CN114711040A - Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield - Google Patents
Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application relates to a Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield, in particular to grafting on a trunk below the ground of a stock, wherein the grafting part is lower than the ground, and the characteristics of meristem adventitious root systems and easy germination of Chinese chestnut buds can be utilized to the greatest extent. After the high temperature and humidity environment and shading are given, the adventitious root system and the germination and the branching of the shoot bud are promoted. The method can ensure that the grafting part is lower than the ground, and the new shoots of the scions of the plants formed by the grafting method can naturally branch out a large number of branches without any manual intervention in the current year of grafting, thereby solving the production problem that the grafted new shoots of the Chinese chestnut tree have extremely low branching amount, and greatly reducing the labor for later-stage management compared with the conventional grafting technology.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation management, and particularly relates to a Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield.
Background
The reproduction of the good variety of the Chinese chestnut mainly adopts two modes of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. The sexual propagation is also called seedling propagation, the method is simple, the cost is low, the seedling propagation speed is high, and the service life of the plant is long. However, it is difficult to maintain the excellent characteristics of the variety, the inter-plant variation is large, the fruiting is late, the yield is low, the appearance and quality of the fruit are not uniform, and the commodity value is low, so that the method is rarely adopted in the actual production. At present, the propagation of good varieties in Chinese chestnut production mainly adopts a mode of asexual propagation, wherein grafting is the most common and most applied variety propagation mode. Grafting means that one purposefully connects the branch or bud of 1 plant to the branch, trunk or root of another plant, so that the plants grow together to form 1 new plant. The nursery stock cultivated by grafting is called grafted seedling. The branch or bud used for grafting is called scion or scion bud, and the plant bearing scion is called stock.
There are many grafting methods in chestnut production, such as bark grafting and belly grafting, head-blocking bark grafting, shearing and belly grafting, cleft grafting, bare stem grafting, grafting with wood bud, etc. (zhangyu et al, 2005), which all select some part of the trunk or branch of the stock above the ground as the grafting part for grafting, in other words, the grafting part of the stock above the ground without exception in the existing methods is above the ground. The grafting method improves the height of a tree body to a certain extent, and the branch amount of the new shoots extracted from the Chinese chestnut scion in the current year of grafting is extremely low (the Chinese chestnut is the inherent characteristic of the tree species), so that in order to increase the branch amount of the new shoots on the scion, various grafting methods generally adopt the technical means of manually pinching off the core and removing leaves, pulling branches and cutting buds and the like after the new shoots growing on the scion reach a certain length, so as to increase the branch amount of the new shoots on the scion in the current year. The operation has two disadvantages, namely, the labor force for management after grafting is increased, the labor force cost is increased, and if the manual intervention means is not timely and timely in the current year, the young shoots grow vigorously due to lack of branches, the fruiting parts of the trees move upwards in the next year, the branches are easy to form bald zones, the phenomenon of closing of a Chinese chestnut garden is caused in advance, and the shape of the Chinese chestnut tree is seriously influenced.
According to the research of novelty, no report is found on the method for grafting by taking the main stem below the ground (embedded in the soil layer) of the rootstock as a grafting part so far.
Content of application
In order to overcome the defect that the branch quantity of the young shoots is small in the prior grafting technology, the method for underground grafting of the Chinese chestnut is capable of promoting branching and increasing yield, the height of a tree body can be obviously reduced, the branch quantity of the young shoots of a new plant grafted in the current year is remarkably increased, the adventitious root system of a bud body reserved on the grafted branches can be realized, the growth and development of the Chinese chestnut are promoted, the yield of the Chinese chestnut is increased, and the production problems that the later period shaping is difficult and the fruiting part is too high are solved.
The technical scheme for realizing the purpose of the application is as follows:
a Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield comprises the following steps:
(1) planting seedlings: performing spring planting from the first ten days to the middle ten days of 4 months each year, performing autumn planting before soil is frozen every year, and performing root pruning on Chinese chestnut stock seedlings from the last 10 months to the last 11 months before planting, erecting seedlings in planting pits, unfolding root systems, burying soil, burying at least 13-18 cm below the ground of trunk trunks of the stock seedlings, then watering thoroughly, and then covering soil;
(2) collecting scions: selecting annual fruiting branches or vegetative branches which are strong and do not have pest damage on healthy trees of fine varieties and have more than 3 complete plump buds of scions, cutting 25-30 cm, binding into bundles, and storing;
(3) and (3) grafting period: grafting when the diameter reaches 2.1-3.5 cm after the stock seedlings are planted for 2-3 years, wherein the grafting period is the time when buds on the stock sprout, sap flows and phloem and xylem are peeled off;
(4) the grafting method comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing a grafting part: digging a small pit with the depth of 13-18 cm and the specification of 8 cm multiplied by 8 cm downwards around the trunk by a pickaxe and a shovel, so as to ensure the convenience of grafting operation;
secondly, treatment of grafted parts: sawing 1/3 into the trunk at a position 2-5 cm below the ground and above the intended grafting position by using a small hand saw vertical to the trunk to form a vertical surface 1, then sawing by using a hand saw from top to bottom until the upper part is coincided with the innermost part of the vertical surface 1 to form an inclined surface, wherein the included angle 2 between the inclined surface and the vertical surface is 30-35 degrees, namely, a triangular area is formed at the grafting position; when the cut surface is rough, processing the cut surface to be smooth by using a grafting knife;
thirdly, scion treatment: selecting 1 scion, ensuring that 1 healthy bud is 3-5 cm above the base of the scion, cutting a smooth cut surface with the length of 5-6 cm on the back of the scion opposite to the bud body by using a grafting knife, and cutting the back of the lower part of the cut surface into a wedge shape;
fourthly, grafting: in the treated grafting position of the rootstock, specifically in the triangular area of the rootstock, a small opening is cut along the outer side of a vertical plane 1 by a knife, a cortex is pried open by the cut scion, the scion is inserted into the scion rapidly along the lower direction, the cutting surface of the scion is tightly attached to the xylem of the rootstock, the white part of the upper edge of the scion is exposed by 0.3-0.5cm, and the white part is ensured to be positioned in the triangular space formed in the process, so that the scion and the rootstock callus are easy to form;
fifth, bandaging: binding the scion and the grafting opening from bottom to top by using a black plastic binding strip, and ensuring that the binding area covers 1.0-1.9 cm of the top of the triangular space;
sixthly, bud fixing: after the binding strips are wound, retaining one bud on the scion which is closest to the upper part of the binding strips, and completely removing the rest buds;
(5) stock management after grafting: cutting the rootstock to be dry about 1 m above the ground to be used for binding the windproof strut after scion sprout is extracted, keeping track of sprout on the rootstock along with the sprout and sprout of the scion sprout in the later period, and removing the sprout once in 3-5 days;
(6) and (3) scion management after grafting: after 1 bud reserved on the scion is extracted to grow a new shoot, if no male flower grows from the new shoot, the treatment is not needed; if the young shoots have male flowers or mixed female and male flowers, reserving 2 buds under the young shoots with scissors and shearing to promote the young shoots to germinate, reserving one young shoot bud after the young shoots germinate for 3-7 days and considering the position and the growth potential, and thinning the other young shoot bud;
(7) managing after unbinding: and (3) binding the new branches on the reserved trunks of the stock movable rods by combining plastic binding strips bound with the loosening joints when the new branches grow to 20cm, and filling the pits of 13-18 cm reserved in the step (4) with soil around the grafted trees until the pits are level to the ground level.
Furthermore, in the step (1), the buried soil part requires that the trunk base part of the stock seedling is lower than the ground by more than 15 cm, so that the grafted part is provided for later grafting, the grafted part is buried in the later period and is leveled with the ground level, good temperature and humidity are provided for later scion growth, and the bud meristem root system and the young sprout are provided for later scion growth.
Furthermore, in the third step (4), 1 bud is left on the opposite side of the cutting surface of the scion, so that after the scion is buried in soil, the bud can be used for rooting under the condition of proper ground temperature.
Furthermore, in the fifth step (4), the grafting part is bound by a black plastic binding strip, so that the temperature of the grafting part is obviously improved, and the callus formation at the joint is facilitated.
Further, in the step (4), a bud is selected and reserved at the position above the binding strip and close to the membrane, and nutrition is concentrated to promote the reserved bud to grow rapidly, so that branching is facilitated.
Furthermore, in the step (5), the upper part of the rootstock is ensured to have branches, leaves on the branches play a transpiration role to accelerate the transportation of moisture and nutrients, so that the rootstock is favorable for survival, and meanwhile, a proper number of sprout tillers are periodically removed or reserved so as to achieve a growth balance state of young shoots and the rootstock; if the stock withers, the grafted scion may cause vigorous growth and insufficient growth, which is not favorable for the formation of full flower buds in the next year.
Further, in the step (7), the soil filling time is that after the scion young shoots grow to be more than 20cm and the binding strips are unbound, the soil is filled to be level with the ground level and completely cover the grafting opening, and the soil requires the humidity to be 40% -50%.
Further, the method also comprises the step (8) of live rod treatment: after the scion survives, the live stalks are cut off at a position 30-40 cm away from the ground, then the newly grafted small trees are bound on the live stalks of 30-40 cm, and the live stalks are sawed off at the grafting opening when the scion is trimmed in the next year. The live stem is the branch for grafting the stock, after the scion of the scion on the branch survives, the part of the live stem, which is more than 30-40 cm away from the ground, is cut off, then the newly grafted scion is bound on the live stem, and the live stem is sawed off at the grafting opening when the scion is pruned in the next year.
Further, when the stock seedlings are planted, the trunk of the stock seedlings is 15 cm lower than the ground.
Furthermore, the grafting site should have a 30-35 deg. triangular area sawed by hand saw.
Further, when scions are cut, the back of the large cutting surface ensures that one bud is used for later rooting.
Furthermore, only one bud is left on the scion for extracting new branches, and then secondary germination is carried out.
Further, the rootstock is observed regularly, and the sprout is thinned and removed or retained.
And further, after the binding is unbound in the later period, covering soil and filling the soil.
The beneficial effect of this application lies in:
1. the method can utilize the characteristics of the Chinese chestnut bud meristem adventitious root system and easy germination to the maximum extent. And after a good temperature and humidity environment and shading are given, the adventitious root system of the shoot bud meristem and the shoot germination are promoted. The method can ensure that the grafting part is lower than the ground, and the young tips of the scions of the plants formed by the grafting method can naturally branch out a large number of branches without any manual intervention in the current year of grafting, thereby solving the production problem that the grafted young tips of the scions of the Chinese chestnut tree have extremely low branch quantity, greatly reducing the labor for later period management compared with the conventional grafting technology, and playing a role in delaying the tree body weakness of barren mountain steep slope chestnut orchards to a certain extent.
2. By adopting the method for grafting the Chinese chestnut seedlings of 5 varieties, the height of the Chinese chestnut seedlings can reach about 170 cm in the same year, more than 6 new branches can be extracted, the length of the new branches can averagely reach more than 80 cm, and the good technical effect can be achieved.
3. The application provides a Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for the first time, and through repeated tests, the optimal scheme for influencing the development of an adventitious root system after Chinese chestnut grafting is obtained by taking a stock seedling 15 cm below the ground level as a grafting part, and taking an included angle between an inclined plane and a vertical plane as 35 degrees and filling soil when a young sprout grows to 20 cm. The optimal scheme for influencing the yield of the grafted Chinese chestnut is that the grafted position of the stock seedling is 15 cm below the ground level, the included angle between the inclined plane and the vertical plane is 30 degrees, and soil is filled when the young sprout grows to 20 cm. According to the grafting method, the height of the tree body in the current year is 172.58 cm on average, 6.8 new branches are extracted on average, the average length is 95.25 cm, and the tree body is basically formed.
4. We find for the first time that the white exposed part of the scion can be positioned in the triangular space by using the underground grafting mode in the triangular region of the stock, so that the formation of the scion and the callus of the stock is facilitated, and the germination and the growth of new branches after grafting are promoted. The comparison shows that the optimal combination operation of sawing the triangular grafting of the stock at 4cm underground, 1 healthy bud above the scion base part by 3 cm, filling soil when the young shoot grows to 20cm and controlling the soil humidity to be 50 percent is the optimal combination operation, and the optimal combination operation is matched with a buried soil part which requires that the trunk of the stock seedling is 15 cm lower than the ground, so that better temperature and humidity are provided for the growth of the late stage scion, and the optimal combination operation is favorable for the meristematic root system and the young shoot extraction of the late stage scion.
Drawings
FIG. 1 comparative diagram of scion treatment (upper: 1 healthy bud 3-5 cm above scion base in the present method; lower: healthy bud 3-5 cm above scion base in the conventional method)
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the graft site and the scion (actually, the graft site is located in the lower part)
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the covering of soil 15 cm below the ground
FIG. 4 growth diagram of rootstock and scion after earthing
FIG. 5 is a tree body diagram of the same year grafted by the grafting method
FIG. 6 is a tree body diagram of the same year grafted by using the traditional grafting method
FIG. 7 is a drawing showing the development of scion shoots after grafting by the present grafting method
Description of reference numerals: 1. a vertical plane; 2. the inclined plane and the vertical plane form an included angle.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
Example 1
A Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield comprises the following steps:
(1) planting seedlings: before planting, root pruning is carried out on chestnut stock seedlings, at least the trunks of the stock seedlings are buried below the ground by 15 cm in a planting pit, then water is irrigated, and soil is covered;
(2) scion collection: selecting good-variety healthy trees, binding annual fruiting branches with more than 3 complete plump buds of scions, bundling into bundles, and storing;
(3) and (3) grafting period: grafting when the diameter reaches 3 cm after the stock seedlings are fixedly planted for 2 years;
(4) the grafting method comprises the following steps:
preparing a grafting part: digging a pit with the depth of 15 cm downwards around the trunk;
secondly, treatment of grafted parts: sawing 1/3 into the trunk at a position 4cm below the ground, wherein the upper part of the to-be-grafted part is perpendicular to the trunk by using a small hand saw to form a vertical surface 1, then sawing the to-be-grafted part from top to bottom by using a hand saw until the to-be-grafted part is overlapped with the innermost part of the vertical surface 1 to form an inclined surface, wherein the included angle 2 between the inclined surface and the vertical surface is a 30-degree angle, namely a triangular area is formed at the grafting part, and the tangent plane is processed smoothly;
thirdly, scion treatment: selecting 1 scion, ensuring that 1 healthy bud is 3 cm above the base of the scion, cutting a smooth cut surface with the length of 5cm on the back of the scion opposite to the bud body by using a grafting knife, and cutting the back below the cut surface into a wedge shape;
fourthly, grafting: in the treated grafting position of the rootstock, specifically in the triangular area of the rootstock, a small opening is cut along the outer side of the vertical surface 1 by a knife, a cortex is pried open by the cut scion, the scion is rapidly inserted downwards, the cutting surface of the scion is tightly attached to the xylem of the rootstock, the cut at the upper part of the scion is exposed to the white of 0.5cm, and the exposed white part is ensured to be positioned in the triangular space formed in step two;
fifth, bandaging: binding the scion and the grafting opening from bottom to top by using a plastic binding strip, and ensuring that the binding area covers 1 cm of the top of the triangular space;
sixthly, bud fixing: after the binding strips are wound, retaining one bud on the scion which is closest to the upper part of the binding strips, and completely removing the rest buds;
(5) stock management after grafting: cutting the rootstock to be dry 1 m above the ground so as to be used for binding the windproof strut after the scion sprouts, keeping track of sprout on the rootstock at any time along with the sprouting of the scion sprout and the sprout sprouting in the later period, and removing one sprout in 4 days;
(6) and (3) scion management after grafting: after 1 bud reserved on the scion is extracted to grow a new shoot, if no male flower grows from the new shoot, the treatment is not needed; if the young shoots have male flowers or mixed female and male flowers, reserving 2 buds under the young shoots by using scissors and shearing to promote the young shoots to germinate, reserving one young shoot bud according to the position and the growth potential after the young shoots germinate for 7 days, and thinning the other young shoot bud;
(7) managing after unbinding: when the young shoots grow to 20cm, binding plastic binding strips by combining with the loosening joints, binding the new branches on the main stems of the reserved stock movable rods, and meanwhile, filling the 15 cm pits reserved in the step (4) with soil around the grafted trees until the pits are level to the ground level; soil requires 50% moisture.
Example 2
A Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield comprises the following steps:
(1) planting seedlings: before planting, root trimming is carried out on chestnut stock seedlings, at least the trunks of the stock seedlings are buried 15 cm below the ground in planting pits, then water is poured, and soil is covered;
(2) scion collection: selecting good-variety healthy trees, binding annual vegetative shoots with more than 3 complete plump buds of scions, bundling the annual vegetative shoots into bundles, and storing the bundles;
(3) and (3) grafting period: grafting when the diameter reaches 3 cm after the stock seedlings are fixedly planted for 2 years;
(4) the grafting method comprises the following steps:
preparing a grafting part: digging a pit with the depth of 15 cm downwards around the trunk;
processing a grafting part: sawing 1/3 into the trunk at a position 4cm below the ground, wherein the upper part of the to-be-grafted part is perpendicular to the trunk by using a small hand saw to form a vertical surface 1, then sawing the to-be-grafted part from top to bottom by using a hand saw until the to-be-grafted part is overlapped with the innermost part of the vertical surface 1 to form an inclined surface, wherein the included angle 2 between the inclined surface and the vertical surface is a 30-degree angle, namely a triangular area is formed at the grafting part, and the tangent plane is processed smoothly;
thirdly, scion treatment: selecting 1 scion, ensuring that 1 healthy bud is 3 cm above the base of the scion, cutting a smooth cut surface with the length of 5cm on the back of the scion opposite to the bud body by using a grafting knife, and cutting the back of the lower part of the cut surface into a wedge shape;
fourthly, grafting: in the treated grafting position of the rootstock, specifically in the triangular area of the rootstock, a small opening is cut along the outer side of the vertical surface 1 by a knife, a cortex is pried open by the cut scion, the scion is rapidly inserted downwards, the cutting surface of the scion is tightly attached to the xylem of the rootstock, the cut at the upper part of the scion is exposed to the white of 0.5cm, and the exposed white part is ensured to be positioned in the triangular space formed in step two;
fifth, bandaging: binding the scion and the grafting opening from bottom to top by using a plastic binding strip, and ensuring that the binding area covers 1 cm of the top of the triangular space;
sixthly, bud fixing: after the binding strips are wound, retaining one bud on the scion which is closest to the upper part of the binding strips, and completely removing the rest buds;
(5) stock management after grafting: cutting the rootstock to be dry 1 m above the ground so as to be used for binding the windproof strut after the scion sprouts, keeping track of sprout on the rootstock at any time along with the sprouting of scion sprouts and the sprout sprouting in the later period, and removing one sprout in 5 days;
(6) and (3) scion management after grafting: after 1 bud reserved on the scion is extracted to grow a new shoot, if no male flower grows from the new shoot, the treatment is not needed; if the young shoots have male flowers or mixed female and male flowers, reserving 2 buds under the young shoots by using scissors and shearing to promote the young shoots to germinate, reserving one young shoot bud according to the position and the growth potential after the young shoots germinate for 7 days, and thinning the other young shoot bud;
(7) managing after unbinding: when the young shoots grow to 20cm, binding plastic binding strips by combining with the loosening joints, binding the new branches on the main stems of the reserved stock movable rods, and meanwhile, filling the 15 cm pits reserved in the step (4) with soil around the grafted trees until the pits are level to the ground level; soil requires 50% moisture.
Example 3
A Chinese chestnut underground grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield comprises the following steps:
(1) planting seedlings: before planting, root trimming is carried out on chestnut stock seedlings, at least the trunks of the stock seedlings are buried 18 cm below the ground in planting pits, then water is poured, and soil is covered;
(2) scion collection: selecting good-variety healthy trees, binding annual fruiting branches with more than 3 complete plump buds of scions, bundling into bundles, and storing;
(3) and (3) grafting period: grafting when the diameter reaches 3.5 cm after the stock seedlings are fixedly planted for 3 years;
(4) the grafting method comprises the following steps:
preparing a grafting part: digging a pit with the depth of 18 cm downwards around the trunk;
secondly, treatment of grafted parts: sawing 1/3 into the trunk at a position 2 cm below the ground by using a small hand saw vertical to the trunk at the upper part of the part to be grafted, forming a vertical surface 1, then sawing from top to bottom by using a hand saw until the upper part is overlapped with the innermost part of the vertical surface 1, forming an inclined plane, wherein the included angle 2 between the inclined plane and the vertical surface is 35 degrees, namely a triangular area is formed at the grafting part, and the tangent plane is processed smoothly;
thirdly, scion treatment: selecting 1 scion, ensuring that 1 healthy bud is 3 cm above the base of the scion, cutting a smooth cut surface with the length of 6 cm on the back of the scion opposite to the bud body by using a grafting knife, and cutting the back below the cut surface into a wedge shape;
fourthly, grafting: in the treated grafting part of the rootstock, specifically in the triangular area of the rootstock, a small opening is cut along the outer side of the vertical surface 1 by a knife, a cortex is pried open by the cut scion, the scion is rapidly inserted downwards, the cutting surface of the scion is tightly attached to the xylem of the rootstock, the cut at the upper part of the scion is exposed to be 0.3 cm, and the exposed part is ensured to be positioned in the triangular space formed in step two;
wrapping: binding the scion and the grafting opening from bottom to top by using a plastic binding strip, and ensuring that the binding area covers 1.9 cm of the top of the triangular space;
sixthly, bud fixing: after the binding strips are wound, retaining one bud on the scion which is closest to the upper part of the binding strips, and completely removing the rest buds;
(5) stock management after grafting: cutting the rootstock to be dry 1 m above the ground so as to be used for binding the windproof strut after the scion sprouts, keeping track of sprout on the rootstock at any time along with the sprouting of the scion sprout and the sprout sprouting in the later period, and removing one sprout in 3 days;
(6) and (3) scion management after grafting: after 1 bud reserved on the scion is extracted to grow a new shoot, if no male flower grows from the new shoot, the treatment is not needed; if the young shoots have male flowers or mixed female and male flowers, reserving 2 buds under the young shoots by using scissors and shearing to promote the young shoots to germinate, reserving one young shoot bud according to the position and the growth potential after the young shoots germinate for 3 days, and thinning the other young shoot bud;
(7) managing after unbinding: when the young shoots grow to 20cm, binding plastic binding strips by combining with the loosening joints, binding the new shoots on the reserved trunks of the movable rods of the stocks, and meanwhile, filling the 18 cm pits reserved in the step (4) with soil around the grafted trees until the pits are level to the ground level; the soil requires 50% moisture.
Test of comparison of growth conditions of plants grafted with chestnuts of different varieties
The test method comprises the following steps: selecting a Changli test Chinese chestnut garden, basically keeping the same environment in the whole garden, digging 2-year-old seedling stock seedlings planted in the same land at the same time, planting 50 seedlings 15 cm below the ground, grafting after 2 years, grafting in ten days of 4 months, taking the stock seedlings 15 cm below the ground level as a grafting part, and grafting at the position 4cm below the ground level on the upper part of the grafting part, wherein the method is the same as the example 1. The method is characterized in that Yanshan early harvest, X19-94, D7-43, Yanjing and Yanxing Chinese chestnut varieties are selected as test fields (test numbers 1-5 are nursery stock data grafted by the method, and test numbers 6-10 are nursery stock data grafted by a traditional method), each variety of scions are guaranteed to be robust and free of diseases and insect pests, each scion is guaranteed to have more than 3 plump buds, 1 healthy bud is guaranteed to be more than 3 centimeters above the base of the scion, and 10 trees are grafted on each variety. In late 8 months, new shoots have essentially stopped growing.
Wherein, the traditional grafting method comprises the following steps:
1. normally planting the seedling, and leveling the buried part with the ground plane;
2. selecting a smooth and flat part without disability and plant diseases and insect pests at a position 20cm above the ground;
3. the cutting surface of the scion is 5-7cm long, and the front section is sharpened, as shown in figure 1;
4. transversely cutting the stock by a knife to reach the xylem, longitudinally cutting by a knife to form a T-shaped opening, and cutting a half-moon-shaped slope on the opening;
5. the scion is quickly inserted, the cambium is aligned, and the cambium of the upper incision is slightly higher than the junction of the stock by 0.3-0.5cm after insertion; the interface is tightly wrapped by plastic cloth without air leakage.
And (3) investigating the growth condition of each variety after grafting, and counting as follows:
table 1: growth of plants after grafting
And (3) test results:
as can be seen from the table 1, the Chinese chestnut seedlings of 5 varieties are grafted by the method, the grafting height can reach about 170 cm in the current year, more than 6 new branches can be extracted, the length of the new branches can reach more than 80 cm and less than 170 cm on average, no overgrowing branches can be generated, the tree vigor is moderate, the shaping of tree bodies and the formation of mixed flower buds in the second year are facilitated, and the good technical effect can be achieved. Compared with other traditional Chinese chestnut grafting methods, the grafting method has the advantages that for different Chinese chestnut varieties, the grafting method has higher growth advantages no matter in the height of a tree body, the number of new branches is increased, or the average length of the new branches, the universality of a certain variety is realized, and a better technical effect can be realized on the growth of Chinese chestnuts.
As can be seen in the fig. 5 and 6, the branch spending angle of the tree body grafted by using the grafting method in the current year is large, the branching of Chinese chestnut fruit trees is facilitated, more sufficient illumination is obtained, and the yield is finally improved. The branch spending angle of the tree body in the current year grafted by the conventional method is small, branch branching in the later period is not facilitated, and the yield is remarkably reduced compared with that of the grafting method.
Experiment II influence of underground grafting process parameters on shoot meristematic adventitious root system and Chinese chestnut yield
The test method comprises the following steps: through Chinese chestnut grafting research for more than three years, a batch of experiments are further developed, factors and optimal combinations influencing bud meristematic indefinite roots and Chinese chestnut yield of branches after Chinese chestnut grafting are found, Chinese chestnut seedlings are planted in a Chinese chestnut garden in the mountain county of Guangcheng county, the Chinese chestnut seedling is planted in 2017 by the method, improved Chinese chestnut varieties of 'Dabanhong' are grafted in the spring of 2019, and the Chinese chestnut varieties are grafted by the method of the embodiment 1, wherein the following parameters are correspondingly replaced. Taking three conditions of a grafting part A (taking 13 cm below the ground level of a stock seedling as the grafting part by taking a horizontal 1 as the grafting part, taking 15 cm below the ground level of the stock seedling by taking a horizontal 2 as the grafting part, taking 18 cm below the ground level of the stock seedling by taking a horizontal 3 as the grafting part), an inclined plane and a vertical plane as (30 degrees of the horizontal 1, 35 degrees of the horizontal 2 and 45 degrees of the horizontal 3), a soil filling opportunity C (the horizontal 1 is when a young sprout grows to 10 cm, the horizontal 2 is when the young sprout grows to 20cm, and the horizontal 3 is when the young sprout grows to 30 cm) as variables, selecting an optimal combination by taking the adventitious root system of the bud of the branch and the yield of Chinese chestnut as indexes, and L9 (3)3) And (4) an orthogonal table. In 3 months in 2020, namely the 2 nd year of grafting, the yield of each Chinese chestnut plant and the number of adventitious root systems of buds of branches at the grafting part are measured, experiments are carried out according to the factors and levels shown in the table 2, 9 treatments are set, each treatment number is 10, and 3 times of repetition are carried out.
Table 2 orthogonal test of factors affecting the bud meristematic adventitious root system of the underground grafted branch of chestnut and the yield of chestnut
And (3) test results: from the table above, the optimal scheme for influencing the development of the adventitious root system after Chinese chestnut grafting is A2B 2C2, namely, the rootstock seedling is taken 15 cm below the ground level as the grafting part, the included angle between the inclined plane and the vertical plane is 35 degrees, and soil is filled when the young sprout grows to 20 cm. The optimal scheme influencing the yield of the grafted Chinese chestnut is A2B1C2, namely, the stock seedling is taken 15 cm below the ground level as a grafting part, the included angle between the inclined plane and the vertical plane is 30 degrees, and soil is filled when the young sprout grows to 20 cm. The influence sequence of all factors is that the development number of the adventitious root system after the Chinese chestnut grafting is as follows: a (grafting part) > B (included angle between inclined plane and vertical plane) > C (filling opportunity), yield after chestnut grafting: b (included angle between inclined plane and vertical plane) > C (filling time) > A (grafting position).
The method for underground grafting of the Chinese chestnut is provided for the first time, good effect verification is obtained, in a mountain countryside Chinese chestnut garden collapsed in the broad city county, a single-bud triangular kerf underground grafting method is adopted in 2017, factors and optimal combinations influencing bud meristematic indefinite root systems and Chinese chestnut yield of branches after Chinese chestnut grafting are found, the height of a tree body grafted in the current year is 172.58 centimeters on average, 6.8 new branches are extracted on average, the average length is 95.25 centimeters, and the tree body is basically shaped. In 3 months in 2020, namely the 2 nd year of grafting, simple branch group adjustment is carried out according to the specific conditions of trees, the average height of the trees is 192.32 cm, the yield of each tree in the year is about 1.2 kg, and the highest yield of each Chinese chestnut reaches 1.48 kg, so that a remarkable technical effect is achieved.
Test of influence of three-rootstock underground grafting and management mode on chestnut new branch condition
The test method comprises the following steps: the method mainly discusses the influence of the grafting mode and the management measures after grafting on the growth condition of the Chinese chestnut, and further finds a management method for promoting the number of new branches of the Chinese chestnut underground grafted nursery stock and the length of the new branches through the accumulation of the Chinese chestnut grafting management experiences for many years. The experimental underground grafting method is the same as the embodiment 1, the concrete parameters are correspondingly replaced by the following experimental example mode for treatment, D7-43 Chinese chestnut variety scions are selected experimentally (the experiment numbers 11-15 are nursery stock data for underground triangular grafting by adopting the method, the experiment number 16 is nursery stock data for overground triangular grafting by adopting the method, the experiment number 17 is nursery stock data for underground T-shaped grafting), each variety scion is guaranteed to be robust and free from diseases and insect pests, each scion has more than 3 plump buds, and each variety is grafted with 10 trees. New shoots have essentially ceased growing, measured in late 8 months.
TABLE 3 influence of stock underground grafting + management mode on chestnut new branch situation
And (3) test results: we find for the first time that the exposed white part of the scion can be positioned in a triangular space by using an underground grafting mode in a triangular region of the rootstock, so that the formation of the scion and the callus of the rootstock is facilitated, and the germination and growth of new branches after grafting are promoted. The comparison shows that the optimal combination operation is that the rootstock is sawn to be grafted in a triangular mode at the position 4cm underground, 1 healthy bud is arranged 3 cm above the base of the scion, soil is filled when the young shoot grows to 20cm, and the soil humidity is controlled to be 50 percent. The management mode of filling soil and controlling the soil humidity to be 50% when young shoots grow to 20cm can furthest promote the scion and the rootstock callus to be formed in a triangular area, and the triangular area formed by dividing the 4cm part of the underground part of the rootstock is obtained through multiple tests and comparisons, so that the formation of adventitious roots is not facilitated due to the too shallow part, and further the development of branches is influenced. Compared with the overground 4 cm-triangle grafting of the control stock or the underground 4 cm-T-shaped grafting of the stock, the underground triangle grafting has the more remarkable effect of promoting the growth of new branches of the Chinese chestnut.
In addition, the buried soil part requires that the trunk of the stock seedling is 15 cm lower than the ground, and the management mode of filling soil and controlling the soil humidity to be 50% when the young shoot grows to 20cm provides better temperature and humidity for the growth of the scion in the later period, and is favorable for the bud meristem of the scion in the later period and the young shoot extraction.
Although embodiments of the present application have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the application, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. The underground Chinese chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) planting seedlings: before planting, root trimming is carried out on chestnut stock seedlings, at least trunks of the stock seedlings are buried 13-18 cm below the ground in planting pits, then water is poured, and soil is covered;
(2) scion collection: selecting good-variety healthy trees, binding annual fruiting branches or vegetative branches with more than 3 complete plump buds of scions, bundling into bundles, and storing;
(3) and (3) grafting period: grafting when the diameter reaches 2.1-3.5 cm after the stock seedlings are fixedly planted for 2-3 years;
(4) the grafting method comprises the following steps: sawing a triangular area 2-5 cm below the ground by a hand, processing the tangent plane smoothly, wherein the included angle of the inclined plane is 30-35 degrees, selecting 1 scion, ensuring that 1 healthy bud is 3-5 cm above the base part of the scion, and cutting the bud into a wedge shape; vertically prying off a cortex by using the cut scion in the triangular area of the stock, rapidly inserting the scion downwards, and binding;
(5) stock management after grafting: cutting off the tree stock 1.0-1.9 m above the ground to be used for binding the windproof strut after the scion sprouts, keeping track of the sprout on the tree stock at any time along with the germination and sprout sprouting of the scion sprout in the later period, and removing the sprout once in 3-5 days;
(6) and (3) scion management after grafting: after 1 bud reserved on the scion sprouts, if no male flowers grow on the sprouts, the treatment is not needed; if the young shoots have male flowers or mixed female and male flowers, reserving 2 buds under the young shoots with scissors and shearing to promote the young shoots to germinate, reserving one young shoot bud after the young shoots germinate for 3-7 days and considering the position and the growth potential, and thinning the other young shoot bud;
(7) managing after unbinding: and (3) binding the new branches on the trunks of the reserved stock movable rods by combining plastic binding strips bound with the loosening joints after the new branches grow out, and filling the pits of 13-18 centimeters reserved in the step (4) with soil around the grafted trees until the pits are level to the ground level.
2. The underground Chinese chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein the grafting method in the step (4) is specifically as follows:
preparing a grafting part: digging a pit with the depth of 13-18 cm downwards around the trunk;
secondly, treatment of grafted parts: sawing 1/3 into the trunk at a position 2-5 cm below the ground, wherein the upper part of the intended grafting position is sawed into the trunk by a small hand saw vertical to the trunk to form a vertical surface (1), then sawing by the hand saw from top to bottom, and sawing to coincide with the innermost part of the vertical surface (1) to form an inclined surface, wherein the included angle (2) between the inclined surface and the vertical surface is 30-35 degrees, namely, a triangular area is made at the grafting position, and the tangent plane is processed smoothly;
thirdly, scion treatment: selecting 1 scion, ensuring that 1 healthy bud is 3-5 cm above the base of the scion, cutting a smooth cut surface with the length of 5-6 cm on the back of the scion opposite to the bud body by using a grafting knife, and cutting the back of the lower part of the cut surface into a wedge shape;
fourthly, grafting: in the treated grafting position of the rootstock, specifically in the triangular area of the rootstock, a small opening is cut along the outer side of a vertical plane (1) by a knife, a cortex is pried open by the cut scion, the scion is rapidly inserted downwards, the cutting surface of the scion is tightly attached to the xylem of the rootstock, the white part of the upper edge of the scion is exposed by 0.3-0.5cm, and the white part is ensured to be positioned in the triangular space formed in the second step;
fifth, bandaging: binding the scions and the grafting openings from bottom to top by using plastic binding strips, and ensuring that the binding areas cover the top of the triangular space by 1 cm;
sixthly, bud fixing: after the binding strips are wound, one bud on the scion, which is closest to the upper part of the binding strips, is reserved, and the rest buds are all removed.
3. The underground Chinese chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (7), when the young shoots grow to 20cm, plastic binding strips are bound by combining with the loosening joints, soil is filled to be level to the ground level and completely covers the grafting joints, and the soil requires humidity of 40% -50%.
4. The underground chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step (8) of live stem treatment: after the scion survives, the live stalks are cut off at a position 30-40 cm away from the ground, then the newly grafted small trees are bound on the live stalks of 30-40 cm, and the live stalks are sawed off at the grafting opening when the scion is trimmed in the next year.
5. The underground chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield as claimed in claim 2, wherein the grafting part of the step (4) is a pit dug down around the trunk with a depth of 15 cm.
6. The underground chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield as claimed in claim 2, wherein the included angle (2) between the inclined plane and the vertical plane in the step (4) is 30 degrees.
7. The underground chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield as claimed in claim 2, wherein when the scions are cut in the step (4), a bud is guaranteed on the back of the large cut surface for later rooting.
8. The underground chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield as claimed in claim 2, wherein only one bud is left on the scion in the step (4) to extract a new branch, and then secondary germination is carried out.
9. The underground chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield of claim 2, wherein the triangular area of the step (4) is 4cm below the ground.
10. The underground chestnut grafting method for promoting branching and improving yield according to claim 2, wherein the step (4) ensures that 1 healthy bud is located 3 cm above the base of the scion.
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| WO2015131751A1 (en) * | 2014-03-07 | 2015-09-11 | 李明鹤 | Method of establishing cutting nursery for large-scale propagation of american sequoia seedling |
| CN107223460A (en) * | 2017-07-05 | 2017-10-03 | 佛山市茂源环保科技开发有限公司 | A kind of root system engrafting method of Chinese chestnut |
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| CN115250774B (en) * | 2022-08-16 | 2023-07-25 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Cultivation method of meristematic plant of chestnut stock seedling |
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