the same growth conditions (plant height of 7 +/-0.5 cm, stem thickness of 6 +/-0.5 mm).
Cockscomb applied with the substrate additives of examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 5 was used as experimental groups 1 to 8, 100mL of a commercially available nutrient solution (flower nutrient solution, purchased from jinan beibei chemical technology limited, 60mL of stock solution diluted to 1L with water) was applied to the same 1kg of culture substrate, and the solution was recorded as an experimental group 9, and 5 seedlings were transplanted in each experimental group.
Controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 25 ℃ and the soil humidity to be 20-25%, cultivating the transplanted seedlings, applying the matrix additive to the experimental group 1-8 in the cultivating process, applying the nutrient solution to the experimental group 9 once every week, after 25 days, finishing the experiment, measuring the growth amount of each group, and taking the average value in the group, wherein the results are shown in the following table 1 and figures 1-6.
TABLE 1 measurement results of the growth index of cockscomb
In the experimental process, the blooming time and the total flowering phase of each group of cockscomb flowers are recorded, and the total flowering phase is the group mean value, and the results are shown in the following table 2:
TABLE 2 cockscomb blooming time
The result shows that the cockscomb matrix additive provided by the invention can obviously improve the growth amount of the transplanted cockscomb seedlings and bring forward the flowering phase, the effect is obviously superior to that of a common nutrient solution sold in the market, the cockscomb matrix additive only needs to be mixed with a matrix in application, secondary application is not needed, the method is simple and convenient, and manpower and material resources are saved. The cockscomb cultivated by applying the cockscomb matrix additive and the cultivation matrix has larger cockscomb, more dense and sturdy leaves and more ornamental value, the flowering phase is about 7d ahead of time, and the total flowering phase is not affected, so that the cultivated cockscomb transplanted seedling is more suitable for industrial application.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The cockscomb matrix additive is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass:
0.2-0.5 part of fulvic acid, 80-120 parts of seaweed fertilizer, 3-8 parts of EM microbial inoculum and 800-1200 parts of water.
2. The cockscomb matrix additive according to claim 1, further comprising sugar 30-80 parts.
3. The cockscomb matrix additive according to claim 2, wherein the sugar is white granulated sugar.
4. The cockscomb matrix additive according to claim 3, wherein the viable bacteria concentration of the EM microbial inoculum is 10 7 ~10 8 CFU/ml。
5. The cockscomb matrix additive according to claim 4, wherein the seaweed fertilizer is from gulfweed.
6. A cockscomb cultivation medium used together with the cockscomb matrix additive according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the components of the cockscomb cultivation medium comprise: vermiculite, pond sludge and peat soil;
the weight ratio of the vermiculite to the pond sludge to the peat soil is 8-12: 2-4: 1-3.
7. The cockscomb matrix additive according to claim 6, wherein the ratio of the cockscomb matrix additive to the cockscomb cultivation matrix is: 80-120 mL of 1 kg.
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CN104609991A (en) * | 2014-12-22 | 2015-05-13 | 周作艳 | A growth promoting liquid fertilizer and a preparing method thereof |
CN106588247A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-04-26 | 广西金地旺农业有限公司 | Hot pepper soilless cultivation culture liquid |
CN106613823A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-05-10 | 广西金地旺农业有限公司 | Soilless culture substrate for tomato and preparation method thereof |
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